tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-59963522023-11-15T05:08:23.031-08:00Learning IrishThis blog is aimed at English-speaking learners of Irish. My earlier blog stopped to be recognized by browsers, so I am moving all my stuff here. Seo seanbhlag do lucht na Gaeilge a d'athbheoigh mé, toisc nach raibh an blag eile a bhí agam inléite a thuilleadh - ní raibh na brobhsálaithe in ann an friothálaí a aithint.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger63125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-71410800062256279832019-02-20T09:47:00.000-08:002019-02-20T09:47:23.744-08:00"An tSaothraí" is an example of "forcheartú"<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Several people have asked me, why the t- in the Irish title of "The Breadwinner" - i.e. "An tSaothraí".</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The sad answer is: it is wrong. "Saothraí" is indeed the Irish word for "breadwinner", but as it is masculine, it doesn't take that t- in nominative case. "An Saothraí" would be correct. However, in the genitive case - which in this word does not affect the ending - the t- is needed. Thus, "an saothraí" = "the breadwinner", but "airgead an tsaothraí" = the breadwinner's money.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">I think this is an example of "forcheartú", i.e. hypercorrection. It means the extension of a perceivedly difficult grammatical feature to where it does not correctly apply, "just in case".</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-67849124906848847702019-02-04T17:46:00.003-08:002019-02-04T17:46:40.323-08:00An fíor nach bhfuil litríocht shuimiúil ar fáil?<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Nuair nach raibh mé ach i mo thosaitheoir ag foghlaim na Gaeilge, ba é an deilín a bhí le cluinstin ó gach uile dhuine i saol na Gaeilge a raibh aithne agam air ná nach raibh ach litríocht leadránach ar fáil i nGaeilge, leabhair nach gcuirfeadh an t-aos óg suim ar bith iontu, agus ar ndóigh ba é "Peig" ba mhó a bhí i gceist acu. Mar sin chinn mé féin ar an teanga a fhoghlaim chomh foirfe agus a thiocfadh liom agus lón léitheoireachta a sholáthar nach mbeadh an locht sin air.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia, times new roman, serif; font-size: large;">Tá mé ag foilsiú litríochta sa teanga le deich mbliana anuas, ach san am chéanna is é an tuairim atá ag aibiú agam ná nach í an easpa lónléitheoireachta an fhadhb is mó. Déarfainn go bhfuil cuid mhaith leabhar scríofa ann ach amháin nach n-aithnítear mar dhea-leabhair iad agus nach n-athfhoilsítear iad. Thiar sna nóchaidí, nuair nach raibh ionam ach foghlaimeoir, fuair mé mar bhronntanas ó chairde in Éirinn dhá leabhar le Seán Ó Mulláin: de réir chosúlachta bhí sraith iomlán cumtha ag an scríbhneoir áirithe seo faoi eachtraí na Rianach - teaghlach Éireannach i ré na bPéindlíthe mar a tuigeadh dom - agus bhain an dá úrscéal seo leis an tsraith úd. Eachtraí i stíl Alexandre Dumas a bhí ann, agus an claíomh á bhagairt ó leathanach go leathanach - ní raibh na scéalta leadránach ar aon nós. Sin é an bhreith a thug Alan Titley féin orthu sa mhonagraf mhór faoi na úrscéalta Gaeilge a tháinig óna pheann fadó. Maidir le feabhas na teanga, tá a fhios agaibh chomh dian is a bhím i gcúrsaí na stíle agus na gramadaí - agus na comhréire ach go háirithe - ach ní raibh mé féin ábalta mórán loicht a fháil ar chaighdeán na Gaeilge sna leabhair seo.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia, times new roman, serif; font-size: large;">Ba é an teach foilsitheoireachta úd FNT - Foilseacháin Náisiúnta Teoranta - a chuir na húrscéalta seo i bprionta. Tá an comhlacht sin féin ar shlí na fírinne leis na scórtha bliain ó shin ach bhí seanstoc de chuid FNT ar fáil sna siopaí leabhar ar fud na hÉireann chomh déanach le deich mbliana ó shin. Mar a thuigim an scéal bhí clú an náisiúnachais ar an ngnólacht, agus is dóigh liom gur cúis é sin le chomh hiomlán is a ligeadh éacht foilsitheoireachta FNT i ndearmad, ionas nach bhfuiltear sásta na leabhair sin a chur in athchló. Is dócha go síltear go bhfuil teachtaireacht idé-eolaíoch iontu a chuirfeadh míchompord ar lucht ár gcomhaimsire. Mé féin áfach ní bhuairfinn mo chloigeann faoi sin.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: georgia, times new roman, serif; font-size: large;">Go bhfios dom ba é FNT a chuir an chéad eagrán de <i>Mháire Nic Artáin </i>i gcló fosta. Ba mhór an t-athaimsiú é <i>Máire Nic Artáin </i>nuair a d'fhoilsigh Cló Iar-Chonnacht in athuair é faoi dheireadh na nóchaidí. Caithfidh mé a admháil nach raibh mé féin cinnte faoi fheabhas an leabhair nuair a chonaic mé an chéad uair é, ach ansin fuair mé amach gur dea-Ghaeilge amach is amach a bhí ann gan aon fhocal a rá i dtaobh chomh dúisitheach is a bhí an scéal. Dáiríribh chuir sé úrscéalta Joan Lingard faoi Kevin agus Sadie i gcuimhne dom - ar ndóigh tá na leabhair sin ar fáil as Fionlainnis agus bhí nuair a bhí mé féin i mo dhéagóir - agus nuair a chuala mé go bhfuiltear ag léamh <i>Mháire Nic Artáin </i>i scoileanna Éireannacha ba ola ar mo chroí é: leabhar chomh suimiúil chomh dea-scríofa, agus cé nach cainteoir dúchais a bhí san údar bhí máistreacht as an ngnáth sroichte aige sa teanga nuair a bhreac sé síos an saothar sin.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-8987333529571550472019-02-01T04:53:00.002-08:002019-02-01T04:53:43.519-08:00Lá 'le Bríde Sona! (note the s- without séimhiú)<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">It is again the First of February, also known as Lá Fhéile Bríde, or Lá 'le Bríde. Note that the correct way to wish a good Lá 'le Bríde is to use the MASCULINE form of the adjective, because the noun lá = day is masculine nominative. The fact that there is a lot of stuff between the noun and the adjective does not change anything about that.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">So, this is correct:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">LÁ 'LE BRÍDE <b>S</b>ONA DUIT (to one person)<br />LÁ 'LE BRÍDE <b>S</b>ONA DAOIBH (to several persons)</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-11560038408211694012019-01-06T01:59:00.000-08:002019-01-06T01:59:22.397-08:00Ciclipéid na Réalteolaíochta: Córas héilealárnach - Doimhneacht optúil<br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Córas
héilealárnach </b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an tuiscint go bhfuil na pláinéid agus réadanna beaga
eile an Ghrianchórais ag fithisiú na Gréine – d'fhéadfá ”córas
grianlárnach” a thabhairt uirthi chomh maith. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rith
an smaoineamh seo le réalteolaithe sean-Ghréagacha féin. An chéad
duine acu a raibh tuiscint héilealárnach aige ar an nGrianchóras
ba é </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Aristarchus
ó Samos é. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ina
dhiaidh sin, áfach, fuair an </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tuiscint</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
g</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">eolárnach
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(an
tuiscint a chuir an Domhan i lárphointe na hollchruinne)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an lámh in uachtar go ceann na gcéadta bliain, cé go raibh
réalteola</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ithe
áirithe</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
fonnmhar locht a fháil air. </span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">An
leagan den gheolárnachas </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
bhí i bhfeidhm san am, is gnách córas Tholamaeis a thabhairt air.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ba
é Claudius Ptolamaeus, nó Tolamaes mar a thugaimid air as Gaeilge,
a d'fhág a ainm ar an gcóras sin. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mhair
Tolamaes i gCathair Alastair (Alexandria) sa</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n
Éigipt sa dara haois i ndiaidh bhreith Chríost. Saoránach
Rómhánach a bhí ann, ach mar ba ghnách i gcúigí oirthearacha
Impireacht na Róimhe, ba í an Ghréigis teanga a chuid scríbhinní.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ba
é an Polannach Miko</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">łaj
Kopernik, nó </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nicolaus
Copernicus as La</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">din,
a d'athbheoigh an córas héilealárnach s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
bhliain 1514 leis an tráchtas beag úd </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Commentariolus</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Nuair a bhí a shaol ag druidim chun deiridh, bhí sé ag obair ar
shaothar eile, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">De
revolutionibus orbium coelestium</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(”Faoi imrothluithe na reann neimhe”), a chuaigh i gcló faoin am
a fuair sé bás, sa bhliain 154</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
minic a shíltear go raibh ar Chopernicus a thuiscint ar struchtúr
an ghrianchórais a chosaint ar an Eaglais Chaitliceach nó go raibh
an Eaglais go tréan in aghaidh an héilealárnachais. Ní mar a
shíltear a bhítear, áfach. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bhí
Copernicus na scórtha bliain ag déanamh créafóige nuair a chuaigh
an Eaglais chun cogaidh ar an héilealárnachas, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
ba é an tIodálach Galileo Galilei ba mhó a bhí thíos leis. </span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bhí
Galilei ina cheannródaí ag baint úsáide as an teileascóp le
breathnuithe réalteolaíocha a dhéanamh, agus sa bhliain 1610
d'fhoilsigh sé saothar beag eolaíochta ina ndearna sé cur síos ar
a raibh feicthe aige, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sidereus
Nuncius </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
”Teachtaire na Réaltaí”. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bhí
sé tar éis ceithre shatailít a aithint ag Iúpatar, agus
breathnuithe déanta aige ar an nGealach s'againn féin: chonaic sé
cuid mhaith cráitéar agus gnéithe tír-raoin eile uirthi fosta. </span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bhain
Galilei an chonclúid as an iomlán go raibh an Ghealach agus na
pláinéid déanta as damhna </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">den
chineál chéanna</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
agus an Domhan féin. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Go
nuige sin ba é tuiscint na n-eolaithe clasaiceacha cosúil le
Tolamaes agus Arastótal </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">go
raibh na réaltaí agus na pláinéid déanta as an ”gcúigiú
d</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">úil”
nach raibh gaolmhar le ceithre dhúile an Domhain (is é sin, an
t-uisce, an tine, an talamh agus an t-aer, de réir mar a thuig
eolaithe na seanársaíochta an scéal) agus go raibh siad foirfe,
gan cháim gan locht</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
cosúil le Dia féin. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bhréagnaigh
breathnuithe Galilei an tuiscint seo, agus </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ba
é sin an phríomhchúis leis an dóigh ar chaith an Eaglais le
Galilei. Ní raibh an Eaglais ag cur in aghaidh an héilealárnachais
mar ghléas matamaitice le gluaiseachtaí na réadanna neimhe a
áireamh – ba é an phríomhfhadhb ná gur spreag </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
héilealárnachas</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Galilei chun smaointí eiriceacha eile. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rud
eile fós </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">go
raibh pearsana an Bhíobla ag tagairt do ghluaiseachtaí na Gréine,
ar nós éirí agus luí na Gréine, agus mar sin ba é tuiscint an
Bhíobla, dar leis na diagairí, gurbh í an Ghrian a bhí ag
gluaiseacht seachas a mhalairt.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ní
hionann sin is a rá nach mbeadh réalteolaithe de chuid na hEaglaise
– na réalteolaithe Íosánacha ach go háirithe – tar éis a
thabhairt faoi deara go raibh fadhbanna ag roinnt le córas
Tholamaeis. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ní
raibh siad sásta glacadh leis an Domhan mar rinn neimhe i measc a
leithéidí eile agus é ag gluaiseacht, áfach. Bhí siad claonta
chun tacaíocht a thabhairt do chóras Tycho Brahe: sa tsamhail sin
bhí an Ghrian ag dul timpeall an Domhain agus na pláinéid ag
fithisiú na Gréine.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Chaith
Galilei deireadh a shaoil </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">faoi
bhraighdeanas baile, ach má chaith, mhair an héilealárnachas ag
dul chun cinn. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ba
é an Gearmánach Johannes Kepler ba mhó a d'fhorbair an teoiric sa
tseachtú haois déag. Ceannródaí a bhí in Kepler ar bhealaí eile
fosta: eisean a d'aithin roimh aon duine nach ciorcail fhoirfe iad
fithisí na bpláinéad. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">D'fhoilsigh
sé téacsleabhar réalteolaíochta faoin teideal </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Epitome
astronomiae Copernicanae </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(”Gearrinsint
ar réalteolaíocht Copernicus”) timpeall na bliana 1620.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nuair
a bhí an seachtú haois déag ag druidim chun deiridh, tháinig an
chéad eagrán de mhórshaothar Isaac Newton, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Philosophiae
naturalis principia mathematica </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(”Prionsabail
mhatamaiticeacha na fealsúnachta nádurtha”), i gcló –
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Principia</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
mar is gnách a thabhairt air. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Glactar
leis go forleathan gurbh é </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Principia
</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
saothar réabhlóideach eolaíochta </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
chuir tús leis an bhfisic agus leis an réalteolaíocht i gciall an
lae inniu. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cuid
den réabhlóid ab ea an héilealárnachas. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Faoi
thionchar shaothar Newton chuaigh an Eaglais féin le héilealárnachas
i rith na hochtú haoise déag, cé gur mhair an cosc ar shaothar
Galilei i bhfad ina dhiaidh sin féin.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Córas
</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>meiniscis</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– Tugtar córas </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">meiniscis</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ar dhearadh áirithe teileascóip ina gcuirtear lionsa meiniscis
(lionsa atá cuasach ar thaobh amháin, dronnach ar an taobh eile) os
c</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">omhair</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an réadscátháin </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
hiomraill an scátháin a cheartú. Ba é an t-optaiceoir Rúiseach
Dmitry Maksutov a chéadcheap an córas meiniscis, agus mar sin is
gnách teileascóp Maksutov a thabhairt ar an gcóras freisin.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Córas
pláinéadach </b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar na pláinéid atá ag dul timpeall ar réalta áirithe,
agus iad á gceangal den réalta sin ag an imtharraingt. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Go
dtí le déanaí, bhí ár gcóras féin ar an t-aon chóras
pláinéadach amháin a raibh aithne ag an gcine daonna air, ach sa
bhliain 1992 chuir </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">na
réalteolaithe sonrú i dtrí phláinéad timpeall ar neodrónréalta
áirithe atá suite i réaltbhuíon na Maighdine. Fuair na pláinéid
seo na hainmneacha </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Draugr</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Phobetor</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
agus </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Poltergeist</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Inniu,
tá na réalteolaithe an-díograiseach faoi na córais phláinéadacha
amuigh sa chianspás, agus </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">na
céadta </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">eiseapláinéid</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
fionnta acu cheana féin, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mar
a thugtar ar na pláinéid i gcórais phláinéadacha eile.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Córas
réaltach</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar ar réaltaí atá ceangailte dá chéile ag an imtharraingt
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
iad ag fithisiú a chéile</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– is é sin, is córais réaltacha iad na déréaltaí is na
hilréaltaí. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
sé tábhachtach na fíor-chórais réaltacha a dhealú ó na cinn
optúla. Na dé- agus na hilréaltaí optúla, is éard atá i gceist
leosan ná réaltaí nach bhfuil s</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">iad
ach suite ar aon líne ón Domhan, ionas go bhfeicimid in aice le
chéile iad, cé nach bhfuil siad in aon chóngar dá chéile.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Córas
Tholamaeis </b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an tuiscint gheolárnach ar struchtúr an ghrianchórais
agus na hollchruinne – is é sin, an tuiscint a chuireas an Domhan
sa lárphointe. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fuair
an córas a ainm ó Claudius Ptolemaeus, nó Tolamaes, a
chaighdeánaigh an geolárnachas sa dara haois i ndiaidh bhreith
Chríost.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cheap
Tolamaes a chóras le gluaiseachtaí na reann neimhe a áireamh roimh
ré – le huruithe Gréine agus Gealaí a thairngreacht, abair. Mar
sin, fuair sé riachtanach córas an-chasta matamaitice a chur i
dtoll le chéile. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Coincheapanna
tábhachtacha sa chóras iad an ciorcal iompair </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
t-eipiciogal. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Go
bunúsach, shíl Tolamaes agus na matamaiticeoirí réalteolaíocha
roimh a lá féin go raibh gach pláinéad ag timpeallú pointe
áirithe réasúnta gar don phláinéad féin – ba é an fhithis
seo an t-eipiciogal. Ach ansin bhí an t-eipiciogal féin ag dul
timpeall an Domhain ar chonair ar a dtugtaí an ciorcal iompair.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ghlac
Tolamaes leis an tuiscint seo óna chuid réamhtheachtairí agus
chuir sé a chasadh féin inti. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Feabhsú
ab ea a leagan féin den chóras ar ar tháinig roimhesean, agus mar
sin d'fhan a chóras in úsáid ar feadh na gcéadta bliain.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bhí
Tolamaes ar na daoine ba léan</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ta
lena linn féin, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
níor theorannaigh sé é féin don réalteolaíocht agus don
astralaíocht</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chum
sé tráchtas tábhachtach tíreolaíochta freisin, mar shampla. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cé
go raibh a chóras réalteolaíoch bun os cionn le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tuiscint
an lae inniu</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tá
cuid dá obair beo inniu féin, ó rinne sé cion fir ag léarscáiliú
na spéire </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">freisin.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sna
laethanta a bhí, ba ghnách leis na healaíontóirí </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">coróin
a tharraingt ar chloigeann Tholamaeis sna pictiúirí a rinne siad
de</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ó ba eisean ”rí na réalteolaíochta”.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Córas
Tycho</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar ar an gcomhréiteach idir córas Copernicus agus córas
Tholamaeis a rith leis an réalteolaí Danmhargach Tycho (Tyge)
Brahe. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ba
é barúil Tycho go raibh cuid den cheart ag Copernicus agus cuid ag
Tolamaes: ní chreidfeadh sé go bhféadfadh an Domhan gluaiseacht ar
bith a dhéanamh, chomh támh trom is a bhí sé, ach san am chéanna
ba léir dó </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">go
raibh Copernicus in ann gluaiseachtaí na bpláinéad a léiriú ní
b'fhearr ná Tolamaes. Ba é a theoiricsean go raibh na pláinéid ag
fithisiú na Gréine, agus an Ghrian ag fithisiú an Domhain.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Córas
UBV</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– Córas é an córas UBV (</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ultraviolet
– blue – visible</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ultra</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">vialait
– gorm – infheicthe) a úsáidtear le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">réaltaí
a aicmiú de réir a méide dealraithí. Is éard a dhéantar ná
méid, nó gile, na réalta a thomhas de réir na radaíochta
ultravialait, an tsolais ghoirm agus an tsolais infheicthe go léir,
agus is é meán na luachanna seo a thugas méid na réalta de réir
an chórais áirithe seo.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Córas
uilleach </b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">leagan
forbartha de chóras Cassegrain. Sa chóras seo tá an súil-lionsa
ar thaobh an teileascóip, agus </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">réimse
an-chúng radhairc ann.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Cor
Caroli </b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Croí
Shéarlais </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Alpha
Canum Venaticorum</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
is é sin, an réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon na Madraí Fiaigh.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Déréalta
í Alpha Canum Venaticorum, ach is é moladh Aontas Idirnáisiúnta
na Réalteolaíochta gan ”Cor Caroli” a thabhairt ach ar an
gceann is gile den dá chomhbhall sa déréalta. Is fathachréalta í
an réalta sin, agus í tuairim is céad oiread chomh geal agus an
Ghrian, cé nach bhfuil ach mais na Gréine méadaithe faoi thrí
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">inti.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
Cor Caroli suite faoi chéad is cúig solasbhliana déag dínn. </span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fuair
an réalta a hainm ón Rí Séa</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rl</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">as
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
hAon</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de mhuintir na Stíobhartach. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ba
é Francis Lamb, thiar sa bhliain 1673, a bhaist </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cor
Caroli Regis Martyris –</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
”Croí Shéarlais, an Rí agus an Mhairtírigh” – ar an réalta
ina réaltmhapa féin. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
minic a shíltear, áfach, gurbh é Edmund Halley a d'ainmnigh as
Séarlas a Dó é.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Coróin
</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">scamall
plasma timpeall na Gréine, agus é ag sroicheadh na milliúin
ciliméadair amach sa spás. Bíonn an choróin le feiceáil le linn
urú iomlán na Gréine. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
an choróin i bhfad níos teo ná dromchla na Gréine, agus í
scartha ó fhótaisféar na Gréine ag an gcrómaisféar. </span></span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Coróin
an Deiscirt </b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">atá
ar an réaltbhuíon idir an Saighdeoir, an Scairp, an Teileascóp
agus an Altóir. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cé
go dtugtar ”coróin” uirthi, tá sí níos cosúla le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">crú
capaill. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fuair
sí a hainm ó Choróin an Tuaiscirt, ó tá an dá réaltbhuíon
réasúnta cosúil le chéile. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ba
é Claudius Tolamaes a bhaist an bheirt acu ina chuid scríbhinní
réalteolaíochta.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
í Alphecca Meridiana, nó Meridiana, nó Alpha Coronae Australis (nó
Alpha Coronae Austrinae) an réalta is gile i gCoróin an Deiscirt.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">A-réalta
í Alphecca Meridiana, agus í breis is dhá oiread chomh mór leis
an nGrian ó thaobh an trastomhais is na maise de; san am chéanna tá
sí tuairim is tríocha oiread níos </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">lonrúla</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ná </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
Ghrian. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
í an ghné is suntasaí di ná go bhfuil sí ag rothlú ar a hais go
han-sciobtha. Tá an radaíocht infridhearg as Alphecca Meridiana as
pabhar láidir, rud a thugas le fios go bhfuil fáinne </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dusta</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
timpeall na réalta.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Coróin
an Tuaiscirt </b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an réaltbhuíon </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">idir
Earcail, an tAoire agus Ceann na Péiste. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tugtar
Alphecca, Alphekka, Gemma nó An tSeoid ar an réalta is gile i
gCoróin an Tuaiscirt – </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Alpha
Corona</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Borealis </span></i></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
t-ainm de réir chóras Bayer. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
Coróin an Tuaiscirt, nó astaireacht na réaltaí is gile inti,
cosúil le crú capaill, díreach ar nós Choróin an Deiscirt, agus
is ó Choróin an Tuaiscirt a fuair Coróin an Deiscirt a hainm.
Ceann de na sean-réaltbhuíonta traidisiúnta í Coróin an
Tuaiscirt, nó luaitear i scríbhinní réalteolaíochta Tholamaeis
féin í.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Déréalta
uraitheach í Alpha Coronae Borealis, is é sin tagann an coimhdire
go tráthrialta idir sinn agus an phríomhréalta, rud a aithnítear
mar íosmhéid solais i</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n
athruithe</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
g</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ile
na déréalta. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">A-réalta
the bhán í an phríomhréalta, agus í cúpla oiread níos
téagartha ná an Ghrian s'againn. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
sí ceithre oiread déag is trí scór níos lonrúla ná an Ghrian,
cé nach n-áirítear ar na fathachréaltaí í, ach ar an
bpríomhsheicheamh. Maidir leis an gcomhbhall beag, is réalta
G-aicme é cosúil leis an nGrian, beagáinín níos lú ná í ó
thaobh na maise de. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
Alphecca suite faoi chúig solasbhliana déag is trí scór dár
ngrianchóras.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Coróiniam</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– Thiar sa naoú haois déag bhí an teoiric ag eolaithe áirithe
go raibh dúil cheimiceach nua ar fáil i gcoróin na Gréine. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
é an t-ainm a cheap </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">duine
acu – an Rúiseach Dmitry Mendeleyev </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(an
fear céanna a chéadcheap tábla peiriadach na ndúl)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
–</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
don dúil seo ná coróiniam nó niút</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ainiam
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(tagairt
do shloinne Isaac Newton a bhí i gceist leis an dara hainm a </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mhol
sé</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ar ndóigh)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Bhí an teoiric seo bunaithe ar an speictreascópacht, nó bhí líne
aitheanta a</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">g
na heolaithe </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar
speictream na Gréine</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
nach raibh siad in ann a at</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">hchruthú</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sa tsaotharlann </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
nach raibh cosúil le línte speictreacha na ndúl aitheanta</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
sin shíl siad go raibh dúil nua i gceist.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
a </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fuarthas
amach ina dhiaidh sin</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">áfach
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ba
é an t-iarann ba chúis leis an líne – </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ian
iarainn a raibh lucht deimhneach trí aonad déag aige </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(is
é sin adamh iarainn a thug uaidh trí leictreon déag)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ní
dual don iarann a leithéid d'ian a dhéanamh faoi imthoscaí an
Domhain, agus mar sin ní raibh taithí ag na heolaithe air: </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">na
hiain iarainn a bhíos le fáil i gcomhdhúile iarainn a bhfuil
aithne againn orthu níl ach lucht deimhneach dhá nó trí aonad
acu, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
rachadh sé rite leat ian Fe</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">13+</span></span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a chruthú sa tsaotharlann.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Corónagraf
</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar ghléas a chuirtear os comhair an teileascó</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">p
le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">diosca
na Gréine a dhorchú, ionas gur féidir leis na heolaithe
breathnuithe a dhéanamh ar choróin na Gréine </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
ar an gcuid den spéir atá timpeall na Gréine</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Chorr </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Grus
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an réaltbhuíon idir an tIndiach, an Túcán, an
Micreascóp, Iasc an Deiscirt, an Dealbhóir, agus an Féinics. Ceann
d'”Éanacha an Deiscirt” í an Chorr, mar a deirtear; is iad an
Túcán, an Féinics, agus an Phéacóg na ”héanacha” eile. Ba é
an réalteolaí Pléimeannach Petrus Plancius (nó Pieter Platevoet),
thiar faoi dheireadh na séú haoise déag, a shainaithin an Chorr
mar réaltbhuíon ar leith. Roimhe sin ba ghnách dearcadh uirthi mar
chuid d'Iasc an Deiscirt.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
é Alnair nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Gruis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an réalta is gile sa réaltbhuíon seo. Réalta phríomhsheichimh é,
ach cosúil le Sirius tá sé an-te, an-lonrúil, cé nach bhfuil sé
ach ceithre oiread chomh mór leis an nGrian. Le fírinne chomh
lonrúil is atá sé is féidir go bhfuil sé díreach leis an
bpríomhsheicheamh a fhágáil ina dhiaidh le hiompú ina
fhathachréalta. Tá sé deich n-oiread chomh lonrúil le Sirius
féin.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
<colgroup><col width="83"></col>
<col width="84"></col>
<col width="84"></col>
<col width="84"></col>
<col width="84"></col>
<col width="84"></col>
<col width="83"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" valign="top" width="633"><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">ALNAIR
AGUS SIRIUS Á gCUR I gCOMPARÁID</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="83"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Réalta</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="84"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Trastomhas
(1 = trastomhas na Gréine)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="84"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Mais
(1 = mais na Gréine)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="84"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Aicme
speictreach</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="84"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Lonrachas
(1 = lonrachas na Gréine)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="84"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Méid
dhealraitheach</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="83"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fad
ón Domhan</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="83"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Alnair
(Alpha Gruis)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="84"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3.4</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="84"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4.0</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="84"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">B</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="84"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">263</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="84"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">+1.74</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="83"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">céad
agus aon solasbhliain amháin (aon pharsoic déag agus fiche)</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="83"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sirius
A (Alpha Canis Majoris A, príomh-chomhbhall na déréalta)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="84"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1.7</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="84"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.0</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="84"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="84"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">25</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="84"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">-1.47</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="83"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ocht
solasbhliana agus sé dheichiú cuid (dhá pharsoic agus sé
dheichiú cuid)</span></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Maidir
le </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Beta
Gruis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
is fathachréalta dhearg í nach bhfuil mórán rudaí suimiúla le
rá fúithi: níl sí ach dhá oiread is ceithre dheichiú cuid chomh
trom téagartha leis an nGrian, ach tá sí dhá mhíle is cúig
chéad oiread níos lonrúla. Réalta M-aicme í.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gamma
Gruis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
arís, is fathachréalta í fosta ach is mar B-réalta a aicmítear í
– is é sin, ar an dara aicme speictreach is teo. Radaíocht
ultraivialait is mó a astaíos sí, ach tá sí lonrúil go maith ó
thaobh an tsolais infheicthe chomh maith – tuairim is trí chéad
is nócha oiread chomh lonrúil leis an nGrian. Réalta bhánghorm í,
ar ndóigh.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Corraíl</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– Glacaimis leis go bhfuil córas dhá rinn neimhe againn, agus
ceann acu ag dul timpeall an chinn eile – is maith an sampla iad an
Domhan agus an Ghealach, ar ndóigh. Tugtar </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">corraíl</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ar </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
dóigh a gcuireann fórsaí eile seachas imtharraingt an Domhain </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(an
phríomhúlaigh)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
isteach ar ghluaiseacht na Gealaí </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(na
satailíte)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ansin. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
féidir le himtharraingt na Gréine, mar shampla, corraíl a
spreagadh i bhfithis na Gealaí; maidir leis na pláinéid, is léir
go mbíonn siad ina gcúis corraíola ag a chéile. An té a
chaitheas súil ar chóras na satailítí timpeall ar Iúpatar,
tuigfear dó ar an toirt gur féidir leo corraíl a tharraingt ar a
chéile.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Corrán
an Leoin </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar astaireacht na réaltaí seo a léanas: </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Epsilon
Leonis</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mu
Leonis</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Zeta
Leonis</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Gamma
Leonis</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Eta
Leonis</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
agus </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Alpha
Leonis</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
is léir ón ainm, tá sí ar dhéanamh an chorráin, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
is cuid de </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">réaltbhuíon
an</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Leo</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n
í.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cosmagnaíocht
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an gcraobh réalteolaíochta atá dírithe ar </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bhunús
na hollchruinne a thuiscint agus ar theoiricí a fhorbairt le breith
na hollchruinne a mhíniú. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
í teoiric na hOllphléisce an múnla cosmagnaíochta is tábhachtaí
i réalteolaíocht an lae inniu.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cosme</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>olaíocht</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar ar an gcraobh réalteolaíochta atá dírithe ar fhás,
forbairt agus todhchaí na hollchruinne a thuiscint agus na dlíthe
nádúrtha a stiúras an fhorbairt sin a thaighde, a mhapáil agus a
oibriú amach.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cothromaíocht
radantach </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">atá
i gceist nuair atá córas dúnta de choirp againn, agus gach corp
acu ag tabhairt uaidh an fhuinnimh chéanna mar radaíocht agus atá
sé a ghlacadh chuige – is é sin, is ionann an radaíocht a</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">staithe</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
agus an radaíocht ionsúite.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cothromóid
Kepler</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– Is í cothromóid Kepler ná:</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">M
= E – e </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sin</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
E</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">inarb
ionann:</span></span></span></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">M
agus an mheán-aimhrialtacht;</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">E
agus an aimhrialtacht éalárnach;</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
agus an éalárnacht.</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Seasann
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sin
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">don
tsíneas, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ceann
de na feidhmeanna triantánúla </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">é</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ba
é an réalteolaí Gearmánach Johannes Kepler (</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">1571-1630)
ba thúisce a </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'fhoilsigh
an chothromóid seo. Gléas matamaitice atá inti ar bhain sé úsáid
as agus é ag </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">oibriú
amach na ndlíthe nádúrtha a stiúras gluaiseachtaí na bpláinéad,
nó dlíthe Kepler mar a thugtar orthu.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cráitéar</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– Go bunúsach is éard is cráitéar ann ná </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">poll
mór sa talamh. Sa réalteolaíocht is iad na cráitéir dhreigíte
is tábhachtaí, is é sin, cráitéir a cruthaíodh nuair a bhuail
dreigít faoi dhromchla an phláinéid nó na gealaí. Ar ndóigh tá
cráitéir bholcánacha ann chomh maith – is é an cráitéar an
poll as a dtagann laibhe, deatach agus dusta, fad is a fhanas an
bolcán beo.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Crapadh
Kelvin </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">crapadh
Kelvin-Helmholtz </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an dóigh a gcrapann an scamall gáis chuige faoi
thionchar a imtharraingthe féin. San am chéanna tá an scamall ag
cailleadh fuinnimh mar theas.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fuair
an crapadh a ainm ó William Thomson (tiarna Kelvin) agus ó Hermann
Helmholtz.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Crapadh
Lorentz-Fitzgerald </b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar chrapadh </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">coibhneasaíoch
an fhaid. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Go
bunúsach, is éard a deir teoiric coibhneasaíochta Albert Einstein
ná gur </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tairiseach
(is é sin </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">uimhir</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
d</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">earbh
d</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">o-athraithe</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
é luas an tsolais san fholús, nó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
agus go gcaithfidh na hairíonna fisiceacha géilleadh don tairiseach
seo. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Toradh
don ghéilleadh seo</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
é crapadh Lorentz-Fitzgerald. An </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">spásbhád</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
atá á luasghéarú i dtreo luas an tsolais, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tá
s</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">í</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ag dul i ngiorracht, mar a fheictear don </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bhreathnóir
atá suite socair – rud nach n-aithníonn siad siúd, áfach, atá
ag taisteal ar bhord an spásbháid.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ní
mór cuimhne a choinneáil air nach bhfuil aon rud ná réad ”suite
socair” de réir theoiric na coibhneasaíochta, ach amháin i
gcoibhneas ruda eile. Mar sin, nuair a dúradh thíos go bhfuil an
breathnóir ”suite socair”, is ionann sin is a rá go bhfuil sé
suite socair </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">g</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">córas
comhordanáidí ina bhfuil an réad eile ag gluaiseacht leis agus a
luas ag teacht i gcóngar do luas an tsolais.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fuair
crapadh Lorentz-Fitzgerald a ainm ón bhfisiceoir Ollannach Hendrik
Lorentz agus ón Ollamh Éireannach George Francis Fitzgerald (nó
Seoirse Proinsias Mac Gearailt, más fearr leat an leagan sin).</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Crios
Oiríon </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>an
Bhanlámh, </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>an
tSlat is an Bhanlámh</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Slat
an Rí</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Slat
an Cheannaí</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>an
Fhearsaid</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Slat
an Bhodaigh</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar an astaireacht trí réalta atá i lár an Bhodaigh –
más mar fhear armtha a shamlaítear an réaltbhuíon, is iad crios
an tsaighdiúra sin iad. Is iad ainmneacha na réaltaí seo ná
Alnitak, Alnilam, agus Mintaka, agus is fathachréaltaí teo gorma nó
gormbhána iad. Cé go bhfuil siad ar réaltaí geala na spéire, tá
trí réalta is gile ná iad féin sa réaltbhuíon chéanna, mar
atá, Betelgeuse, Rigel, agus Bellatrix.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ilréaltaí
iad Alnitak agus Mintaka. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Maidir
le hAlnilam, dealraíonn sé nach bhfuil coimhdire ar bith aici.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<colgroup><col width="64*"></col>
<col width="64*"></col>
<col width="64*"></col>
<col width="64*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Ainm traidisiúnta</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Alnilam</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Alnitak</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Mintaka</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Ainm de réir chóras
Bayer</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Epsilon Orionis</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Zeta Orionis</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Delta Orionis</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Aicme speictreach</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">B (ollfhathach gorm)</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">O (ollfhathach gorm) –
an phríomhréalta; B-réaltaí iad an dá chomhbhall eile</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">O (ollfhathach gorm) –
an phríomhréalta; B-réaltaí iad na trí cinn is mó de na
comhbhaill</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Fad ón Domhan</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Tuairim is dhá mhíle
solasbhliain</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Tuairim is 1,260
solasbhliain (luach an-mhíchruinn!)</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Tuairim is míle agus dhá
chéad solasbhliain</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Mais i gcomparáid leis
an nGrian</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">30-65 oiread</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">23-43 oiread (an
phríomhréalta), 11-17 n-oiread (an ceann is mó den dá
chomhbhall eile)</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">24 oiread (an
phríomhréalta), 8.4 + 22.5 + 9 n-oiread (na trí cinn is mó de
na comhbhaill eile)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Lonrachas i gcomparáid
leis an nGrian</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Ocht gcéad tríocha míle
oiread</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Dhá chéad caoga míle
oiread (an phríomhréalta), tríocha dhá mhíle oiread (an ceann
is mó den dá chomhbhall eile)</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Céad is nócha míle
oiread (an phríomhréalta; níl na comhbhaill eile in aon chóngar
do bheith chomh lonrúil)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Ga (nó trastomhas) i
gcomparáid leis an nGrian</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Dhá oiread is dhá scór</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Fiche oiread (an
phríomhréalta), seacht n-oiread (an ceann is mó den dá
chomhbhall eile)</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">16.5 oiread (an
phríomhréalta), 6.5 oiread, 10.4 oiread, 5.7 oiread (na
comhbhaill eile)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Dearbhmhéid</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">-6.95</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">-6.0/-3.9/-4.1</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">-5.8 (go hiomlán), -5.4
(an phríomhréalta)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Méid dhealraitheach</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">1.69</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">1.77 (an trí chomhbhall
in éineacht)</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">2.23 (na comhbhaill go
léir in éineacht)</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Crios
ózóin </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó </span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ózónaisféar
</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an gciseal </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i
strataisféar an Domhain a neodraíos an chuid is mó den radaíocht
ultraivialait ón nGrian. </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In
íochtar an strataisféir is mó atá an tiúchan ózóin. </span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
éard atá san ózón ná allatróp trí-adamhach na hocsaigine. Dhá
adamh atá </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i
móilín na</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
gnáthocsaigin</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
nó O</span></span><sub><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></sub><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">;
is é O</span></span><sub><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></sub><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
foirmle cheimiceach an ózóin. </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Níl
an móilín ózóin róchobhsaí, nó is dual dó titim as a chéile
agus gnáthocsaigin a dhéanamh, agus sin de phléasc; </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mar
sin is ar éigean is féidir ózón a aonrú ón ngnáthocsaigin. S</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
ózónaisféar féin ní sháraíonn tiúchan an ózóin </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">10
gcuid sa mhilliún.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
buaireamh ar an gcine daonna le fada faoin dochar atá sna
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">clórafluaracarbóin
agus sna brómafluaracarbóin don chrios ózóin.</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Comhdhúile
iad seo atá cosúil leis na hiodracarbóin ach amháin go bhfuil
adaimh chlóirín, fluairín nó bróimín curtha in áit na n-adamh
hidrigine sa struchtúr móilíneach acu. </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
éard is cúis leis an dochar atá sna substaintí seo ná go bhfuil
siad chomh cobhsaí is gur féidir leis na móilíní a mbealach a
dhéanamh a fhad leis an strataisféar, ach nuair a shroichfeas siad
an strataisféar titfidh siad as a chéile agus an radaíocht
ultraivialait ag dul i bhfeidhm orthu. Ansin a scaoiltear saor </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">adaimh
aonair, agus cuireann na saorfhréamha seo isteach ar </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
timthriall gnáthocsaigine-ózóin a stopas an radaíocht
ultraivialait.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nniu
tá stáit an Domhain go léir tar éis conradh a shíniú faoi chosc
ar úsáid na gclórafluaracarbón, agus dealraíonn sé go bhfuil an
strata</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sféar
ag teacht chuige féin arís i ndiaidh an dochair a rinne na
comhdhúile seo. </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ba
nós, tráth den tsaol, iad a úsáid sna múchtóirí agus, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mar
thiomantáin,</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sna
cannaí aerasóil.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-style: normal;">C</span><span style="font-style: normal;">rios
radaíochta </span></b><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">crios Van Allen </span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cheann
den dá chrios cáithníní luchtaithe timpeall ar an Domhan agus iad
ar dhéanamh </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
toróidigh </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(cineál
fáinne </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">é
an toróideach</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Leictreoin
agus prótóin is mó atá i gceist, agus iad á gceapadh ag réimse
maighnéadach ár bpláinéid</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">An
chuid is mó de na cáithníní seo is cuid den ghrianghaoth iad,
agus an chuid eile ag baint leis an radaíocht chosmach.</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bíonn
athruithe na grianghaoithe ag dul i bhfeidhm ar na creasa</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nna</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
radaíochta, agus uaireanta cruthaítear crios breise a mhaireas
tráth. </span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">F</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">uair
na creasanna a n-ainm ó James Van Allen, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
t-</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">eolaí
Meiriceánach a chuir an chéad sonrú iontu. </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bhí
sé ina cheannródaí ag baint úsáide as gléasra ar bhord
satailítí le taighde a dhéanamh ar mhaighnéadsféar an Domhain.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-style: normal;">C</span><span style="font-style: normal;">roí
carraigeach –</span></b><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Tá </span></span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">croí
carraigeach</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ag na mórphláinéid úd Iúpatar, Satarn, Úránas agus Neiptiún,
cé go bhfuil an chuid eile den phláinéad comhdhéanta as gás </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(na
gásfhathaigh, arb iad Iúpatar agus Satarn iad) </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
as oighear </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(na
hoighearfhathaigh, arb iad Úránas agus Neiptiún iad)</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-style: normal;">Cróimiam
</span></b><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a 24, agus is é </span></span><b><span style="font-style: normal;">Cr
</span></b><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
tsiombail don chróimiam sna foirmlí ceimiceacha. Ceann de na
miotail trasdultacha é an cróimiam. Miotal lonrúil sobhriste atá
ann a dtagann </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">smúid</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ocsaíde air agus ocsaigin an atmaisféir ag dul i bhfeidhm air. </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
ainm an chróimiam bunaithe ar an bhfocal Gréigise a chiallaíos
”dath”, toisc go mbíonn dath láidir sna dúile cróimiam. Tá a
lán staideanna ocsaídiúcháin ag an gcróimiam ina chuid comhdhúl,
agus </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dathanna
éagsúla sna comhdhúile, go háirithe má thuaslagtar san uisce
iad.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">S</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">eo
comhdhúile áirithe de chuid an chróimiam:<br />
<br />
</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<colgroup><col width="64*"></col>
<col width="64*"></col>
<col width="128*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Foirmle
cheimiceach</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ainm</span></span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" width="50%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Uimhir
ocsaídiúcháin</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">CrCl<sub>3</sub></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Clóiríd
chróimiam (tríchlóiríd chróimiam)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="50%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">+3</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
dath corcra sa chlóiríd chróimiam nuair atá sí saor ó uisce.
Déanann sé criostail in éineacht le huisce, ionas go bhfuil sé
mhóilín uisce ann in aghaidh gach adamh cróimiam. San fhoirm
seo tá dath uaine ann, agus is é seo an cineál clóiríd
chróimiam is féidir a cheannach. Úsáidtear mar chatalaíoch í,
is é sin le luas a chur le himoibriúcháin cheimiceacha áirithe.
Níl sé in aon chóngar do bheith chomh dainséarach don duine le
comhdhúile áirithe eile de chuid an chróimiam, ach is gnách
dearcadh air mar shubstaint urchóideach.</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">CrO<sub>3</sub></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Trí-ocsaíd
chróimiam, ”aigéad crómach”</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="50%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">+6</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
dath dúchorcra sa tríocsaíd nuair atá sí saor ó uisce, ach
má ólann sí uisce chuici tiocfaidh dath geal flannbhuí ann. Is
minic a dhíoltar mar ”aigéad crómach” í, ós í ainhidríd
an aigéid chrómaigh í, ach dáiríribh ní féidir aigéad
crómach a ghineadh tríd an tríocsaíd a thuaslagadh san uisce.
Úsáidtear an trí-ocsaíd sa phlátáil. Nimh láidir a spreagas
ailse atá inti.</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">CrCl<sub>2</sub></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="25%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Dé-chlóiríd
chróimiam</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="50%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">+2</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Criostail
bhána atá sa dé-chlóiríd nuair atá sí saor ó uisce. Is
comhdhúil tais-scópach í áfach, is é sin is dual di uisce a
ól chuici, agus leis an uisce tiocfaidh dath uaine inti. Má
thuaslagtar san uisce í gheofar tuaslagán gorm nó uaine. Ní
úsáidtear dé-chlóiríd chróimiam sa tionsclaíocht, ach is
amhábhar do chomhdhúile cróimiam eile í sa tsaotharlann.</span></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">M</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aidir
leis an mbaint atá ag an gcróimiam leis an orgánach daonna,
braitheann sé ar an staid ocsaídiúcháin </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chomh
maith.</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Más
é +3 an uimhir ocsaídiúcháin, níl mórán urchóide sa
chróimiam</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ach is nimh </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">láidir
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
ábhar ails</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
é an cróimiam más é +5 an uimhir ocsaídiúcháin.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
é an meáchan adamhach atá ag an gcróimiam ná</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
51.996, agus ceithre iseatóp nádúrtha aige: </span></span><sup><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">50</span></span></sup><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cr
(4.35 % de chróimiam an dúlra), </span></span><sup><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">52</span></span></sup><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cr
(83.8 %), </span></span><sup><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">53</span></span></sup><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cr
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(9.5
%), </span></span><sup><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">54</span></span></sup><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cr
(2.35 %). Iseatóip chobhsaí iad de réir an dealraimh, cé go
bhfuil na fisiceoirí idir dhá chomhairle fós faoin gcéad cheann
acu: </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">táthar
ag déanamh go </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dtagann</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
meath radaighníomhach (leictreonghabháil dhúbailte) air, ach má
t</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">hagann</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
féin, tá an leathré chomh fada is gur féidir beag is fiú a
dhéanamh dá radaighníomhaíocht. Na hiseatóip radaighníomhacha
eile </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">atá</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ag an gcróimiam, is iseatóip shaorga de dhéantús na saotharlainne
iad.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
í an chróimít (ocsaíd an chróimiam agus an iarainn, FeCr</span></span><sub><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></sub><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">O</span></span><sub><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></span></sub><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
an mianach cróimiam is tábhachtaí, agus is as an Afraic Theas agus
as an gCasacstáin a thagas an chuid is mó den chróimiam. </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Úsáidtear
an cróimiam mar chómhiotal – is é sin cuirtear le hiarann é le
cruach </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dhosmálta
a dhéanamh – agus i bplátáil.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-style: normal;">Crómaisféar
</span></b><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an gciseal in atmaisféar na Gréine atá suite os cionn
an fhótaisféir, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">faoi
bhun na corónach</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
an crómaisféar rósdearg, ach ní féidir é a aithint ná
breathnuithe a dhéanamh air ach le linn urú iomlán na gréine. </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
an damhna sa chrómaisféar i bhfad níos scaipthe ná san
fhótaisféar gan trácht ar bith a dhéanamh ar atmaisféar an
Domhain. Tá an crómaisféar trí mhíle go cúig mhíle ciliméadar
ar doimhneacht, agus é ag dul i dteas suas ón nGrian. </span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
an crómaisféar ag astú solais, agus </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
í an líne speictreach is láidre dá n-astaíonn sé ná H</span></span><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">α</span></span></span></sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
is é sin, an líne a fhreagraíos do </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">thitim
an leictreoin ón tríú sceall go dtí an dara sceall </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">san
adamh hidrigine</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Tá an líne seo 6563 angstram (656.3 nanaiméadar) ar tonnfhad, agus
í suite i mban</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
an tsolais dheirg – mar sin is í an líne seo is cúis le dath
dearg an chrómaisféir.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">C</span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ros-aeróg
Mills</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar ar dhearadh ar leith de radaiteileascóp atá bunaithe ar
dhá shraith d'aeróga agus iad ag trasnú a chéile. Tá an dearadh
ainmnithe as Bernard Yarnton Mills, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">réalteolaí
Astrálach a thóg an chéad radaiteileascóp den chineál seo sa
bhliain 1954 i mBadgery's Creek, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">leathchéad
ciliméadar ó Sydney.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Cros
an Deiscirt </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an réaltbhuíon atá suite idir an Ceinteár agus an
Chuileog. I ré na sean-Ghréagach bhí Cros an Deiscirt le feiceáil
ón nGréig féin, agus </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ba
nós le Tolamaes dearcadh ar réaltaí Chros an Deiscirt mar chuid
den Cheinteár. Ina dhiaidh sin, áfach, d'fhág luainíocht na
gcónocht dofheicthe ón Eoraip iad, agus ligeadh i ndearmad iad. Ní
bhfuair an réaltbhuíon an t-ainm atá uirthi inniu ach i </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ré
na Fionnachtana, nuair a thosaigh na hEorpaigh ag taisteal go cearnaí
cianmhara den Domhan, áit a raibh na réaltaí seo le feiceáil.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
iad na ceithre réaltaí is gile, Alpha Crucis, Beta Crucis, Gamma
Crucis agus Delta Crucis, a thuill a hainm do Chros an Deiscirt: is
astaireacht iad a chuirfeadh cros i gcuimhne duit. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Na
hainmneacha atá ar na réaltaí seo i gcóras Bayer, is gnách iad a
ghiorrú go hAcrux, Becrux, Gacrux agus Decrux.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">T</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ríréalta
í Acrux agus í suite faoi thrí chéad, aon solasbhliain is fiche
ón Domhan. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
féidir dhá chomhbhall a aithint le gléasra cianradhairc. Is
B-réaltaí iad, agus iad tuairim is sé oiread déag chomh trom leis
an nGrian. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
gach ceann acu thart ar fiche míle oiread chomh lonrúil léi – an
ceann is mó acu, tá sí breis is fiche míle oiread níos lonrúla
ná an Ghrian, agus an ceann is lú acu tá sí breis is cúig mhíle
oiread déag níos lonrúla ná an Ghrian. </span></span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">D</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">éréalta
í Becrux, nó </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mimosa</span></i></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
mar a thugtar uirthi freisin. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Déréalta
speictreascópach í, is é sin, ní féidir í a aithint mar
dhéréalta ach amháin trí anailís a dhéanamh ar a speictream. Tá
Becrux suite faoi dhá chéad agus ocht scór solasbhliain dínn.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">B-réaltaí
iad an dá chomhbhall, an ceann is mó acu sé oiread déag chomh
téagartha leis an nGrian, an ceann is lú acu deich n-oiread. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
sé incheaptha go bhfuil comhbhall beag eile ann fós.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">M</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aidir
le Gacrux, nó </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rubídea
</span></i></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mar
a thugas lucht labhartha na Portaingéilise uirthi, is fathachréalta
dhearg </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">den
M-aicme </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">í
agus í suite níos cóngaraí dúinn ná aon réalta eile den
chineál. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
sí </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">oiread
agus leath, nó dhá oiread, chomh téagartha leis an nGrian, cé go
bhfuil sí breis is ceithre scór oiread chomh mór. Mar sin, is
fathachréalta í a bhí ina habhac príomhsheichimh tráth, cosúil
leis an nGrian féin, agus an chuma ar an scéal go dtiocfaidh an
fhorbairt chéanna ar an nGrian i gceann na mílte milliún bliain.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">D</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ecrux
áfach, is fo-fhathach bánghorm í atá ocht nó naoi n-oiread chomh
teagartha leis an nGrian, agus ocht n-oiread chomh mór ó thaobh an
trastomhais. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
sí deich míle oiread chomh lonrúil. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pálida
</span></i></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar Decrux i dtíortha na Portaingéilise.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">T</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">á
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">na</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ceithre réaltaí </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">thuasluaite</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
le feiceáil i mbratach na Brasaíle </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mar
shiombailí do stáit éagsúla de chuid na tíre</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Seasann
Acrux do São Paulo, siombalaíonn Becrux Rio de Janeiro, is í
Gacrux samhailchomhartha Bahía, agus maidir le Decrux, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
í siombail Minas Gerais í.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Thairis
sin, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tá
Epsilon Crucis le feiceáil sa bhratach, mar shiombail do stát
Espírit</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Santo. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">K-réalta
í, is é sin, fathachréalta fhlannbhuí agus í suite faoi dhá
chéad is tríocha solasbhliain dínn. Cosúil le Gacrux, is
iar-réalta phríomhsheichimh í a d'iompaigh ina fathachréalta de
réir is mar a d'fhorbair sí.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">R</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">éadanna
eile i gCros an Deiscirt iad an Gualmhála agus an Bosca Seod.
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Réaltnéal
dorcha é an Gualmhála; réaltbhraisle oscailte atá sa Bhosca Seod.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">A</span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">n
Chruinne </span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
Ollchruinne </span></i></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar </span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
spás-am go léir agus gach rud nó réad dá mbaineann leis an
spás-am, in éineacht. </span></span><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Creideann
formhór mór na n-eolaithe inniu gurbh í an Ollphléasc a chuir tús
leis an gCruinne agus leis an spás-am go léir, ach ní hionann sin
is a rá nach mbeadh teoiricí eile ann.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tugtar
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">cruinne
ascalach </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar
an teoiric a deir go dtagann Ollbhrúisc i ndiaidh gach Ollphléasc,
is é sin, go gcuirfidh </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comh-imtharraingt
na réadanna deireadh le fairsingiú na cruinne, agus go gcrapfaidh
an chruinne chuici arís. Sa </span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">deireadh,
tiocfaidh an chéad Ollphléasc eile, agus tosóidh an chruinne ag
dul i bhfairsinge arís.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
í an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">chruinne
bhoilscitheach </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
tuiscint a deir go bhfuil an spás féin ag boilsciú agus ag
cailleadh cuaire. </span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ruinne
chéimiúlachta </span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">í
an chruinne seo againn, ós rud é go bhfuil na struchtúir
eagraithe de réir céimiúlachta: tá na cáithníní eagraithe ina
n-adaimh, na n-adaimh – ina réaltaí; na réaltaí – ina
réaltraí; na réaltraí – ina </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mbraislí
réaltraí; na braislí réaltraí – ina n-ollbhraislí; na
hollbhraislí – ina bhfiliméid.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ruinne
fhairsingíoch </span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">í
an chruinne s'againn, ós rud é go bhfuil sí ag dul i bhfairsinge;
tá na réaltraí i bhfad amach uainn ag druidim uainn, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
dá fhad amach uainn atá siad is amhlaidh is luaithe atá siad ag
druidim uainn.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cruinne
fhoisteanach </span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">thugtar
ar an teoiric a deir nach athrú ceart é an fairsingiú
thuasluaite, ó tá damhna nua ag teacht chun saoil </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">gan
stad gan staonadh</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
agus é ag </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cothromú
an dóigh a bhfuil an damhna </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">á</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
scaipeadh de thoradh an fhairsingiúcháin. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bhí
glacadh éigin le teoiric na cruinne foisteanaí sna 1950idí, ach
má bhí, tháinig sé chun solais go sciobtha nach raibh sí in ann
a lán breathnuithe a mhíniú. </span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ruinne
gheolárnach </span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an teoiric a deir go bhfuil an Domhan i lárphointe na
hollchruinne. Is léir nach bhfuil glacadh ar bith leis an tuiscint
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">seo
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i
measc na n-eolaithe a thuilleadh.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cruinne
statach </span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">í
an ollchruinne nach bhfuil </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ag
dul i bhfairsinge ná ag crupadh chuici. Teoiric thréigthe eile í
teoiric na cruinne stataí.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">C</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ruinníní
</span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar néalta dorcha gáis agus dusta </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sa
spás</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
agus réaltaí nua á bhfoirmiú iontu. </span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Cuadraintídí</span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
Is iad na Cuadraintídí an dreigechith a bhíos á fheiceáil i dtús
Mhí Eanáir i réaltbhuíon an Aoire. Fuair an dreigechith seo a
ainm ón gCeathramhán Múrach (</span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Quadrans
Muralis</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
sean-réaltbhuíon nach dtugann mapaí spéire an lae inniu
aitheantas di a thuilleadh.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Cuaire</span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
Deir teoiric coibhneasaíochta Einstein go gcuireann gach mais an
spás-am ina timpeall as a riocht – is é sin, go gcuarann sí é.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cosúil
leis sin, is dual do mhais na cruinne go léir an spás-am a
chuaradh. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">A
lán de na hiarmhairtí aisteacha a bhaineas leis an teoiric
coibhneasaíochta is torthaí don chuaire </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">seo</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
iad.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">C</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">uasár</span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
Giorrúchán ón téarma </span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">radafhoinse
chuasairéaltach </span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">réad
cuasairéaltach </span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(radafhoinse
réaltchosúil, réad réaltchosúil) </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
ea an focal </span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cuasár</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
éard atá i gceist leis an gcuasár ná dúpholl i gcroí réaltra
agus é ag </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">astú
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">radaíochta</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de réir is mar atá damhna ón timpeallacht ag titim isteach sa
dúpholl. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Níl
aon chuasár suite róchóngarach dúinn, agus le fírinne </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dealraíonn
sé go bhfuil ré na gcuasár thart le fada – is é sin, an
radaíocht a thagas chugainn ó na cuasáir inniu, tagann s</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">í</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ó na laethanta a bhí, agus </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'imigh
an chuid is mó de na cuasáir féin </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">idir
an dá linn</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">A</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">r
na radathonnta </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
d'aithin na réalteolaithe na </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chéad</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
c</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">uasáir,
ach ina dhiaidh sin tháinig chun solais gur féidir cuasáir a
aithint ar bhandaí radaíochta eile fosta. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
sin, níl an leagan ”radafhoinse chuasairéaltach” sách cruinn a
thuilleadh.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">G</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">lactar
leis inniu gurb éard atá </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(nó
a bhí) </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sna
cuasáir ná réaltraí gníomhacha agus gurb í an uilleann
bhreathnóireachta an difríocht is mó idir iad agus na réaltraí
gníomhacha eile.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">C</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ú</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">igréad
Stephan</span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
Grúpa réaltraí – cúig cinn ar fad – iad Cúigréad Stephan
agus iad le feiceáil </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">in
aice a chéile </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i
réaltbhuíon Pheigeasais. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ba
é an réalteolaí Francach Édouard Stephan a chéadaithin an grúpa
thiar sa bhliain 1877. Tá nasc imtharraingthe idir ceithre cinn de
na réaltraí seo, agus an chuma ar an scéal go gcumascfaidh siad in
aon réaltra amháin, i gceann na mórmhilliún bliain.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">C</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">úisíocht</span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
Is éard is brí leis an bhfocal </span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cúisíocht
</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ná
an bhaint atá ag an gcúis lena toradh agus a mhalairt. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Deir
an fhisic chlasaiceach nach féidir don toradh bheith ann roimh a
chúis, agus gurb é sin an t-iomlán is féidir leis an bhfisiceoir
a rá i dtaobh na cúisíochta. Cuireann an fhisic choibhneasaíoch –
is é sin, an fhisic atá bunaithe ar theoiric choibhneasachta
Einstein – coinníoll breise leis seo: ní féidir le haon rud ná
réad luas an tsolais a shárú, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
mar sin, ní féidir leis an gcúis an toradh a shroicheadh níos
luaithe ná leis an solas.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">C</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ulaith
spáis</span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">spáschulaith</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Culaith bhrúchóirithe </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">den
chineál a</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
chaitheas na spásairí. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
soláthar ocsaigine ann chomh maith le cosaint ar radaíocht an
spáis, agus ar ndóigh ní mór féachaint chuige go gcoinnítear an
chulaith compordach ó thaobh na teochta de. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Scéal
eile fós é go bhfuil solas na gréine i bhfad níos láidire amuigh
sa spás ná thíos ar dhroim an domhain, rud a chiallaíos go bhfuil
scáthlán gréine ar leith de dhíth chun súile an spásaire a
dhíonadh. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bíonn
micridhreigeoidigh – dreigí beaga agus iad ag gluaiseacht go
han-luath – coitianta go maith amuigh ansin freisin, agus ní mór
an spásaire a chosaint orthu siúd. R</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ud
eile nach rithfeadh leat </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ná</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
go bhfuil gléasra ar leith ann le cuidiú leis an spásaire a chuid
géag a fheacadh, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">toisc
go n-éiríonn na teicstilí righin amuigh san fholús. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Thairis
sin bíonn roicéid bheaga ann </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">uideo</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
le</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
an spásaire</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an spásárthach a shroicheadh arís, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">má
fhaigheann sé é féin rófhada amuigh</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
léir </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nach
bhfuil sé ciallmhar ar aon nós dul amach sa spás gan chulaith
bhrúchóirithe a chaitheamh, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dá mbainfeá triail as, thachtfaí thú</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Na
scéalta ficsin eolaíochta a thugas le fios go bpléascf</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">á</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
agus an fhuil </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
fiuchadh i </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">do</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
chuid artairí </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
cheal aerbhrú</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
ar éigean atá craiceann ar bith or</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">thu.
Ar ndóigh, tá dainséir mhóra ag baint leis an easpa aerbhrú,
leis an radaíocht agus leis na difríochtaí móra teochta, ach </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
í an anocsacht –</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an easpa ocsaigine –</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
roimh aon rud eile a </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chuirfeadh
néal ionat is a</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
mharódh thú. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dá
mbeadh soláthar ocsaigine agat gan chulaith spáis, </span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ansin</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'fhéadfá
do chloigeann a bhuaireamh </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">leis</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
na priacail eile.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Cu</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">mhacht
solastiomnúcháin</span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
Is dual don teileascóp níos mó solas a thiomsú ná do shúil an
duine, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">toisc
go bhfuil cró an teileascóip níos mó ná mac imrisc na súile,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
agus is í an chumhacht solastiomnúcháin an coibhneas a thugas le
fios an difríocht. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
í an fhoirmle a shainíos an chumhacht solastiomnúcháin </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(P)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ná:</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">P
= (D</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cró
an teileascóip</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">/D</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mac
imrisc an duine</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sup></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
é sin, má roinntear trastomhas </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(D)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
chró an teileascóip ar thrastomhas mhac imrisc an duine, agus má
ardaítear an líon seo go cumhacht a dó (is é sin, má
chearnaítear é), is éard a gheofar ná an chumhacht
solastiomnúcháin. Is minic a thugas lucht na ceirde </span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">étendue</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ar an gcumhacht solastiomnúcháin – téarma Fraincise é.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">An
Cupán</span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar ar an réaltbhuíon idir an Leon, an Mhaighdean, an
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Seiseamhán,
an Phéist Uisce, agus an Préachán. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tríd
is tríd n</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">íl
mórán cuid súl ann, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ach</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
is fathachréaltaí flannbhuí </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">K-aicme
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">iad
an dá réalta is gile sa réaltbhuíon.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">D</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">elta
Crateris </span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
réalta is gile acu. Tá sí suite beagnach faoi 190 solasbhliain
dínn – cúpla solasbhliain níos gaire, go bunúsach – agus tá
sí tuairim is aon oiread go leith chomh téagartha leis an nGrian.
Mar sin, réalta phríomhsheichimh a bhí ann ar dtús a chuaigh in
aois agus i méadaíocht. </span></span></span></span></span>
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<i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">A</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">lpha
Crateris </span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">A</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">kes
</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dara
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">réalta
is gile acu. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
sí suite faoi 160 solasbhliain dínn. Níl sí dhá oiread chomh
téagartha leis an nGrian, agus is léir gur réalta phríomhsheichimh
a bhí ann ar dtús, sular iompaigh sí ina fathach agus í ag dul in
aois.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">A</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">n
Cúpla </span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
ainm don</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
réaltbhuíon </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">atá
ar an Stoidiaca idir </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
Portán agus an Tarbh. Réaltbhuíonta eile timpeall an Chúpla iad
an Lioncsa, an tAra, an Bodach (Oiríon), an tAonbheannach, agus an
Madra Beag. Fuair an réaltbhuíon a hainm ó chúpla na
miotaseolaíochta Gréagaí, Castor agus Pollux, agus dá réir sin
is iad Castor agus Pollux ainmneacha an dá réalta is gile sa Chúpla
freisin.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
é Pollux, nó </span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Beta
Geminorum</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
an réalta is gile </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sa
Chúpla, agus is é an fhathachréalta is cóngaraí don Ghrian dá
bhfuil ann, nó níl sé ach ceithre solasbhliana déag is scór ar
shiúl uainn. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Réalta
K-aicme é Pollux, is é sin réalta fhlannbhuí. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
mais dhá Ghrian ann, ach tá sé naoi oiread </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chomh
mór leis</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Grian
de réir an gha is an trastomhais, agus é breis is dhá scór oiread
chomh lonrúil. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
sin, réalta phríomhsheichimh a bhí i bPollux na milliúin blianta
ó shin ach idir an dá linn chuaigh an réalta in aois, ionas gur
iompaigh sí ina fathach. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sa
bhliain 2006 dheimhnigh an réalteolaí Artie Hatzes go bhfuil
pláinéad ag fithisiú Pollux.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">M</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aidir
le Castor, nó </span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Alpha
Geminorum</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
is ilréalta é. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
A-réaltaí iad an dá chomhbhall is gile sa chóras. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Réaltaí
príomhsheichimh iad ach is léir go bhfuil siad níos téagartha ná
an Ghrian. Tá an córas iomlán suite faoi thuairim is leathchéad
solasbhliain dínn. </span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
í Athena, nó </span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Gamma
Geminorum</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
an tríú réalta is gile sa Chúpla. Tá Athena suite faoi naoi
solasbliana is cúig scór dínn. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fo-fhathach
A-aicme atá inti.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">M</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ebsuta</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an t-ainm traidisiúnta ar </span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Epsilon
Geminorum</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
an ceathrú réalta is gile sa Chúpla. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Réalta
G-aicme atá inti, cosúil leis an nGrian s'againn, agus is
ollfhathachréalta í: tá sí beagnach fiche oiread chomh téagartha
leis an nGrian, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">timpeall
ar 140 oiread chomh mór de réir an gha is an trastomhais, agus ocht
míle cúig gcéad oiread chomh lonrúil. </span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ollfhathach
eile atá i </span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mekbuda</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
nó </span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Zeta
Geminorum</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
–</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
le fírinne córas ilréaltach atá ann, agus tá </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sé
socraithe ag eagraíocht idirnáisiúnta na réalteolaithe</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">gan
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
t-ainm sin Mekbuda </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
úsáid ach le tagairt</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
do phríomhréalta an chórais. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
an réalta seo suite beagnach míle is dhá chéad solasbhliain
uainn, agus í ocht n-oiread chomh téagartha leis an nGrian. Tá an
trastomhas cúig oiread is trí scór chomh mór le trastomhas na
Gréine, agus tá Mekbuda beagnach trí mhíle oiread chomh lonrúil
léi. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Réalta
athraitheach í Mekbuda, agus a haicme speictreach ag guagadh </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">idir</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
F</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
agus</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
G. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
é an cineál réalta athraitheach atá ann ná Ceifid chlasaiceach,
is é sin, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tá
sí cosúil le Delta Cephei.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">D</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">amhna
díchineálach </span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">damhna
díchineálaithe</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar ar dhamhna </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nach
féidir adaimh a aithint ann a thuilleadh toisc go bhfuil na
leictreoin is na núicléóin fáiscthe chuig a chéile </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ag
an imtharraingt, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
fiú ag an bhfórsa núicléach (an idirghníomhaíocht láidir)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
cineálacha éagsúla den damhna dhíchineálach le fáil sna habhaic
bhána, sna neodrónréaltaí agus sna dúphoill.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">S</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">na
habhaic bhána imíonn an chuid is mó den spás taobh istigh de na
hadaimh, ach is féidir núicléis na n-adamh éagsúil a aithint
thar a chéile i gcónaí. Sna neodrónréaltaí tá na prótóin tar
éis sórt comhleá a dhéanamh leis na leictreoin ionas nach bhfuil
ach neodróin fágtha. Na dúphoill arís, ní féidir a aithint
orthu cén cineál damhna a bhí iontu sula ndearna siad an cliseadh
a rinne dúphoill díobh. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le
go bhféadfadh an damhna titim isteach in aon phointe amháin –
singilteacht an dúphoill – ní mór bósóin a dhéanamh de, ach
níl a fhios ag na saineolaithe </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">féin</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
cén sórt bósóin a bheadh ann.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">D</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">amhna
idirphláinéadach</span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– Is éard atá i gceist leis an damhna idirphláinéadach ná </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
cineál damhna atá le fáil sa spás idir na pláinéid. Dusta </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
mó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">atá
ann, chomh maith le </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">áithníní
a bhfuil lucht leictreach acu agus iad ag baint leis an ngrianghaoth.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">D</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">amhna
idir-réaltach –</span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Tugtar damhna idir-réaltach ar an gcineál damhna atá le fáil sa
spás idir na réaltchórais. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Hidrigin
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ianaithe
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
héiliam </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ianaithe</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
is mó atá ann.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Damhna
idir-réaltrach –</span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cosúil
leis an damhna idir-réaltach, tá an damhna idir-réaltrach
comhdhéanta as hidrigin ianaithe </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">den
chuid is mó</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
dar leis na réalteolaithe. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Níl
teorainn shoiléir idir an damhna idir-réaltach agus an damhna
idir-réaltrach.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">D</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">armstaidiam
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">(Ds)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar dhúil uimhir a 110 i dtábla peiriadach na ndúl. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fuair
an dúil a hainm ó Darmstadt sa Ghearmáin, nó is i Lárionad
Taighde Tromian Helmholtz in aice le Darmstadt a gineadh an chéad
adamh darmstaidiam riamh. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Tagraíonn
an téarma ”tromian” do na hiain throma; maidir le ”Helmholtz”,
is é Hermann Helmholtz atá i gceist, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">eolaí
iléirimiúil </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ceannródaíoch</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a d'fhág lorg a láimhe ar a lán brainsí eolaíochta, an
teirmidinimic ach go háirithe.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dúil
throm thrasúránach é an darmstaidiam atá chomh héagobhsaí is
nach bhfuil sé furasta taighde a dhéanamh ar a airíonna
ceimiceacha. </span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">D</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ath
</span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an dóigh a n-aithníonn súil an duine banda áirithe
minicíochta de chuid an tsolais infheicthe. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Go
praiticiúil, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">braitheann
sé ar a lán imthoscaí cén dath a fheictear, agus téann
saoltaithí an duine féin i bhfeidhm ar an dathbhraistint fosta.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">T</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">á
dhá chineál </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cealla
i reitine an duine: slatchealla agus cónchealla. Ní </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aithníonn</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ach na cónchealla an dath, agus ní bhíonn siad ag obair ach le
solas maith – sin é an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fáth</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a ndei</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rtear</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">go
bhfuil na cait go léir liath sa dorchadas.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">D</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">athbharraíocht
</span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an difríocht idir fíor-dhathinnéacs an réid agus an
dathinnéacs mar a fheictear don bhreathnóir é. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">D'fhéadfá
a rá gur cur síos matamaitice </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">í</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an dathbharraíocht ar an </span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">deargadh
idir-réaltach</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
is é sin, deargadh an tsolais ó réid chianmhara de thoradh an
scaipeacháin agus an ionsúcháin (rud ar a dtugtar </span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">díobhadh</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
chomh maith). Ní hionann mar rud an deargadh idir-réaltach agus an
</span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">deargaistriú</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
nach bhfuil baint ar bith aige leis an díobhadh.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">D</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">athinnéacs
</span></span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
uimhir a thugas dath na réalta. Bíonn an dathinnéacs íseal ag
réaltaí gorma (ar réaltaí teo iad) agus bíonn sé ard ag réaltaí
dearga (ar réaltaí fuara iad, i gcomparáid leis na réaltaí
gorma).</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<td colspan="3" style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" valign="top" width="100%"><div align="center">
<b>RÉALTAÍ SAMPLACHA AGUS A nDATHINNÉACS</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><b>Réalta</b></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><b>Aicme speictreach</b></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><b>Dathinnéacs (B-V)</b></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">Betelgeuse</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">M</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">+ 1.85</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">Pollux</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">K</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">+ 1.00</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">An Ghrian</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">G</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">+ 0.66</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">Adhafera (Zeta Leonis)</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">F</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">+ 0.30</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">Sirius A</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">A</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">0.00</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">Rigel</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">B</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">- 0.03</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">Meissa</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">A</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%">- 0.21</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"> </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Dath-theocht</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
Is ionann dath-theocht na réalta agus teocht an dúchoirp atá ag
astú solais ar aon dath leis an réalta. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
éard atá i gceist leis an dúchorp ná réad teoiriciúil nach
bhfuil ach ag astú solais </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
radaíochta eile</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– is é sin, nach bhfuil ag frithchaitheamh solais ar aon nós </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(mar
sin is é an breo le teann teasa an t-aon chúis leis an solas atá
ag teacht as)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Dátlíne Idirnáisiúnta</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– Is í an Dátlíne Idirnáisiúnta an teorainn idir an lá inniu
agus an lá amárach (nó an lá inné agus an lá inniu, de réir
mar a fheictear duit féin é).</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Go bunúsach tá an líne seo socraithe ar an bhfadlíne 180</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">°</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
atá ag </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rith</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
tríd an Aigéan C</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">iúin,
ach tá a lán de na hoileánraí is na stáit </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">san
aigéan </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar
an taobh ”contráilte” den dátlíne, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar
chúiseanna polaitiúla </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
de réir chomhairle a lucht rialtais</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
shampla, tá an </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dát</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">líne
suite idir an Rúis agus Alasca, cé go bhfuil an pointe is faide
thoir den Rúis suite i bhfad soir ón bhfadlíne.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>D-chiseal</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar ar an gciseal den ianaisféar atá suite idir 60 agus 90
ciliméadar os cionn an talún.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Dealbhóir </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
réaltbhuíon atá suite idir </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
Míol Mór, Iompróir an Uisce (an tUisceadóir), Iasc an Deiscirt,
an Chorr, an Féinics, agus an Fhoirnéis. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ba
é an réalteolaí Nicolas-Louis de Lacalle a bhaist an réaltbhuíon,
ach ba é an chéad ainm a thug sé uirthi ná </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Stiúideó
an Dealbhóra</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ar
éigean is</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
féidir </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mórán
eile</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a rá i </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">leith</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an Dealbhóra, nó níl cuid súl ann ar aon nós: </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
réaltbhuíon fhann ar fad í.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Dearbhmhéid:
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tugtar
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dearbhmhéid
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">lonrachas</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
na réalta mar a d'fheicfí í don bhreathnóir a bheadh suite faoi
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dheich
bparsoic</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
di. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
í an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mhéid
dhealraitheach </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">lonrachas</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
na réalta mar a fheictear dúinn anseo </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">í.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">An
scála a úsáidtear leis an dá chineál méid a thabhairt, is scála
logartamach é. An réalta atá 3 aonad ar dhearbhmhéid, tá sí
céad oiread chomh mór leis an réalta atá 6 aonad ar dhearbhmhéid.
Taispeánann an sampla seo go bhfuil na réaltaí ag dul i méadaíocht
agus an scála ag dul i laghad. Na réaltaí is mó, tá luach a
ndearbhmhéide níos lú ná an neamhní, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cosúil
le hAntares (-5.3), Rigel (-7.8), Arcturus (-0.3) agus Eta Carinae
(-8.6).</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tabhair
faoi deara gurb é lonrachas nó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">gile</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
na réalta atá i gceist leis an ”méid”, cé go dtugaimid ”méid”
u</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">irthi.
Maidir le ”méid” na réalta sa ghnáthchiall, tá miosúir eile
ann lena haghaidh: an trastomhas agus an mhais, cuir i g</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cás</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>De</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>ar</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>bhni</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>ala</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>s</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">é
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dear</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">b</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">hn</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">alas
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">och</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t
i</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
ísle </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">f</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">éidir
a shroicheadh, go teoiriciúil. Go praiticiúil, ní féidir ach
teacht ina chóngar. Tá an dearbhnialas </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">m</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">p</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">eall
ar 273.15 céim Celsius taobh thíos den ghnáthnialas teochta (0
céim Celsius, nó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">leápho</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">in</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">te
an oighir/siocphointe an uisce). </span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I
gcóngar don dearbhnialas is féidir feiniméin neamhghnácha a
aithint nach dtig a mhíniú gan dul i muinín na fisice candamaí,
cosúil leis an b</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">hf</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">o</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rs</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">he</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">olt</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ach</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
éard atá i gceist leis an bhforsheoltacht ná an dóigh a n-im</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">eoidh</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an fhriotaíocht leictreach i substaintí áirithe </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(forsheoltóirí,
mar a thugtar orthu) </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
iad á reo go </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dtí</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
cóngar an dearbhnialais, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ionas
go mbeidh siad thar barr ar fad ag iompar an tsrutha leictrigh.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
féidir an dearbhnialas a úsáid mar nialas do scála na teochta. Na
luachanna teochta a gheofar ar an nós seo, is gnách </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dearbhtheocht
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thabhairt orthu. Is é an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ceilvín</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(K) aonad na dearbhtheochta. Gheofar na luachanna dearbhtheochta </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">trí</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
273.15 a chur leis na luachanna teochta de réir Celsius. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
sin is ionann ceilvín agus ceinteagrád </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mar
aona</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ach
amháin nach ionann an nialas don dá scála.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Deargaistriú</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ceann
de ghnéithe iarmhairt Doppler is ea an deargaistriú. Is éard atá
i gceist leis an deargaistriú ná go ngluaiseann línte Fraunhofer
(na línte speictreacha) óna gceartáit i dtreo na deirge –</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
is é sin, tá an tonnfhad ag dul i méadaíocht agus an mhinicíocht
ag dul i laghad dá réir. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tugann
an deargaistriú le fios go bhfuil an réad áirithe seo ag druidim
amach uainn.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>An
Deargspota </b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
Deargspota Mór</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar ar </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">spota
mór dea</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rg
in atmaisféar Iúpatair (nó ar dhromchla Iúpatair – níl an dá
rud dealaithe go soiléir ó chéile) a tugadh faoi deara an chéad
uair sa seachtú haois déag. Le fírinne níltear ar aon fhocal an é
an spota dearg céanna a bhí i gceist ag Robert Hooke, an t-eolaí
Sasanach a thug an chéad chur síos ar an spota dearg ar Iúpatar,
nó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ní
dhearnadh taighde ar an spota ina dhiaidh sin ach sa naoú haois
déag. Pé scéal é glactar leis gur réigiún </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ardbhrú
é an Deargspota Mór, is é sin, sórt spéirling nó stoirm, ach
más ionann é deargspota Hooke agus an deargspota atá ann inniu</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
tá an stoirm seo ann le trí chéad go leith de bhlianta anuas, nó
níos mó fós.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Níl
tuiscint iomlán ag na heolaithe go fóill ar an Deargspota Mór.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ceist
chonspóideach é dath an spota féin.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Creideann cuid </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
na saineolaithe</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
gurb é an fosfar dearg is cúis leis an dath dearg. Tá a fhios
againn go bhfuil </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">foisfín
– </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comhdhúil
fosfair agus hidrigine –</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">in
atmaisféar Iúpatair, ach is comhdhúil cuíosach éagobhsaí </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">í</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ar dual d</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
titim as a chéile agus fosfar is hidrigin a dhéanamh. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Níl
i dteoiric an fho</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">isfín</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ach ceann de na míniúcháin inchreidte, áfach. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Deir
eolaithe eile gur comhdhúil éigin de chuid an tsulfair atá ann,
mar shampla.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>An
Deilf </b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">réaltbhuíon
idir an Sionnach, an tSaighead, an tIolar, Iompróir an Uisce (an
tUisceadóir), an Capall Beag, agus Peigeasas. Tá sí suite sa
leathsféar thuaidh, ach san am chéanna tá sí sách cóngarach do
mheánchiorcal na spéire. </span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Níl
an Deilf rófheiceálach mar réaltbhuíon. Is í Alpha Delphini an
réalta is gile, ach is córas ilréaltach í dáiríre. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
déréalta ann, mar atá, Alpha Delphini A, agus roinnt réaltaí
eile a tharla san áit chéanna den sféar neamhaí – glactar leis
nach fíorchoimhdirí de chuid Alpha Delphini A iad ach réaltaí
nach bhfuil cóngarach di ar aon nós, is é sin, coimhdirí optúla.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
iad Alpha Delphini Aa agus Alpha Delphini Ab na comhbhaill a bhfuil
Alpha Delphini A comhdhéanta astu. Is gnách </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sualocin</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thabhairt ar an gcomhbhall is mó acu – má léitear ón deireadh
go tús é, is éard a gheofar ná Nicolaus, an leagan Laidine den
ainm Nioclás. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tagairt
é don </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">r</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">éalteolaí
Iodálach Niccolò Cacciatore a bhí ag obair i Réadlann na Sicile i
bPalermo i dtús na naoú haoise déag. Sa </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bh</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">l</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">iain
1814 d'fhoilsigh stiúrthóir na réadlainne, Giuseppe Piazzi, a
chatalóg réalteolaíochta féin, agus bhí an t-ainm seo tugtha ar
an réalta sa chatalóg sin.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">D</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">éréalta
speictreascópach í Alpha Delphini A – is é sin, ní féidir an
dá chomhréalta a aithint thar a chéile sa teileascóp, agus ní
mór anailis a dhéanamh ar an speictream. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fofhathach
B-aicme í Alpha Delphini Aa. Tá Alpha Delphini suite faoi </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">thuairim
is dhá chéad go leith de sholasbhlianta dínn, agus í beagnach trí
oiread chomh trom leis an nGrian. Tá sí trí oir</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ead
go leith chomh mór leis an nGrian ó thaobh an trastomhais nó an
gha de, ach maidir leis an lonrachas, tá sí dhá chéad ocht
n-oiread is fiche chomh geal leis an nGrian.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Déréalta
í Beta Delphini chomh maith. Tugtar Beta Delphini A agus Beta
Delphini B ar an dá chomhréalta, agus is é an t-ainm a bhaist
Niccolò Cacciatore ar an gcomhréalta is gile acu ná </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rotanev</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Má léitear ón deireadh go tús é, gheofar </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Venator</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
agus is focal Laidine é a chiallaíos ”sealgaire”, nó
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">cacciatore
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">as
Iodáilis. Tá leagan Laidine den ainm agus den tsloinne úd Niccolò
Cacciatore – </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nicolaus
Venator –</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ceilte in ainmneacha an dá réalta, mar sin.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">F-réaltaí
iad an dá chomhbhall de Beta Delphini, is é sin tá siad beagáinín
níos teo ná an Ghrian. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Níl
ceachtar acu mórán níos troime ná an Ghrian cé go bhfuil siad
níos lonrula (24 oiread agus ocht n-oiread). </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
an dá réalta suite céad solasbhliain uainn, a bheag nó a mhór. </span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Maidir
le </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Gamma
Delphini</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
is déréalta eile í. Tá sí suite traidhfilín níos faide uainn
ná Beta Delphini nó Rotanev. Gamma</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">1</span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Delphini agus Gamma</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Delphini ainmneacha an dá réalta. An chéad cheann acu, is réalta
phríomhsheichimh í agus baint aici leis an B-aicme; an dara ceann
acu, is fo-fhathach flannbhuí den K-aicme í, agus í tuairim is
fiche oiread chomh lonrúil leis an nGrian. Creidtear go bhfuil
pláinéad ar aon mhéid le hIúpatar ag an déréalta seo.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Déréalta
eile í </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Delta
Delphini</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
agus í suite faoi </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tuairim
is dhá chéad is fiche solasbhliain dínn. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Réaltaí
aisteacha</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
iad an dá chomhbhall </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">gus
iad</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
níos saibhre i miotail ná mar ba chóir</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
agus ní féidir iad a dhealú ó chéile ach taighde a dhéanamh ar
an speictream. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Réaltaí
athraitheacha iad an bheirt acu.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Réalta
aonair í </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Epsilon
Delphini </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Aldulfin</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
nó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Eireaball
na Deilfe</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fathachréalta
B-aicme atá ann. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
an réalta seo suite tuairim is trí chéad is tríocha solasbhliain
uainn, agus í beagnach seacht gcéad oiread chomh lonrúil leis an
nGrian.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Deimos
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">atá
ar an gceann is lú den dá shatailít atá ag </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mars</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ba
é an réalteolaí Meiriceánach Asaph Hall a chuir an chéad sonrú
in Deimos i Mí Lúnasa 1877, sé lá sular aithin sé Phobos; </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ba
é Henry George Madan an chéad duine a mhol an t-ainm seo don
tsatailít</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Caitheann
Deimos tríocha uair an chloig ag críochnú turas amháin timpeall
ar Mhars. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
cianphointe na gealaí seo suite faoi 23 471 chiliméadar ó Mhars,
agus an garphointe cúig chiliméadar déag níos cóngaraí don
phláinéad. Níl in Deimos ach cnapán beag cloiche i gcomparáid
leis an nGealach s'againn – níl sé ar dhéanamh na liathróide,
fiú. D'fhéadfá a rá go bhfuil sé cúig chiliméadar déag ar fad
agus aon chiliméadar déag ar leithead.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dhá
chráitéar mhóra ar Deimos atá ainmnithe: Swift (aon chiliméadar
amháin ar trastomhas) agus Volta</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ire
(dhá chiliméadar ar trastomhas). </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fuair
na cráitéir na hainmneacha seo i ndilchuimhne ar an mbeirt
scríbhneoirí úd</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Jonathan Swift agus </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">François-Marie
Arouet (”Voltaire”), </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ó
bhí siadsan</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ag tuairimíocht faoi shatailítí Mharsa ina gcuid scríbhinní
sular aithin na réalteolaithe Phobos agus Deimos</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Maidir
le Deimos, tagairt do mhiotaseolaíocht na sean-Ghréagach atá ann:
bhí beirt mhac ag Ares agus Aphrodite, Phobos agus Deimos, agus is
gnách Ares, dia an chogaidh i seanchas na Gréige, a chomhionannú
le Mars, a raibh an ról céanna aige ag na Rómhánaigh.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Deireadh
na Loinge</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ceann
de na réaltbhuíonta a tháinig ar an bhfód nuair a scoilteadh an
Long nó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Argo
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Navis</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
é Deireadh na Loinge. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
Deireadh na Loinge suite idir an tAonbheannach, Compás an
Mhairnéalaigh, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">na
Seolta, an Chíle, an Péintéir, an Colm, an Madra Mór, agus an
Phéist Uisce.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Réalta
O-aicme is ea </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Zeta
Puppis</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Tá sí suite tuairim is míle agus céad solasbhliain uainn, agus is
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">oll</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">f</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">athachréalta
í. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
sí sé oiread déag is dhá scór chomh téagartha leis an nGrian,
agus í deich míle oiread níos lonrúla. Le fírinne tá an chuid
is mó den radaíocht atá an réalta seo a astú sa bhanda
ultraivialait, agus má chuirtear an radaíocht sin san áireamh, tá
Zeta Puppis na céadta míle oiread níos lonrúla ná an Ghrian.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pi
Puppis</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
nó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ahadi</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an dara réalta is gile i nDeireadh na Loinge. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fathachréalta
fhlannbhuí K-aicme atá inti, agus í dhá oiread déag chomh
téagartha, dhá mhíle déag oiread chomh lonrúil leis an nGrian.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tríréalta
í </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Xi
Puppis</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Tá déréalta speictreascópach ann – is é sin, dhá réalta agus
iad chomh gar dá chéile is nach dtig iad a aithint thar a chéile
ach amháin ar an speictream – agus an tríú réalta le feiceáil
sa teileascóp mar réad ar leith. Is iad ainmneacha an trí cinn ná
Xi Puppis Aa (</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Azmidi</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
Xi Puppis Ab agus Xi Puppis B.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fathachréalta
atá i Xi Puppis A agus í in aon aicme speictreach leis an nGrian,
is é sin G-aicme. Maidir le Xi Puppis B is réalta phríomhsheichimh
í cosúil leis an nGrian.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Deneb</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
nó </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Alpha
Cygni</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar ar an réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon na hEala.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ollfhathachréalta
A-aicme atá inti agus í tuairim is dhá chéad míle oiread chomh
lonrúil leis an nGrian. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
sí suite faoi </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dhá
mhíle is sé chéad solasbhliain</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dínn, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ach
is deacair an fad sin a shainiú go cruinn, dáiríribh</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ceann
de réaltaí Thriantán an tSamhraidh í.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Denebola
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Beta
Leonis </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an tríú réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon an Leoin. Tá sí suite
faoi shé solasbhliana déag is fiche dínn, agus í infheicthe go
maith gan dul i dtuilleamaí gléasra cianradhairc. Réalta
phríomhsheichimh í – níl sí dhá oiread chomh mór leis an
nGrian – ach is A-réalta the lonrúil í. Réalta athraitheach í
den chineál atá ainmnithe as Delta Scuti, is é sin, tagann
athruithe beaga bídeacha ar a lonrachas de réir tréimhse nach
bhfuil ach cúpla uair an chloig ar fad.</span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Deoitéarón</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar cháithnín atá comhdhéanta as prótón amháin agus
neodrón amháin. Is ionann é agus núicléas an deoitéiriam.</span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Deoitéiriam</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar ar iseatóp trom neamh-radaighníomhach na hidrigine a
bhfuil neodrón amháin sa núicléas aige </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i
mbreis ar an bprótón</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
(Uaireanta tugtar </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">próitiam
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar
an ngnáth-hidrigin nach bhfuil ach prótón amháin sa núicléas
aici.) </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ba
iad na fisiceoirí Meiriceánacha Harold Urey agus Ferdinand
Brickwedde a d'aonraigh an chéad eiseamal deoitéiriam thiar sna
1930idí, tar éis d'Urey an deoitéiriam a aithint go
speictreascópach sa bhliain 1931. Ba é Urey a cheap na téarmaí úd
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">próitiam,
deoitéiriam </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">tritiam
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
a </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">úsáid
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">roimh
aon duine eile</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
iad in alt a d'fhoilsigh sé sa bhliain 1934.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
minic a úsáidtear an tsiombail cheimiceach D le tagairt a dhéanamh
don deoitéiriam, cé nach bhfuil ann ach iseatóp de chuid na
hidrigine (H). </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
féidir </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">H
a úsáid chomh maith, agus is é sin an leagan is fearr le Cumann
Idirnáisiúnta na gCeimiceoirí (IUPAC).</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Má
nasctar dhá adamh deoitéiriam d'adamh ocsaigine, is éard a gheofar
ná ocsaíd deoitéiriam, nó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">tromuisce</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
iomaí úsáid a bhaintear as an tromuisce, go háirithe sa
teicneolaíocht núicléach. An leagan den imoibreoir núicléach a
forbraíodh i gCeanada </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sna
seascaidí, mar atá, CANDU (</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Canada
Deuterium Uranium</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
úsáideann sé tromuisce le maolú ar na neodróin arb iad
iompróirí an tslabhra imoibrithe san imoibreoir.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Úsáidtear
deoitéiriam sna buamaí hidrigine freisin. Tá an buama hidrigine
bunaithe ar chomhleá an deoitéiriam agus an tritiam, agus
gnáthbhuama adamhach (buama eamhnaithe</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mar
mhaidhmitheoir ann </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
tús a chur leis an gcomhleá seo.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
é an tritiam an tríú hiseatóp atá ag an hidrigin, agus é níos
troime fós ná an deoitéiriam. Tá dhá neodrón agus aon phrótón
amháin i núicléas an tritiam, agus is iseatóp radaighníomhach é,
murab ionann agus an deoitéiriam.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Déréalta
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar dhá réalta atá chomh cóngarach dá chéile agus go
bhfuil nasc imtharraingthe acu. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
ionann an déréalta agus réalta dhúbailte fhisiceach; scéal eile
í an réalta dhúbailte optúil (dhá réalta atá suite ar an líne
chéanna, beagnach, ón Domhan, ionas go bhfeictear in aice le chéile
iad, cé nach bhfuil siad in aon chóngar dá chéile i ndáiríribh).</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Déréalta
éagothrom</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
atá i gceist má tá an dá chomhréalta an-difriúil le chéile ó
thaobh na méide nó an lonrachais de. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
féidir mar shampla go bhfuil ceann den dá chomhbhall iompaithe ina
abhac bán cheana féin, agus an ceann eile ina fhathachréalta go
fóill.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Déréalta
fhótaiméadrach </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar dhéréalta ar féidir í a aithint mar dhéréalta trí
bhreathnuithe fótaiméadracha a dhéanamh uirthi. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Déréaltaí
fótaiméadracha iad na déréaltaí uraitheacha mar shampla.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Déréalta
infheicthe</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
atá i gceist más féidir leat an dá chomhréalta a aithint thar a
chéile agus a fheiceáil mar dhá réad scartha le súile do chinn
féin, nó ar an teileascóp ar a laghad.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Déréalta
réaltmhéadrach</i><span style="font-style: normal;"> a thugtar ar
dhéréalta ar féidir í a aithint mar dhéréalta trí
bhreathnuithe réaltmhéadracha a dhéanamh uirthi. </span><span style="font-style: normal;">Go
bunúsach, is éard a bhíos i gceist le déréalta réaltmhéadrach
ná déréalta atá an-éagothrom, ionas nach bhfuil ach ceann den dá
chomhréalta le feiceáil, ach san am chéanna is féidir a aithint
go bhfuil an ceann sin ag timpeallú na comhréalta dofheicthe agus
go bhfuil an chomhréalta dhofheicthe ag dul i bhfeidhm ar an gceann
eile ar dhóigheanna éagsúla, </span><span style="font-style: normal;">an
imtharraingt ach go háirithe.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Déréalta
speictreascópach </i><span style="font-style: normal;">a thugtar ar
dhéréalta ar féidir í a aithint mar dhéréalta trí anailís a
dhéanamh ar a speictream. </span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Déréalta
theagmhála </i><span style="font-style: normal;">atá i gceist má tá
an dá réalta chomh cóngarach dá chéile is go bhfuil siad i
dteagmháil le chéile.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Déréalta
uraitheach</i><span style="font-style: normal;"> atá ann, má thagann
ceann den dá dhéréalta idir sinn agus an déréalta eile go
tráthrialta.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-style: normal;">Diallas
</span></b><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an gcomhordanáid i gcóras an mheánchiorcail a
fhreagraíos don domhanleithead. </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tugtar
in aonaid stua é, is é sin, céimeanna stua, stuanóiméid, agus
stuashoicindí.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-style: normal;">D</span><span style="font-style: normal;">ia-optar
</span></b><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar aonad </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">na
cumhachta optúla. Is ionann an dia-optar agus </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">deilín
an mhéadair, is é sin, m</span></span><sup><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-1</span></span></sup><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
is ionann an chumhacht optúil agus deilín an fhaid fhócasaigh. </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
sin, má tá an lionsa deich ndia-optar ar chumhacht optúil, is
ionann sin is a rá go bhfuil sé 1/10 méadar (deich gceintiméadar)
ar fhad f</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ócasach.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-style: normal;">D</span><span style="font-style: normal;">íchumadh</span></b><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">San
optaic is ionann díchumadh agus an dóigh a gcuireann na lionsaí na
línte díreacha </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">as
a riocht</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
é is cúis leis an díchumadh ná </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nach
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ionann
an formhéadú timpeall ar lárphointe an lionsa agus in aice leis na
ciumhaiseanna. </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Is
é is formhéadú ann ná an dóigh a bhfeictear an réad níos mó
dúinn tríd an lionsa.)</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Díchumadh
pioncásach </span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">atá
i gceist má </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tá
an formhéadú ag dul i méadaíocht i bhfad ó lárphointe an
lionsa, agus </span></span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">díchumadh
bairilleach </span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar a mhalairt de dhíchumadh. Tá a leithéid de rud ann </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
</span></span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">díchumadh
croiméalach </span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">freisin
–</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
is é sin, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">meascán
an dá dhíchumadh eile.</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-style: normal;">D</span><span style="font-style: normal;">íobhadh</span></b><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
Tugtar </span></span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">díobhadh</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ar </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
dóigh a scaiptear an solas ar a bhealach ón réalta (nó ó réad
réalteolaíoch eile) chugainn </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
é ag bualadh faoi dhamhna de chineálacha éagsúla</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Cuid den díobhadh é an dóigh a n-ólann dusta agus gáis na
hollchruinne an solas chuige féin (is é sin, </span></span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ionsú</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an tsolais).</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
cúiseanna éagsúla leis an díobhadh: an t-ábhar idir-réaltach
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">deargadh
idir-réaltach</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
an t-atmaisféar timpeall an Domhain (</span></span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">díobhadh
atmaisféarach</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
agus pé dusta atá timpeall ar an réad féin. </span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
dual don dusta idir-réaltach níos mó den tsolas ardmhinicíochta
(solas gorm) ná den tsolas ísealmhinicíochta (solas dearg) a
ionsú, rud a chiallaíos go gcuireann an díobhadh idir-réaltach
dath dearg leis an solas ó réadanna i bhfad i gcéin uainn. Sin é
an fáth a dtugtar </span></span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">deargadh</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
idir-réaltach ar dhíobhadh den chineál idir-réaltach. Tabhair
faoi deara nach bhfuil baint ar bith ag an deargadh idir-réaltach
leis an deargaistriú, ar toradh é d'iarmhairt Doppler.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">M</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aidir
leis an díobhadh atmaisféarach, is éard is cúis leis ná:</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">móilíní
an aeir a bheith ag scaipeadh an tsolais (rud ar a dtugtar
</span></span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">réscaipeadh
Rayleigh</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">na
haerasóil (na deoiríní beaga uisce san aer, mar shampla) a bheith
ag scaipeadh an tsolais</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">na
móilíní a bheith ag ól an tsolais agus </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fhuinn</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">imh</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
chucu (</span></span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ionsú</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
nó </span></span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ionsúchán</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">;
is iad na móilíní ocsaigine agus ózóin is mó a </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sh</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ús
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">isteach</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an solas ardmhinicíochta, agus is iad na móilíní uisce is mó a
bhaineas den tsolas ísealmhinicíochta)</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Dione</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
atá ar an gcúigiú satailít déag is mó dá bhfuil ag timpeallú
Shatarn, agus í ar an dara satailít is dlúithe ábhar acu. Go
bunúsach, is éard atá in Dione ná liathróid oighir agus cloiche
agus í tuairim is 1120 ciliméadar ar mheán-trastomhas. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ba
é Giovanni Domenico Cassini a chuir an chéad sonrú in Dione sa
bhliain 1684, agus fuair an ghealach bheag seo a hainm ó John
Herschel sa bhliain 1847. Ní dhearnadh léarscáiliú ceart ar Dione
ach le déanaí, nuair a </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d'eitil
an spástaiscéalaí </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cassini</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
thart le Dione. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">De
thoradh an taighde a rinne Cassini tá a fhios ag an gcine daonna a
lán i dtaobh thíreolaíocht Dione</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
fuair a lán gnéithe d</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">á</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dromchla ainmneacha, an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">t-iomaire
úd </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Janiculum
Dorsa,</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mar
shampla.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Diosca
Airy</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
is é diosca Airy an diosca solais i lár an phatrúin díraonacháin
a gheofar má chuirtear ga solais trí </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chró
chruinn an lionsa. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fuair
an diosca a ainm ó George Biddell Airy, matamaiticeoir agus
réalteolaí Sasanach a bhí beo sa naoú haois déag.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Diosca
bréagach</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
Tá baint ag an gcoincheap seo le diosca Airy. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Go
bunúsach, nuair a dhéantar breathnuithe ar na réaltaí tríd an
teileascóp, is mar dhioscaí a fheictear iad. Na difríochtaí méide
idir na dioscaí seo, áfach, ní bhraitheann siad ar
fhíor-dhifríochtaí </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">trastomhais</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
idir na réaltaí atá i gceist </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
oiread is</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a bhraitheas siad ar dhifríochtaí gile. Sin é an fáth a dtugtar
dioscaí bréagacha orthu.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Diosca
na gréine</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
go bunúsach, is ionann é diosca infheicthe na gréine agus an
fótaisféar.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Diosca
réaltrach</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
chuid den réaltra atá suite timpeall an láir agus í cosúil le
diosca. Tá diosca réaltrach ag na cineálacha seo leanas de
réaltraí:</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">réaltraí
lionsacha: </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">M84,
NCG4111, ”Réaltra an Rotha” (ESO 350-40)</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">réaltraí
bíseacha neamhbharracha: </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">M81,
M88, ”Réaltra an Triantáin” (M33)</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">réaltraí
bíseacha barracha: </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bealach
na Bó Finne</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">réaltraí
bíseacha idirmheánacha: ”</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Réaltra
na Tine Ealaíne” (NCG6946)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cuid
de na réaltraí a bhfuil diosca réaltrach acu, níl iontu go
bunúsach ach an diosca sin; an chuid eile is féidir bolg láir a
aithint acu. An dá chineál réaltraí nach bhfuil diosca réaltrach
acu, níl iontu ach an bolg </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">féin</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
na réaltraí neamhrialta agus na réaltraí éilipseacha.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Díothú
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">díothúchán
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an rud a thitfeas amach má bhuaileann cáithnín agus a
fhrithcháithnín a chéile. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Más
fíor-bhuncháithníní atá iontu, is é sin cáithníní nach
bhfuil struchtúr inmheánach acu, imeoidh siad agus ní fhágfar ach
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">candaim
radaíochta</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Sampla de seo is ea díothú an leictreoin agus an phosatróin. Más
cáithníní iad a bhfuil struchtúr inmheánach acu – cosúil leis
an bprótón agus leis an bhfrithphrótón, agus iad comhdhéanta as
cuarcanna – </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">beidh
an scéal níos casta: ar dtús déanfar méasóin éagsúla, ach
ansin imeoidh na méasóin féin agus cruthófar candaim radaíochta
chomh maith le leictreoin, posatróin agus neoidríonónna. </span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Diphda</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is í Diphda nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Deneb
Kaitos </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Beta
Ceti </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon an Mhíl Mhóir – tá sí níos
gile, fiú, ná an réalta ar a dtugtar Alpha Ceti, nó Menkar. Ó
thaobh an speictrim de, tá sí idir eatarthu idir na haicmí G agus
K. Fathachréalta fhlannbhuí í mar sin. Meastar go bhfuil sí suite
faoi shé solasbhliana déag agus ceithre scór den Domhan.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Díraonadh
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">díraonachán</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">thugtar
ar</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an dóigh ar féidir le haon chineál tonnghluaiseachta dul thart an
coirnéal –</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
is é sin, má théann an tonnghluaiseacht ag dul trí pholl, beidh
sí ag dul i ngach treo sa spás ar an taobh eile den pholl</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Má
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">théann
solas trí scoilt an-chaol, abair, is léir go bhfeicfear banda geal
– uasmhéid solais mar a déarfá – ar an dromchla a bhuailfeas
an solas ina dhiaidh sin. Ach san am chéanna beidh bandaí eile –
uasmhéideanna eile – le feiceáil ar an dá thaobh ón banda is
gile, agus iad ag éirí níos dorcha ag dul i bhfad ón
bpríomh-uasmhéid. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
é an díraonadh is cúis leis na huasmhéideanna seo. Más cró beag
ciorclach atá ann, áfach, beidh diosca solais – </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">diosca
Airy</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– le feiceáil ar an dromchla sin, agus ciorcail ina thimpeall de
bharr an díraonacháin. An dóigh a scaiptear an solas ar an
dromchla a bhuaileas sé, tugtar </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">patrún
díraonacháin</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
air.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Dírghluaisne
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar ghluaiseacht na satailíte in aon treo le rothlú an
phríomhúlaigh. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Gluaisne
chasiompaithe </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar a mhalairt de ghluaiseacht. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">An
tsatailít a fhanas os cionn an bhaill chéanna den Domhan </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(an
tsatailít gheoisioncrónach nó gheochobhsaí)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
is sampla speisialta í den dírghluaisne, nó tá sí ag timpeallú
an phláinéid in aon treo </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar
aon luas le rothlú an phláinéid.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Dlí
Bode</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
nó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dlí
Titius</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
nó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dlí
Titius-Bode</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sórt
teoiric nó hipitéis ab ea an ”dlí” seo: is éard a dúirt an
teoiric ná go bhfuil fad an phláinéid ón nGrian ag brath ar fhad
an chéad phláinéid roimhe agus ar fhad an chéad phláinéid eile
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
réir foirmle shimplí mhatamaiticiúil</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
ionann fad Mhearcair ón nGrian agus 4/100 d'fhad Shatarn ón nGrian
– glacaimis leis an gcéadú cuid sin mar aonad;</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
ionann fad Véineas ón nGrian agus 7/100, is é sin, 4 + 3 aonad;</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
ionann fad an Domhain ón nGrian agus 10/100, is é sin, 4 + 6
aonad, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
is ionann 6 agus 3 méadaithe faoi 2</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">;</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
ionann fad Mharsa ón nGrian agus 16/100, is é sin, 4 + 12 aonad,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
is ionann 12 agus 3 méadaithe faoi 4</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">;</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ansin
aithnítear bearna sa </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">seicheamh
simplí matamaiticiúil seo </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(bheifeá
ag súil le pláinéad a bheadh suite faoi 28/100 den Ghrian – is
ionann 28 agus 4 + 24 aonad, agus is ionann 24 agus 3 méadaithe
faoi 8);</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ach
i</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ionann
fad Iúpatair ón nGrian agus 52/100, is é sin, 4 + 48 aonad, agus
is ionann 48 agus 3 méadaithe faoi 16;</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
ar ndóigh is ionann fad Shatarn ón nGrian agus 100/100, is é sin,
4 + 96 aonad, agus is ionann 96 agus 3 méadaithe faoi 32.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"> </span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
an dlí seo ainmnithe as beirt réalteolaithe Gearmánacha, Johann
Elert Bode agus Johann Daniel Titius, a thosaigh ar an tuiscint
chéanna timpeall ar an mbliain 1770. Dealraíonn sé, áfach, go
ndearna David Gregory agus Edmund Halley trácht ar an smaoineamh
céanna i dtéacsleabhar réalteolaíochta a foilsíodh i dtús na
hochtú haoise déag. Is éard a chreid Bode agus Titius gur uirlis
úsáideach a bhí sa ”dlí” s'acu le teacht ar phláinéid nua,
agus ceart go leor bhí an dlí in ann áit Úránais a thairngreacht
i gceart. Maidir leis an mbearna idir Mars agus Iúpatar, d'aithin an
tIodálach Giuseppe Piazzi astaróideach – Ceres – san áit sin i
dtús na naoú haoise déag.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mar
a tháinig chun solais ina dhiaidh sin, áfach, ní raibh an dlí
ábalta áit Neiptiúin a thairngreacht i gceart, agus is iomaí
locht eile a fuarthas ar an hipitéis. Ní dhearctar air mar dhlí
nádúrtha d'aon chineál a thuilleadh, agus cuid de na réalteolaithe
barúlach nach raibh ann riamh ach comhtharlúint.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Dlí
Fechner</b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> – Dlí síceolaíochta
é dlí Fechner a bhfuil baint aige leis an taighde réalteolaíochta.
Deir dlí Fechner </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">go bhfuil
aithint an spreagthaigh </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">(an
t-athrú gile, mar shampla)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
i gcomhréir logartamach le láidreacht an spreagthaigh féin</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ba é Gustaf Theodor Fechner
a d'oibrigh amach an dlí agus an leagan matamaiticiúil de.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Dlí
imtharraingthe Newton</b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> – Is
eol do chách, a bheag nó a mhór, gurbh é Isaac Newton a cheap an
chéad teoiric faoin imtharraingt, is é sin, faoin dóigh a bhfuil
na réadanna ag aomadh (ag tarraingt) a chéile. Is éard a deir dlí
Newton ná:<br />
</span></span></span></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">gur
fórsa í an imtharraingt;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">go
bhfuil an fórsa sin </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">i
gcomhréir le maiseanna na réadanna atá ag aomadh a chéile; agus</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">go
bhfuil an fórsa sin i gcomhréir inbhéartaithe le cearnóg an
fhaid idir na maiseanna.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div align="left" style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
í an chothromóid mhatamaiticiúil a chuireas an méid sin in iúl
ná:</span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">F
= G[(m</span><sub><span style="font-weight: normal;">1</span></sub><span style="font-weight: normal;">m</span><sub><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></sub><span style="font-weight: normal;">)/r</span><sup><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></sup><span style="font-weight: normal;">]</span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">inarb
ionann:</span></span></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div align="left" style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">F
agus an fórsa;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="left" style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">G
agus tairiseach na himtharraingthe;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">m</span><sub><span style="font-weight: normal;">1</span></sub><span style="font-weight: normal;">
agus mais an chéad réad;</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">m</span><sub><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></sub><span style="font-weight: normal;">
agus mais an dara réad;</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="left" style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">r
agus an fad idir lárphointí an dara réad;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">r</span><sup><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></sup><span style="font-weight: normal;">
agus cearnóg an fhaid sin, is é sin an fad méadaithe faoi féin.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">D'athraigh
tuiscint na fisice ar an imtharraingt nuair a tháinig teoiric
coibhneasaíochta Einstein ar an bhfód, nó is éard a deir Einstein
ná go gcuireann an imtharraingt an spás agus an t-am as a riocht
timpeall an réid –</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> go
gcuarann sí an spás agus an t-am – agus nach </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">fórsa
ceart í an imtharraingt, is é sin, nach bhfuil i gceist leis ach an
dóigh a mothaítear is a n-aithnítear an cuaradh sin.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">L</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">e
fírinne bhí Newton féin cineál drochamhrasach i dtaobh na
himtharraingthe mar </span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">fhórsa</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Sa ghnáthchiall caithfidh dhá réad a bheith i dteagmháil le
chéile le fórsa a chur i bhfeidhm ar a chéile, ach maidir leis an
imtharraingt, oibríonn sí fiú tríd an bhfolús, gan a bheith á
hiompar ag aon rud </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">infheicthe
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
inaitheanta</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">D'admhaigh
Newton nach raibh i gceist le ”dlí Newton” ach foirmle néata
phraiticiúil a cheadaigh don duine an fórsa imtharraingthe a
áireamh, ach san am chéanna dúirt sé nach raibh tuiscint aige ar
an rud is imtharraingt ann dáiríribh.</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
sin, nuair a mhínigh Einstein an imtharraingt mar dhíchumadh sa
spás-am, d'fhreagair sé ceist a bhí curtha ag Newton féin.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-style: normal;">D</span><span style="font-style: normal;">lí
Kirchhoff</span></b><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le
fírinne tá </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
lán dlíthe </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nádúrtha</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ann a dtugtar ”dlí Kirchhoff” orthu</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dlíthe
Kirchhoff san innealtóireacht leictreach, </span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
é sin dlí Kirchhoff faoin voltas agus dlí Kirchhoff faoin sruth
leictreach. </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Deir
an dlí faoin sruth leictreach ná, in aon phointe den chiorcad
leictreach </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ina
dtagann seoltóirí srutha le chéile</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
gurb ionann suim </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">na
sruthanna</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
isteach agus </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">na
sruthanna</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
amach ná 0. An dlí faoin voltas arís, is éard a deir sé ná gurb
ionann suim an voltais ó fhoinse an tsrutha agus an voltais a
chailltear sa chiorcad ná 0.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">D</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">lí
Kirchhoff faoin radaíocht theirmeach</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Deir
an dlí seo, ná, aon réad atá </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i
gcothromaíocht theirmidinimiciúil, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">gurb
ionann iad an t-astaíochas (an chomhéifeacht astúcháin) agus an
ionsúiteacht dó. </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
baint ag an dlí seo le radaíocht an dúchoirp. Is é an dúchorp an
réad teoiriciúil nach bhfuil in ann radaíocht d'aon chineál a
fhrithchaitheamh, is é sin, ní dhéanann sé ach radaíocht a ast</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ú
(</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thál, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thabhairt uaidh) agus a ionsú (a shú isteach, a ól chuige).</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">D</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">líthe
speictreascópachta Kirchhoff:</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Trí dhlí atá ann:</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<ol>
<li>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">An
solad, an leacht nó an gás dlúth a bhfuil breo ann chomh te is
atá sé, tá sé ag astú radaíochta ag gach tonnfhad (rud a
dtugtar speictream leanúnach air).</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">An
gás neamhdhlúth a bhfuil breo ann chomh te is atá sé, níl sé
ag astú radaíochta ach ag tonnfhaid áirithe (speictream
astúcháin).</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Má
théann </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">radaíocht
a bhfuil speictream leanúnach aici trí ghás fuar, bainfidh
(ionsúfaidh) an gás sin tonnfhaid áirithe den radaíocht: más
solas atá i gceist, aithnítear an t-ionsúchán seo mar línte
dubha sa speictream (línte ionsúcháin). </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sampla
de na línte ionsúcháin seo iad </span></span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">línte
Fraunhofer </span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
d'aithin </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Josef
von Fraunhofer, fisiceoir Gearmánach eile, roimh lá Kirchhoff féin
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar
speictream na gréine</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">F</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">uair
na dlíthe a n-ainm ón bhfisiceoir Gearmánach Gustav Kirchhoff
(1824-1887). </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
is léir ó na samplaí seo, fear iléirimiúil a bhí ann agus suim
aige ina lán craobhacha den fhisic.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-style: normal;">D</span><span style="font-style: normal;">lí
na limistéar comhionann –</span></b><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Tugtar </span></span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dara Dlí
Kepler</span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ar an dlí seo freisin, nó ba é an réalteolaí Gearmánach
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) a chuir i bhfriotal é an chéad lá
riamh, chomh maith le</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
na</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dlíthe réalteolaíochta eile a d'aithin sé.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nuair
a bhíos an tsatailít ag teacht i gcóngar don phríomhúlach, bíonn
sé ag dul i luas ar a chamchuairt timpeall an phríomhúlaigh, agus
nuair a bhíos sí ag dul níos faide ón bpríomhúlach, bíonn sí
ag moilliú a siúil.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Má
roghnaímid dhá phointe ar chonair na satailíte agus sinn ag
tarraingt líne ó gach point acu go dtí an príomhúlach, fágfar
achar nó limistéar idir an chonair agus an dá líne sin. Anois, má
roghnaímid dhá phointe eile a dtógann sé an tamall céanna ama ar
an tsatailít an </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bealach
eatarthu a chur di, agus sinn ag tarraingt dhá líne ó thúsphointe
an bhealaigh go dtí an príomhúlach agus ó phointe deiridh an
bhealaigh go dtí an príomhúlach, is é an t-achar céanna a
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fhágfar</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
idir an dá líne agus an chonair.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Dlí
Planck </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">a thugtar ar an
gcothromóid a d'oibrigh Max Planck amach sa bhliain 1900 le cur síos
ar radaíocht an dúchoirp. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bhí
an chothromóid bunaithe ar thorthaí na dturgnamh seachas ar aon
tuiscint theoiriciúil. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ba é
dlí Rayleigh-Jeans an míniúchán teoiriceach a bhí á fhorbairt
faoin am chéanna, ach is é an toradh a thug an dlí sin ná go
raib</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">h radaíocht an dúchoirp
ag dul i méadaíocht gan teorainn agus tonnfhad na radaíochta sin
ag titim. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ar ndóigh,
seafóid amach is amach atá sa tairngreacht seo, nó is léir nach
féidir le haon chorp fuinneamh teoranta (fuinneamh a chuireas ag
breo é) a iomp</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">ú</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
go fuinneamh gan teorainn – ní féidir fuinneamh a ghineadh as an
neamhní, mar a deir an chéad cheann de dhlíthe na teirmidinimice
(an dlí faoi imchoimeád an fhuinnimh). </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
gnách </span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">catastróf
ultraivialait </span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thabhairt ar an tairngreacht theipthe seo.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">B</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
é toradh na dturgnamh ná go raibh fuinneamh na radaíochta as réad
a bhí á </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">chur ag breo –
go raibh an fuinneamh sin ag dul i méadaíocht agus an tonnfhad ag
titim, ach gur shroich sé a bhuaicphointe ag tonnfhad áirithe le
titim arís ina dhiaidh sin. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bhí
Planck ábalta </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">slonn
matamaitice a </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">dhéanamh</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
amach le</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">is an mbuaicphointe
sin a </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">thairngreacht</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
agus ba é </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">an slonn </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">sin
dlí Planck.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Dlí
Stefan-Boltzmann: </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cosúil le
dlí Planck, baineann an dlí seo le radaíocht an dúchoirp. Deir
dlí Stefan-Boltzmann go bhfuil fuinneamh na radaíochta atá ag
teacht as an dúchorp ag brath ar cheathrú cumhacht a theochta. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ní
mór an chumhacht sin a mhéadú faoi uimhir ar a dtugtar </span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">tairiseach
Stefan-Boltzmann</span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> leis an
bhfuinneamh sin a fháil.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fuair
dlí Stefan-Boltzmann a ainm ón bhfisiceoir Sloivéanach Jožef
Štefan (1835-1893) agus an fisiceoir Ostarach Ludwig Eduard
Boltzmann (1844-1906).</span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Dlíthe
Kepler</b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> – Is iad dlíthe
Kepler na dlíthe a </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">stiúras
gluaiseachtaí na bpláinéad, agus iad curtha i bhfocail an chéad
uair ag an réalteolaí Gearmánach Johannes Kepler (1571-1630):</span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">An
chéad cheann de dhlíthe Kepler: Éilips í fithis an phláinéid
timpeall na Gréine, agus an Ghrian suite i gceann de dhá fhócas
an éilips.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">An
dara ceann de dhlíthe Kepler: is é seo dlí na limistéar
comhionann, féach thuas.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">An
tríú ceann de dhlíthe Kepler: </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
cearnóg (dara cumhacht) na tréimhse fithisí ag brath go
coibhneasta ar chiúb (tríú cumhacht) na haise leathmhóire.</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Dlíthe
Newton</b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> – </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Na
dlíthe nádúrtha a stiúras an ghluaiseacht i bhfráma tagartha na
táimhe, agus iad curtha i bhfocail ag Isaac Newton:</span></span></span></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">An
chéad cheann de dhlíthe Newton: Is dual do gach réad fanacht mar
a bhfuil sé nó a shean-treoluas a choinneáil (agus caithfear
fórsa a chur i bhfeidhm ar an réad leis an treoluas a athrú).</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">An
dara ceann de dhlíthe Newton: F = ma. Is é sin, is ionann an fórsa
(F) atá ag dul i bhfeidhm ar an réad agus mais an réada (m)
méadaithe faoi luasghéarú (a) an réada chéanna. </span></span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">An
tríú ceann de dhlíthe Newton: Má chuireann réad amháin fórsa
i bhfeidhm ar réad eile, cuirfidh an dara réad frithfhórsa i
bhfeidhm ar an gcéad réad. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
ionann an bunfhórsa agus an frithfhórsa ach amháin go bhfuil an
frithfhórsa ag dul i dtreo contrártha.</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Dlíthe
radaíochta –</b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Glactar leis go
coitianta gurb iad dlí Planck, dlí Stefan-Boltzmann agus dlí Wien
na dlíthe radaíochta, </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
dlíthe radaíochta an dúchoirp. Is é an dúchorp an réad dubh
nach bhfuil ag frithchaitheamh aon chineál radaíochta – is é
sin, breo (luisne) de thoradh an teasa is cúis le gach radaíocht
atá ag teacht as an dúchorp.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Dlí
Wien</b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> – Is éard a deir dlí
Wien </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">ná go bhfuil tonnfhad
na huasmhéide radaíochta i gcomhréir inbhéartach le teocht an
dúchoirp. Is é sin, más ag </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">éirí
te atá an dúchorp, beidh tonnfhad na radaíochta ag dul i
ngiorracht. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is féidir dlí
Wien a aithint ar bhreo an iarainn: ar dtús beidh luisne dhearg ann,
nó is é an solas dearg is faide tonn, ach ansin iompóidh an
t-iarann flannbhuí nó buí.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">F</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">uair
an dlí a ainm ó </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Wilhelm
Wien (1864-1928), fisiceoir Gearmánach.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Dlús</b><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– Go bunúsach is ionann an dlús (i gciall cheart an fhocail) agus
mais an réada roinnte faoi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">na
thoirt.</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">I
gcóras SI is é aonad caighdeánach an dlúis ná an c</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">í</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">leagram
roinnte faoin méadar ciúbach, kg/m</span><sup><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></sup><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nuair a bhítear ag trácht
ar dhlús na ngnáthshubstaintí soladacha nó leachtacha, is é an
gram roinnte faoin gceintiméadar ciúbach, g/cm</span><sup><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></sup><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
is mó a úsáidtear.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<colgroup><col width="85*"></col>
<col width="85*"></col>
<col width="85*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Substaintí
samplacha</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Cineál
substainte</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Dlús
(g/cm<sup>3</sup>) faoi na gnáth-imthoscaí (teocht an tseomra,
brú an atmaisféir)</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Uisce,
H<sub>2</sub>O</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">comhdhúil
dhénártha</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">1.0</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Sóidiam,
Na</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
alcaileach</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">0.97</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Potaisiam,
K</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
alcaileach</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">0.86</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Maignéisiam,
Mg</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
cré-alcaileach</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">1.74</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Cailciam,
Ca</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
cré-alcaileach</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">1.55</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Carbón
(graifít) C</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">neamh-mhiotal</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2.27</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Sulfar,
S, an t-allatróp is coitianta</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">neamh-mhiotal</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2.07</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fosfar,
P, an fosfar dubh</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">neamh-mhiotal</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2.7</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Iarann,
Fe</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
trasdultach</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">7.9</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Cóbalt,
Co</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
trasdultach</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">8.9</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nicil,
Ni</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
trasdultach</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">8.9</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ór,
Au</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
lómhar</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">19</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Airgead
geal, Ag</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
lómhar</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">10.5</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Sinc,
Zn</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
iar-thrasdultach</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">7.1</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Caidmiam,
Cd</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
iar-thrasdultach</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">8.7</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mearcair,
Hg</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
iar-thrasdultach</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">13.5</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Copar,
Cu</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
lómhar</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">9</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Luaidhe,
Pb</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
iar-thrasdultach</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">11.3</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Antamón,
Sb</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotalóideach</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">6.7</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Biosmat,
Bi</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
iar-thrasdultach</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">9.8</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ruitéiniam,
Ru</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
trasdultach, ceann de na miotail éadroma sa phlatanamghrúpa</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">12.5</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Róidiam,
Rh</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
trasdultach, ceann de na miotail éadroma sa phlatanamghrúpa</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">12.4</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pallaidiam,
Pd</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
trasdultach, ceann de na miotail éadroma sa phlatanamghrúpa</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">12</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Oismiam,
Os</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
trasdultach, ceann de na miotail troma sa phlatanamghrúpa</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">22.6</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Iridiam,
Ir</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
trasdultach, ceann de na miotail troma sa phlatanamghrúpa</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">22.6</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Platanam,
Pt</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">miotal
trasdultach, ceann de na miotail troma sa phlatanamghrúpa</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">21.5</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Úráiniam,
U</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">achtanóideach</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="33%"><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">19</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="left" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Dlús
leictreon</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dhá
rud atá i gceist leis an dlús leictreon (nó le dlús na
leictreon).</span></span></span></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nuair
a bhítear ag trácht ar an adamh, is éard atá i gceist leis an
dlús leictreon ná chomh dóighiúil is atá sé teacht ar an
leictreon in áit áirithe timpeall ar núicléas an adaimh.</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nuair
a bhítear ag trácht ar an bplasma, is féidir tagairt do dhlús na
leictreon sa phlasma. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
éard atá i gceist leis an bplasma ná an damhna </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">te</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sna réaltaí, agus é comhdhéanta as núicléis atá ag snámh i
bhfarraige na leictreon – is é sin tá struchtúr na n-adamh féin
imithe, ionas nach féidir a rá go mbaineann an leictreon seo leis
an adamh áirithe úd.</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"> </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Dlús
optúil</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– Sórt drochthéarma é ”dlús optúil”, nó tagraíonn sé do
dhá rud </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">difriúla
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar
féidir téarmaí is fearr ná é a úsáid fúthu:</span></span></span></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comhéifeacht
athraonta;</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ionsúiteacht.</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
éard atá i gceist leis an g</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">comhéifeacht
athraonta</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ná an uimhir a thagraíos do mhoilliú an tsolais sa mheán. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
seo a áirítear í:</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n
= c/v </span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">inarb
ionann:</span></span></span></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n
agus comhéifeacht athraonta an mheáin</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">c
agus luas an tsolais san fholús</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">v
agus luas an tsolais sa mheán</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Maidir
leis an </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ionsúiteacht</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
is </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">uimhir
logartamach í ar miosúr í ar an gcuid den fhuinneamh (fuinneamh na
radaíochta –</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
fuinneamh an tsolais mar shampla</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
a ólas an meán isteach chuige (a shús sé isteach, a ionsús sé)
in áit é a iompar nó a ligean tríd.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Is é an slonn matamaitice a cheadaíos dúinn an ionsúiteacht a
thabhairt ná:</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">A
= log</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">10</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Φ'</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">/</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Φ</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)<br />
</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">inarb
ionann:</span></span></span></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">A
agus ionsúiteacht</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Φ</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
agus flosc radanta </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">na</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
radaíocht</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
atá ag dul isteach sa mheán</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Φ</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'
agus flosc radanta </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">na</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
radaíocht</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
atá ag teacht amach as an meán</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
éard is ciall don ”fhlosc radanta” ná fuinneamh na radaíochta
roinnte faoin am </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(is
é sin, cumhacht na radaíochta)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
agus is é is aonad don fhlosc radanta ná an vata </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">W</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">An
logartam a úsáidtear, is é an logartam deachúlach (</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">logartam
Briggs</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
é.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Doimhneacht
optúil –</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Tá baint ag an doimhneacht optúil leis an ionsúiteacht (an ”dlús
optúil” sa dara ciall). </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
í an fhoirmle a thugas an doimhneacht optúil ná:<br />
<br />
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">τ</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
= </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">log</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Φ'</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">/</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Φ</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">inarb
ionann:</span></span></span></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">τ
(an litir Ghréagach </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">tau</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
agus an doimhneacht optúil</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Φ</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
agus flosc radanta </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">na</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
radaíocht</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
atá ag dul isteach sa mheán</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Φ</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">'
agus flosc radanta </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">na</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
radaíocht</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
atá ag teacht amach as an meán</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
í an t-aon difríocht idir an doimhneacht optúil agus an
ionsúiteacht ná go n-úsáidtear an logartam nádúrtha (logartam
Napier) </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">leis
an doimhneacht a thabhairt</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
seachas an logartam deachúlach (logartam Briggs). </span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-62986572230340761542019-01-05T06:20:00.001-08:002019-01-05T06:20:42.051-08:00Ciclipéid na Réalteolaíochta: Gienah Ghurab - X-radaíocht<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Gienah
Ghurab </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gienah
Corvi </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Ala
Corvi </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gamma
Corvi</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
arb í an réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon an Phréacháin. Réalta
the bhánghorm den aicme B í, agus í suite faoi chéad go leith de
sholasbhlianta dínn. Focal Araibise é </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gienah
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
chiallaíos ”eite, sciathán”, agus mar sin, is é ”Sciathan an
Phréacháin” is brí le hainm na réalta.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Grúpa Áitiúil </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an ngrúpa réaltraí a mbaineann Bealach na Bó Finne
leis. Is iad Réaltra Andraiméide, Bealach na Bó Finne, agus
Réaltra an Triantáin na réaltraí is mó sa ghrúpa, ach thairis
sin tá cuid mhór réaltraí ann is lú ná na cinn sin, ar nós
Scamall Mór Magellan agus Scamall Beag Magellan.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
<colgroup><col width="98"></col>
<col width="99"></col>
<col width="103"></col>
<col width="95"></col>
<col width="99"></col>
<col width="98"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="6" style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" valign="top" width="633">
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><b>ROINNT
RÉALTRAÍ SA GHRÚPA ÁITIÚIL</b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Ainm</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Uimhir i gcatalóg
Messier</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Uimhir sa Nua-Chatalóg
Ghinearálta</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An cineál réaltra atá
ann</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An réaltbhuíon ina
bhfeictear an réaltra</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Nótaí</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Réaltra Andraiméide</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">M31</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">NCG224</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Réaltra bíseach barrach</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Andraiméide</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An réaltra is mó sa
ghrúpa</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Bealach na Bó Finne</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">-</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">-</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Réaltra bíseach barrach</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">-</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An réaltra ina bhfuil
cónaí orainn féin</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Réaltra an Triantáin</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">M33</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">NCG598</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Réaltra bíseach
neamhbharrach</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An Triantán</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An réaltra bíseach is
lú sa Ghrúpa Áitiúil. Is dócha gur satailít de chuid réaltra
Andraiméide atá ann</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Scamall Mór Magellan</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">-</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">-</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Réaltra bíseach barrach
agus é curtha as a riocht ag imtharraingt ár réaltra féin</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An Colgán agus an Tábla</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Satailít de chuid
Bhealach na Bó Finne atá ann. Shíltí ar feadh i bhfad gur
réaltra neamhrialta a bhí ann</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Scamall Beag Magellan</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">-</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">NCG292</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Réaltra bíseach barrach
agus é curtha as a riocht ag imtharraingt ár réaltra féin</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An Túcán agus an Phéist
Uisce</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Satailít de chuid
Bhealach na Bó Finne atá ann</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="205">
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">M32</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="103">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">NCG221</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Réaltra éilipseach</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Andraiméide</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Satailít de chuid
Andraiméide atá ann</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">SagDEG (</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><i>Sagittarius
Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy</i></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">,
Abhacréaltra Éilipseach an tSaigheadóra)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">-</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">-</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Réaltra éilipseach</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An Saigheadóir</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Satailít de chuid
Bhealach na Bó Finne atá ann</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">SagDIG (</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><i>Sagittarius
Dwarf Irregular Galaxy, </i></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Abhacréaltra
Neamhrialta an tSaigheadóra)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">-</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">-</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Réaltra neamhrialta</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An Saigheadóir</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Is é seo an réaltra is
faide atá suite ó bharalár (is é sin, ó mheáchanlár) an
Ghrúpa Áitiúil</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Abhac an Dragain (Béarla:
</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><i>Draco Dwarf</i></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">-</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">-</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Abhacréaltra
sféaróideach</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An Dragan</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Táthar ag déanamh go
bhfuil an réaltra seo an-saibhir i ndamhna dorcha</span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Haisiam</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar ar dhúil uimhir a 108 sa tábla peiriadach, agus is é </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Hs
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
tsiombail. Fuair an dúil a hainm ó Hessen (Béarla: </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Hesse</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
ar ceann de stáit na Gearmáine é. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cosúil
leis na dúile troma trasúránacha eile, tá an haisiam chomh
radaighníomhach is nach dtig mórán taighde a dhéanamh ar a
shaintréithe ceimiceacha, ach is éard a chreidtear ná go bhfuil sé
cosúil go leor leis an oismiam.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Héiliam</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is é an héiliam dúil uimhir a dó sa tábla peiriadach. Mar is
léir ón uimhir adamhach, tá dhá phrótón i núicléas an
héiliam. Tá dhá iseatóp tábhachtacha ag an héiliam, mar atá,
an ceann is coitianta, nó héiliam a ceathair, agus an ceann eile,
nó héiliam a trí. Na hiseatóip eile is radanúiclídí éagobhsaí
iad a dtagann meath radaighníomhach orthu go sciobtha. Tá dhá
leictreon ag an héiliam, agus mar sin, is triathghás é, nó níl
áit ar an leictreonsceall is cóngaraí don núicléas ach d'aon
leictreondís amháin. Dá réir sin ní féidir leis an héiliam dul
i gcomhdhúil le dúil eile.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
fiuchphointe an héiliam iontach íseal, nó níl sé ach cúpla céim
Celsius os cionn an dearbhnialais. Ní féidir héiliam a reo go
solad gan brú ard a oibriú air. Ina áit sin, má reoitear i dtreo
an dearbhnialais é faoi ghnáthbhrú an atmaisféir, iompóidh sé
ina <i>fhorshreabhán</i> a bhfuil saintréitheanna neamhghnácha
aige: mar shampla ní féidir é a choinneáil i gcoimeádán
oscailte, nó dreapfaidh sé as agus é ag dul ar fud na háite ina
scannán tanaí.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Hidrigin</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is í an hidrigin dúil uimhir a haon sa tábla peiriadach, agus is í
an dúil is simplí ó thaobh an struchtúir de, nó níl ach aon
phrótón amháin i núicléas na hidrigine, agus níl ach aon
leictreon amháin i néal leictreon na hidrigine. Is dual do na
hadaimh hidrigine móilíní dhá adamh a dhéanamh faoi na
gnáth-imthoscaí ar dhroim an Domhain, ach dáiríre is dúil
an-imoibríoch í an hidrigin, agus tá an chuid is mó di le fáil
ceangailte i gcomhdhúile éagsúla ceimiceacha. Le fírinne tá an
gás hidrigine chomh héadrom is nach bhfuil imtharraingt ár
bpláinéid sách láidir lena choinneáil san atmaisféar: is dual
dó éalú go dtí an spás. Sin é an tuige nach bhfuil ach iarsmaí
beaga hidrigine le fáil san aer.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nuair
a rachas an hidrigin trí thine, is é an toradh a gheofar ná ocsaíd
na hidrigine – is é sin, uisce. Is féidir leis an hidrigin pléasc
a dhéanamh agus í ag imoibriú leis an ocsaigin. Thairis sin, tá
dainséar eile ag baint le dóchan na hidrigine: tá lasair na
hidrigine beagnach dofheicthe, agus í an-te san am chéanna.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
trí iseatóp ag an hidrigin, agus ainmneacha ar leith orthu: an
próitiam (an ghnáth-hidrigin, nach bhfuil ach prótón amháin mar
núicléas aici), an deoitéiriam (hidrigin a dó – tá prótón
agus neodrón amháin i núicléas an iseatóip seo), agus an tritiam
(hidrigin a trí – prótón amháin agus dhá neodrón sa
núicléas). Núiclíd radaighníomhaíoch é an tritiam, agus tagann
béite-mheath air: is é héiliam a trí (iseatóp neamhghnách de
chuid an héiliam) is toradh don mheath seo.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I
réaltaí an phríomhsheichimh, cosúil leis an nGrian, comhleáitear
núicléis hidrigine go héiliam: an fuinneamh a thagas as an nGrian
is toradh don chomhleá seo é. Ar dtús téann dhá phrótón le
chéile le núicléas deoitéiriam (”deoitéarón”) a dhéanamh,
ansin téann deoitéarón agus prótón le chéile le núicléas de
chuid héiliam a trí a tháirgeadh, agus sa deireadh comhleáitear
dhá núicléas den chineál seo go núicléas gnáth-héiliam
(héiliam a ceathair) – scaoiltear dhá phrótón saor sa teagmháil
seo. Tugtar timthriall ”prótón-prótón” air seo.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Infridhearg
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar na ban</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">d</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">aí
radaíochta idir na radathonnta agus an solas infheicthe. Tá
tonnfhad na radaíochta infridheirge níos mó ná tonnfhad an
tsolais, agus dá réir sin tá a minicíocht níos ísle. Is mar
theas is mó a aithníos nó a mhothaíos an duine an radaíocht
infridhearg.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Io
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
ceann de Ghealacha Galileo is cóngaraí d'Iúpatar, agus is minic a
thugtar ”an ghealach píotsa” uirthi, toisc go bhfuil sí buí
(cosúil le cáis an phíotsa) agus breac le bolcáin (a chuirfeadh
slisní tráta i gcuimhne duit). Tá Io á streachailt as a chéile
taobh istigh ag na fórsaí taoidmheara, is é sin, ag imtharraingt
na ngealach eile gan trácht a dhéanamh ar Iúpatar féin. Dá
thoradh sin tá sí beo le bolcánachas thar aon rinn neimhe eile sa
Ghrianchóras. Is é an sulfar a thagas as na bolcáin is cúis leis
an dath buí, agus na dathanna eile a fheictear is minic a bhaineas
siad le hallatróip neamhghnácha an tsulfair.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
Io beagáinín níos mó ná an Ghealach s'againn, agus í ar an dara
ceann is lú de ghealacha Galileo. Tá sí níos mó ná Europa, agus
níos lú ná Ganymede agus Callisto.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Lárainciam</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– Is é an lárainciam dúil uimhir a 103, agus is é an giorrúchán
a sheasas dó sna foirmlí ceimiceacha ná </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Lr</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fuair
sé a ainm ó Ernest Orlando Lawrence </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(an
t-eolaí a chéadcheap an cioglatrón)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
agus glactar leis go bhfuil sé cosúil leis an lúitéitiam, an dúil
atá os a chionn i dtábla peiriadach na ndúl, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ó
thaobh na ceimice de</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
is é an lúitéitiam an ceann is troime de na lantanóidigh, agus is
é an láraiciam an ceann is troime de na hachtanóidigh. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sin
a bhfuil le rá i dtaobh an lárainciam i ndáiríre, nó is dúil
éagobhsaí radaighníomhach é,</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
agus </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
beag </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">úsáid
phraiticiúil </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thig</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a bhaint as</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
An t-iseatóp is cobhsaí atá aige is é lárainciam a 266 é, agus
é </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aon
uair déag ar leathré. </span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Leaptón</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar ar b</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">uncháithnín
éadrom, cosúil leis an leictreon. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ní
féidir leis na leaptóin páirt a ghlacadh san idirghníomhú láidir
(is é an t-idirghníomhú láidir is cúis leis an bhfórsa a
choinníos núicléas an adaimh le chéile). </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ba
é an leictreon an chéad leaptón a haithníodh. Leaptón eile é an
múón, agus é i bhfad níos troime ná an leictreon, cé nach
bhfuil sé chomh trom leis na baróin.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Léaráid
Hertzsprung-Russell </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an léaráid a gheofar, má chuirtear sonraí na réaltaí
i gcóras comhordanáidí ionas gurb iad aicmiú na réalta (is é
sin, dath na réalta, nó teocht a dromchla) agus a lonrachas na
haiseanna comhordanáide. Tá an léaráid ainmnithe as Ejnar
Hertzsprung agus Henry Russell, beirt réalteolaithe a d'fhorbair í
tuairim na bliana 1910. Danmhargach ab ea Hertzsprung, agus b'as na
Stáit Aontaithe don Ruiséalach. Is féidir na hollfhathachréaltaí,
na fathachréaltaí, an príomhsheicheamh agus na habhacréaltaí a
aithint thar a chéile ar an léaráid seo, mar limistéir atá
réasúnta scartha ó chéile.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Litiam
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an gceann is éadroime de na miotail alcaileacha. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Li</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an tsiombail cheimiceach, agus ós rud é go bhfuil trí phrótón i
núicléas an litiam, is é dúil cheimiceach uimhir a trí é i
dtábla peiriadach na ndúl. Tá sé 6.94 ar mheáchan adamhach, rud
a thugas le fios gurb é litiam a seacht, nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">7</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Li,
an t-iseatóp is coitianta. Tá teacht ar litiam a sé, nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">6</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Li,
sa dúlra chomh maith, agus níl aon cheann den dá iseatóp nádúrtha
sin radaighníomhach. Bíonn céatadán litiam a sé ag guagadh
timpeall ar chúig sna heiseamal nádúrtha, agus é chomh
hathraitheach is nach féidir meáchan adamhach na dúile seo a
shocrú níos cruinne ná 6.94.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
í an chumraíocht leictreonach atá ag an litiam ná 1s</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2s</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">1</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Is é sin, tá an leictreonsceall is cóngaraí don núicléas lán
(níl áit ansin ach do dhá leictreon) agus leictreon amháin ar an
sceall taobh amuigh de. Is dual don litiam an leictreon seo a
thabhairt ar iasacht uaidh agus ian deimhneach, Li</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">+</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
a dhéanamh. Mar sin, tá sé sách araiciseach chun imoibriúcháin,
cosúil leis na miotail alcaileach</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
eile, cé nach bhfuil sé chomh himoibríoch leis an sóidiam.
Seoltóir maith leictreachais agus teasa é fosta.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Níl
an litiam ach 0.53 g/cm</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ar dhlús. Is é sin, tá an t-uisce beagnach dhá oiread chomh
dlúth. Má chuirtear cnapán litiam i gcoimeádán uisce le súil is
go n-imoibreoidh sé leis an uisce, beidh an cnapán ag snámh ar
dhromchla an uisce agus é ag iompú go hiodrocsaíd litiam le linn
an imoibriúcháin.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
gnách an miotal litiam a choinneáil i dtaisce in ola le hé a
chosaint ar an uisce agus ar an aer. Is dual dó imoibriú le
hocsaigin an aeir féin agus ocsaíd litiam a dhéanamh. Thairis sin
áfach tá an litiam </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ábalta</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
imoibriú le nítrigin an aeir le teocht an tseomra agus nítrid
litiam Li</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">N
a dhéanamh. Níl na miotail alcaileacha eile féin in ann dul i
gcomhdhúil leis an nítrigin mar sin.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
é +I an t-aon uimhir ocsaídiúcháin a bhíos ag an litiam ina
chuid comhdhúl, rud is léir ón gcumraíocht leictreonach.
Úsáidtear salainn áirithe litiam mar fhrithdhúlagráin, is é
sin, mar chógais le maolú ar an dúlagar intinne.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Livearmóiriam
</b><span style="font-weight: normal;">atá againn ar dhúil uimhir a
116, agus is é </span><b>Lv </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
tsiombail cheimiceach. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dúil
radaighníomhach é agus níl an t-iseatóp is cobhsaí dá bhfuil
aige ach </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">57 milleasoicind ar
leathré. Mar sin, is dócha nach bhfaighidh na heolaithe amach mórán
faoi airíonna ceimiceacha na dúile seo choíche. Fuair an dúil a
hainm ó Livermore i gCalifornia, áit a bhfuil saotharlann
thábhachtach fisice núicléiche.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Mhaighdean</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
– Ceann de réaltbhuíonta an Stoidiaca í an Mhaighdean, agus í
le feiceáil idir an Leon, an Préachán, an Cupán, Folt Bheirnicé,
an Mheá, ceann na Péiste, agus an tAoire. Spica (Alpha Virginis) an
réalta is gile sa réaltbhuíon seo; réaltaí suntasacha eile iad
Zavijava (Beta Virginis), Porrima (Gamma Virginis), Auva (Delta
Virginis) agus Vindemiatrix (Epsilon Virginis). Tá braisle iomlán
réaltraí, Braisle na Maighdine, le feiceáil sa réaltbhuíon seo
chomh maith.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Markab
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Markeb
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar cheithre réalta éagsúla:</span></span></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Pegasi. </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Cé
gurb í alfa-réalta Pheigeasais í, níl sí ach ar an tríú
réalta is gile sa réaltbhuíon sin i ndáiríre. B-réalta í, is
é sin, réalta the bhánghorm. Is fathachréalta í agus í chomh
sean is nach bhfuil sí ag comhleá hidrigine go héiliam a
thuilleadh. Tá sí suite faoi chéad trí solasbhliana déag is
fiche dínn.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Tau
Pegasi. </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tugtar
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Salm
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Kerb
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ar
an réalta seo freisin. Réalta the den A-aicme í, ach níl sí ina
fathach. Tá sí suite faoi chéad is trí scór solasbhliain dínn,
a bheag nó a mhór.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>k
Puppis </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(tabhair
faoi deara nach í an litir Ghréagach úd </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>kappa
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
againn ansin, ach an ghnáthlitir </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>k</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">!).
Déréalta í seo a bhfuil dhá fhathachréalta ghorma den B-aicme
inti – nó, le fírinne, tá ceann den dá leathréalta sin ina
dhéréalta ann féin. Tá siad go léir suite faoi cheithre chéad
go leith de sholasbhlianta dínn.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Kappa
Velorum. </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Déréalta
i réaltbhuíon na Seolta atá ann, agus í suite faoi chúig chéad
agus deich solasbliana déag is trí scór dínn. Ní furasta an dá
leathréalta a aithint thar a chéile, ach is mar B-réalta a
rachaidís i bhfeidhm ort.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Mars
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar dhia cogaidh na sean-Róimhe, óna bhfuair an ceathrú pláinéad
sa ghrianchóras s'againn a ainm féin. Tá Mars ag fithisiú na
Gréine idir an Domhan agus crios na n-astaróideach, agus dhá
ghealach aige: Phobos agus Deimos. Níl iontu siúd ach cnapáin
bheaga chloiche i gcomparáid leis an nGealach s'againn, agus
dealraíonn sé nach raibh iontu riamh ach astaróidigh fhánacha
agus iad ceaptha ag Mars ar a gcamchuairt.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
Mars níos lú ná an Domhan, ach is ionann, beagnach, achar Mharsa
agus achar na talún tirime ar an Domhan. Is minic a thugtar ”an
pláinéad dearg” ar Mhars, ach is dócha go mb'fhearr ”an
pláinéad rua” a rá, nó is é an t-iarann is cúis leis an dath
sin – is é dath na meirge é go bunúsach, nó tá ”cré”
Mharsa sách saibhir i mianraí iarainn. Chomh fíneáilte is atá an
chré nó an dusta sin bíonn cuid mhór de ar foluain san aer, ionas
go bhfuil an spéir féin sórt dearg nó rua ar Mhars.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bhí
sé ina chnámh spairne ar feadh i bhfad an bhfuil uisce ar bith ar
dhromchla Mharsa. Faoi dheireadh na naoú haoise chreid a lán daoine
go raibh ”canálacha” ar Mhars, ó thug an réalteolaí Iodálach
Giovanni Schiaparelli le fios go raibh sé in ann línte díreacha a
aithint ar dhromchla an phláinéid agus é barúlach gur
uiscebhealaí de chineál éigin a bhí ann. Is é an chiall a bhain
a lán daoine as seo go raibh neacha intleachtúla tar éis canálacha
a ghearradh ansin, agus spreag an smaoineamh seo cuid mhaith scéalta
faoi shibhialtacht sheanársa Mharsa atá ag foghlaim an bháis
cheana, agus na daoine, nó pé cineál neacha iad, ag streachailt
leo leis an mbeagán uisce atá fágtha a bhailiú ina gcuid
canálacha. Mar a thiontaigh an scéal amach, áfach, ní raibh sna
canálacha ach iomrall súl, agus ní raibh Marsaigh ann ach an
oiread.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Maidir
le ceist an uisce ar Mhars, is iad na caidhpeanna polacha is mó is
ábhar suime dháiríre. Bhí na heolaithe barúlach ar feadh i bhfad
gur dé-ocsaíd charbóin a bhí iontu, ach ina dhiaidh sin tháinig
a athrú tuairime i bhfaisean, agus na heolaithe suite siúráilte
gur oighear uisce a bhí i gceist. Is é tuiscint na n-eolaithe sa lá
atá inniu ann ná go bhfuil an dá chuid ann, ach gur gnách don
dé-ocsaíd charbóin galú le teacht an tsamhraidh, ionas nach
bhfágtar ach an t-oighear uisce. Sin é an tuige go dtagann crapadh
ar na caidhpeanna go tráthrialta.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
bliain Mharsa beagnach dhá oiread chomh fada le bliain an Domhain,
ach níl lá Mharsa ach beagáinín níos faide ná ár lá féin –
dhá scór nóiméad níos faide, a bheag nó a mhór. Bíonn na
séasúir – an samhradh is an fómhar, an geimhreadh is an
t-earrach – ag leanúint a chéile de réir timthriall a chuirfeadh
an Domhan i gcuimhne duit.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ceist
mhór é i gcónaí, an bhfuil beatha d'aon chineál ar fáil ar
Mhars. Na scéalta ficsin eolaíochta faoi na neacha intleachtúla,
cosúil leis na banphrionsaí deargchraicneacha ag Edgar Rice
Burroughs, tá siad bréagnaithe inniu, ach tá sé incheaptha i
gcónaí go bhfuil beatha shimplí ann, rud éigin cosúil leis na
baictéir mar shampla. Tá mianraí i gcré Mharsa a choinneodh
plandaí beo, ach ní cosaint ar an radaíocht ultraivialait é
atmaisféar tanaí an phláinéid, agus mar sin pé beatha atá ann
caithfidh sí a bheith ar a teitheadh ón radaíocht taobh thíos de
dhromchla Mharsa.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
dócha gurb iad Syrtis Major agus Olympus Mons an dá ghné is clúití
de thíreolaíocht Mharsa. Ba é Syrtis Major an chéad bhall ar
dhromchla aon rinn neimhe ar tugadh cur síos air in aon scríbhinn
eolaíochta. Ba é Christiaan Huygens, an fear mór teileascópaíochta
ón Ollainn sa seachtú haois déag, a luaigh Syrtis Major roimh aon
duine eile, agus é ag tabhairt ”an Mhuir Orláiste” air, toisc
gur bhain sé úsáid an orláiste </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
an chloig</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
as le ham rothlaithe Mharsa a thomhas. Is éard atá i Syrtis Major,
de réir thuiscint an lae inniu, ná sciathbholcán, nó ceantar
leibhéalta a bhí ina sciathbholcán tráth.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Maidir
le hOlympus Mons, is é an sliabh is airde sa Ghrianchóras ar fad.
Tá sé dhá chiliméadar is fiche níos airde ná an tír-raon ina
thimpeall, agus is sciathbholcán é freisin. Tá sé suite ar imeall
thiar Tharsis, ar réigiún ardchríche é, agus trí bholcán arda
eile (Tharsis Montes, nó Sléibhte Tharsis) le feiceáil taobh
istigh den réigiún – Arsia Mons, Pavonis Mons, agus Ascria Mons.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
<colgroup><col width="312"></col>
<col width="312"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" valign="top" width="633">
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><b>ATMAISFÉAR
MHARSA</b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Brú an aeir ar dhromchla
Mharsa</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">0.6 % de mheánbhrú an
aeir ar leibhéal na farraige ar an Domhan</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Dé-ocsaíd charbóin,
CO<sub>2</sub></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">96 %</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Argón, Ar</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">1.9 %</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Nítrigin, N<sub>2</sub></span><br />
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">1.9 %</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Ocsaigin, O<sub>2</sub></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">(iarsmaí
beaga)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Aonocsaíd charbóin, CO</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Meatán, CH<sub>4</sub></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Mheá</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Libra
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an réaltbhuíon atá suite idir an Scairp agus an
Mhaighdean ar an stoidiaca. Is é Zubeneschamali nó Beta Librae an
réalta is gile sa Mheá, agus is B-réalta phríomhsheichimh í –
trí nó ceithre oiread chomh trom leis an nGrian, agus céad is
tríocha oiread níos lonrúla. Maidir leis an dara réalta is gile,
nó Zubenelgenubi (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Librae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">),
is ilréalta í; shocraigh Aontas Idirnáisiúnta na Réalteolaithe
nach n-úsáidtear an t-ainm ”Zubenelgenubi” a thuilleadh ach le
tagairt a dhéanamh don chomhbhall is gile sa chóras ilréaltach
sin, is é sin, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>α</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>2</i></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>
Librae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Déréalta inti féin í an réalta seo, agus í suite faoi chúig
solasbhliana déag is trí scór dínn, a bheag nó a mhór.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tríd
is tríd, níl mórán cuid súl sa Mheá. Tá réaltbhraisle
chruinneogach amháin le feiceáil sa réaltbhuíon seo, mar atá,
NCG 5897, agus í suite faoi dhá scór míle solasbhliain dínn.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Mearcair
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an bpláinéad is cóngaraí don Ghrian. Níl gealacha ná
atmaisféar aige, agus tá sé i bhfad níos lú ná an Domhan – le
fírinne tá sé ar aon mhéid, a bheag nó a mhór, leis na gealacha
is mó dá bhfuil ag fithisiú Iúpatair: tá Ganymede beagáinín
níos mó ná Mearcair.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
rothlú agus imrothlú Mhearcair in athshondas le chéile ar dhóigh
ar leith: críochnaíonn an pláinéad trí rothlú (= trí lá is
trí oíche) in aghaidh an dá imrothlú (= dhá bhliain), i
gcomparáid le cúlra na réaltaí. An breathnóir a bheadh suite ar
dhroim an phláinéid féin, áfach, d'fheicfeadh sé aon lá is aon
oíche amháin i rith dhá bhliain. Rud eile fós, tá fithis
Mhearcair an-éalárnach i gcomparáid leis na pláinéid eile, agus
luas an phláinéid an-difriúil i bpointí éagsúla na fithise. In
aice leis an ngarphointe don Ghrian (an peirihéilean) sáraíonn
luas an phláinéid ar a chamchuairt timpeall na Gréine luas a
rothlaithe ar a ais. Mar sin, an breathnóir a bheadh suite in áit
oiriúnach ar dhromchla Mhearcair, d'fheicfeadh sé an Ghrian ag
éirí, ag stad agus ag dul faoi, agus ag éirí arís i ndiaidh don
phláinéad an peirihéilean a fhágáil ina dhiaidh.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Cé
go bhfuil Mearcair i bhfad níos lú ná an Domhan, tá a
mhaighnéadsféar (réimse maighnéadach) beagáinín níos láidire
ná maighnéadsféar ár bpláinéid féin. Mar sin, creidtear go
bhfuil croí iarainn Mhearcair an-mhór agus go bhfuil a screamh is a
mhaintlín réasúnta tanaí.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ní
féidir a rá go mbeadh atmaisféar ag Mearcair – an beagán atá
ann níl sé in ann an teas a scaipeadh is a chothromú, mar a
dhéanas atmaisféar an Domhain. Mar sin, bíonn sé an-te ar
Mhearcair nuair a bhíos an Ghrian ag scaladh, agus an-fhuar nuair
nach mbíonn. Na háiteanna is teo ar mheánchiorcal an phláinéid
is féidir leo teocht ceithre chéad céim Celsius a shroicheadh, ach
le linn oíche fhada an phláinéid reofaidh siad arís go céad go
leith de chéimeanna Celsius faoin nialas, nó níos fuaire fós.
Maidir leis na réigiúin pholacha fanann siad an-fhuar (timpeall ar
chéad céim Celsius faoin nialas) ó thús go deireadh na bliana.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
Mearcair sách cosúil leis an nGealach ina chuma is ina chosúlacht,
nó tá dromchla an phláinéid breac le cráitéir. Sa bhliain 2012
d'aithin an taiscéalaí spáis úd Messenger go raibh oighear –
oighear sa chiall chúng, is é sin uisce reoite – sna cráitéir
timpeall ar phol thuaidh an phláinéid.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Mearcair
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a ceithre scór freisin, nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>airgead
beo</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
agus is é </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Hg
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
tsiombail a sheasas dó sna foirmlí ceimiceacha. Is é an t-aon
mhiotal atá ina leacht le teocht an tseomra. Is iomaí úsáid a
bhaintear as mearcair sa teicneolaíocht, go háirithe sna
teirmiméadair agus sna gáslampaí, ach táthar ag éirí as ar na
saolta seo, toisc gur trom-mhiotal </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nimhiúil
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">dainséarach
atá ann. Is iad +</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
(na comhdhúile mearcaracha) agus +</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">1</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
(na comhdhúile mearcarúla) na staideanna ocsaídiúcháin is
tábhachtaí i gcomhdhúile ceimiceacha an mhearcair. Sa chuid is mó
de na comhdhúile mearcarúla tá nasc comhfhiúsach idir dhá adamh
mearcair: mar sin, is é an caitian atá iontu ná an démhearcair
Hg</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">+</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">-Hg</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">+</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Is é an cionnabar (an tsuilfíd mhearcarach, HgS) an mianra mearcair
is tábhachtaí.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Meathshlabhra
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar shlabhra na n-idirchéimeanna ó radanúiclíd fhadsaolach
go núiclíd chobhsaí. Go bunúsach níl ach iseatóip
radaighníomhacha ag aon dúil a sáraíonn a huimhir adamhach 82 (is
í an luaidhe dúil uimhir a 82). Mar sin, ní féidir le dúile
troma cosúil leis an úráiniam (dúil uimhir a 92) cobhsaíocht a
bhaint amach le haon mheath radaighníomhach amháin: ní bhaineann
an t-alfa-mheath féin ach dhá aonad den uimhir adamhach. An núiclíd
is toradh don mheath radaighníomhach a thagas ar an úráiniam,
beidh sí radaighníomhach chomh maith, agus tiocfaidh meath
radaighníomhach eile uirthi.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seo
an meathshlabhra a chaithfeas an t-úráiniam (an t-iseatóp is
coitianta sa dúlra, mar atá, úráiniam a 238) a chur de le
cobhsaíocht a bhaint amach:</span></span></span></div>
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<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">tiocfaidh
alfa-mheath ar úráiniam a 238, agus is é is toradh don mheath ná
tóiriam a 234;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">tiocfaidh
béite-mheath ar thóiriam a 234, agus is é is toradh don mheath ná
prótachtainiam a 234;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">tiocfaidh
béite-mheath ar phrótachtainiam a 234, agus is éard a gheofar ná
úráiniam a 234;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">tiocfaidh
alfa-mheath ar úráiniam a 234, agus is é is toradh don mheath ná
tóiriam a 230;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">tiocfaidh
alfa-mheath ar thóiriam a 230, agus is éard a gheofar ansin ná
raidiam a 226;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">tiocfaidh
alfa-mheath ar raidiam a 226, agus is é is toradh don mheath seo ná
radón a 222;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">tiocfaidh
alfa-mheath ar radón a 222, agus is é is toradh don mheath seo ná
polóiniam a 218;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">tiocfaidh
alfa-mheath ar pholóiniam a 218, agus is éard a gheofar ná
luaidhe a 214;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">tiocfaidh
béite-mheath ar luaidhe a 214, agus is é is toradh dó seo ná
biosmat a 214;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">tiocfaidh
béite-mheath ar bhiosmat a 214, agus is é is toradh don mheath ná
polóiniam a 214;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">tiocfaidh
alfa-mheath ar pholóiniam a 214, agus is é is toradh don mheath ná
luaidhe a 210;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">tiocfaidh
béite-mheath ar luaidhe a 210, agus is éard a gheofar ná biosmat
a 210;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">tiocfaidh
béite-mheath ar bhiosmat a 210, agus is é is toradh don mheath seo
ná polóiniam a 210;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">tiocfaidh
alfa-mheath ar pholóiniam a 210, agus is éard a gheofar ansin ná
luaidhe a 206;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus
is núiclíd chobhsaí í luaidhe a 206; mar sin, tháinig an
meathshlabhra a fhad lena dheireadh.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"> </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ní
mór a thuiscint go bhfuil an meathshlabhra seo beagáinín
simplithe. Mar shampla tagann béite-mheath ar pholóiniam a 218
an-chorruair, cé gurb annamh is gur ró-annamh é, agus is é is
toradh dó seo ná astaitín a 218. Go ginearálta, áfach, bíonn an
ceann scríbe céanna (sa mheathshlabhra seo, luaidhe a 208) i ndán
do bhealaí malartacha den chineál seo.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nuair
a thosaigh an taighde ar na meathshlabhraí, ba mhinic a bhíodh
ainmneacha dá gcuid féin ag na fisiceoirí ar na hidirchéimeanna,
gnás a d'fhágadh na ceimiceoirí in umar an éadóchais, ós minic
nár léir ó na hainmneacha seo cén dúil a bhí i gceist. Mar
shampla, ba nós leis na fisiceoirí </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>méiseatóiriam
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thabhairt ar dhá núiclíd i meathshlabhra an tóiriam, cé nach
iseatóip thóiriam a bhí i </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">gceachtar
acu </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ar aon nós, agus iad ag tabhairt </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>tórón
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ar
an iseatóp radóin a bhfuil baint aige le meathshlabhra an tóiriam.
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Iainiam
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
bhí acu ar thóiriam </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
230.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Megrez</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Kaffa</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Delta
Ursae Majoris </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an réalta is fainne sa Chamchéachta. Réalta phríomhsheichimh
í, agus cé nach bhfuil sí ach 63 % níos troime ná an Ghrian, tá
sí ceithre oiread déag chomh lonrúil is ár réalta féin.
A-réalta í Megrez, is é sin réalta bhán, agus í réasúnta te.
Níl Megrez suite ach corradh is leathchéad solasbhliain uainn.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Meindiléiviam
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">atá
ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a 101, agus is é </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Md
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
tsiombail cheimiceach. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ceann
de na hachtanóidigh thrasúránacha é, agus mar sin is dúil
éagobhsaí radaighníomhach é. Tá an t-iseatóp is cobhsaí dá
bhfuil aige aon lá déag is dhá scór ar leathré, rud a chiallaíos
gur féidir taighde áirithe a dhéanamh ar airíonna ceimiceacha an
mheindiléiviam: </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
iad +3 agus +2 na staideanna ocsaídiúcháin is féidir a aithint</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Fuair an dúil seo a hainm ó Dmitrii Mendeleyev, an t-eolaí
Rúiseach a chuir an chéad leagan de thábla peiriadach na ndúl i
dtoll le chéile.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Meitniriam
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
t-ainm a baisteadh ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a 109, agus is é an
tsiombail cheimiceach ná </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Mt</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Fuair an dúil a hainm ó Lise Meitner, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fisiceoir
Ostarach agus an chéad ollamh mná le fisic sa Ghearmáin. Ba iad
Meitner, Otto Hahn agus Otto Robert Frisch na chéad fhisiceoirí a
fuair amach go raibh núicléas </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">úráiniam
a 235</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
claonta chun eamhnú a dhéanamh agus neodrón á bhualadh. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dúil
throm thrasúránach, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">éagobhsaí
radaighníomhach,</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
é an meitniriam.</span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Merope</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>23
Tauri </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">–
Ceann de na réaltaí sa Phléadach í Merope. Réalta the bhánghorm
í agus í ceithre go leith oiread chomh trom leis an nGrian, agus sé
chéad is tríocha oiread chomh lonrúil. Tá sí suite i réaltbhuíon
an Tairbh, cosúil leis an bPléadach go léir.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Micreascóp </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an réaltbhuíon atá suite idir Iasc an Deiscirt, an
Gabhar, an Saigheadóir, an tIndiach agus an Chorr. Ba é an
réalteolaí Nicolas Louis de Lacaille a shainigh agus a d'ainmnigh
an réaltbhuíon san ochtú haois déag. Réaltbhuíon fhann é an
Micreascóp, agus níl sé le feiceáil sa chuid is mó den
Leathsféar Thuaidh. Tá sé suite faoi bhun an stoidiaca. Is í
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gamma
Microscopii </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
réalta is gile sa réaltbhuíon; fathach buí atá inti agus í
suite faoi dhá chéad deich solasbhliana is fiche dínn.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Mimas
–</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ceann de shatailítí Shatarn é Mimas, agus ba é William Herschel a
chéadaithin é sa bhliain 1789. Tá sé timpeall ar cheithre chéad
ciliméadar ar trastomhas, agus é réasúnta sféarúil (cosúil le
liathróid) ar a dhéanamh. Tá an-luas faoi ar a fhithis, nó ní
thógann sé oiread is lá amháin de chuid an Domhain air turas
timpeall ar Shatarn a chríochnú. Níl ann go bunúsach ach leac
oighir, nó níl a thiús ach beagáinín níos airde ná tiús an
uisce. Is é an ghné is suntasaí de ná an cráitéar mór úd
Herschel, a fuair a ainm ó fhear na fionnachtan. I gcomparáid leis
an ngealach féin, tá an cráitéar sin níos mó ná aon cheann
eile sa Ghrianchóras.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Mira
Ceti </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Omicron
Ceti –</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
réalta bhíogach athraitheach í atá suite i réaltbhuíon an Mhíl
Mhóir. Déréalta í agus í comhdhéanta as fathach dearg agus
abhac bán. Na hathruithe a thagas ar lonrachas na réalta seo
b'ábhar iontais iad do na réalteolaithe riamh, agus mar sin
baisteadh ”An Mhiorúilt” uirthi. Ba é David Fabricius ón
nGearmáin a bhreac síos an chéad tuairisc ar an réalta seo agus
ar a hathraitheacht i ndeireadh na séú haoise déag, ach tá
leideanna ann gur chuir an cine daonna sonrú ar leith i réalta
chomh neamhghnách sin i bhfad roimhe sin. Is deacair an fad ón
Domhan go dtí Mira Ceti a mheasúnú go beacht: creidtear go bhfuil
sí suite </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">tuairim
is</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
trí chéad solasbhliain uainn.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"> </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Mirfak
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Persei </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon Pheirséis. Tá sí ar réaltaí
geala na spéire, agus is F-réalta í – is é sin, réalta
bhánbhuí agus í ábhairín níos teo ná an Ghrian. Tá sí suite
breis is leathmhíle solasbhliain uainn, agus í ocht nó naoi
n-oiread chomh trom is an Ghrian. San am chéanna is
ollfhathachréalta í – cúig míle oiread níos lonrúla ná an
Ghrian.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
Mirfak suite i lár Réaltbhraisle Alpha Persei, a fuair a hainm ón
réalta seo. Is éard atá sa réaltbhraisle seo ná dornán réaltaí
– B-réaltaí iad an chuid is mó acu, is é sin, tá siad níos
teo ná Mirfak féin – a fáisceadh as an scamall céanna fadó,
agus iad ar comhaois le chéile, a bheag nó a mhór.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Mizar
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Zeta
Ursae Majoris </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
réalta atá suite san áit a bhfuil lámh an Chamchéachta camtha.
Iad siúd a bhfuil súile géara acu is féidir leo a aithint gur
déréalta atá i gceist, agus is é an t-ainm atá ar an gceann is
lú den bheirt ná Alcor. Le fírinne áfach is córas ceithre réalta
é Mizar, agus déréalta atá in Alcor féin. Tá Mizar – an
ceathrar go léir – suite faoi shé solasbhliana is ceithre scór
dínn, agus Alcor cúpla solasbhliain níos cóngaraí. Is mar
A-réaltaí a aicmítear comhbhaill Mizar agus Alcor go léir.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Moscóiviam
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a 115, agus is é an giorrúchán
a sheasas dó sna foirmlí ceimiceacha ná </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Mc</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cosúil
leis na dúile troma trasúránacha go léir tá an moscóiviam chomh
radaighníomhach is go dtagann meath air sular féidir mórán a
fháil amach faoina airíonna ceimiceacha – níl an t-iseatóp is
cobhsaí dá bhfuil aige oiread is soicind amháin ar leathré. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fuair
an dúil a hainm ó Mhoscó, nó tá institiúid Dubna suite i
gcóngar don chathair sin, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
is san institiúid sin a bhí na heolaithe in ann an chéad adamh
moscóiviam a ghineadh.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Muir
an Fhuachta </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Mare
Frigoris </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an ”muir” (má bhasailt) i dTuaisceart na Gealaí in
aice le Muir na Báistí agus Muir an tSuaimhnis. Ba é an réalteolaí
Giovanni Riccioli a d'ainmnigh í sa tseachtú haois déag. Cráitéir
thábhachtacha sa mhuir seo iad Arastótal, Plató, Philolaus agus
Harpalus.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Muir
an Neachtair </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Mare
Nectaris </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an ”muir” bheag taobh thuaidh de Mhuir na Sáimhe, taoibh
thuaidh thiar de Mhuir na Torthúlachta. Tá roinnt cráitéar mór
suite timpeall Mhuir an Neachtair, ar nós Fracastorius, agus é
tuairim is céad agus fiche ciliméadar ar trastomhas.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Muir
an tSuaimhnis</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Mare
Serenitatis </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an ”muir” atá suite taobh thoir de Mhuir na Báistí
ar an nGealach, in aice le Muir na Sáimhe agus Muir na Gaile – le
fírinne, ní féidir teorainn shoiléir a aithint idir Muir an
tSuaimhnis agus Muir na Sáimhe. Is mascan í Muir an tSuaimhnis –
is é sin, tá imtharraingt na Gealaí níos láidre i Muir an
tSuaimhnis ná ina thimpeall. Tugtar Montes Taurus ar an sliabhraon
in oirthear Mhuir an tSuaimhnis, agus is ansin a thuirling Apollo a
Seacht Déag i Mí na Nollag 1972. Ba é sin an turas deireanach a
thug spásairí Meiriceánacha ar an nGealach, agus ba é an geolaí
oilte Harrison Schmitt a bhí ag stiúradh an mhodúil thuirlingthe.
Uaidhsean a d'fhoghlaim na spásairí eile uraiceacht na geolaíochta
sula ndeachaigh siad go dtí an Ghealach, ach is follasach gur
theastaigh ón múinteoir féin droim na Gealaí a shiúl chomh maith
le duine.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Muir
na Báistí </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Mare
Imbrium </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an dara muir is mó ar an nGealach (is é Aigéan na
Stoirmeacha an ceann is mó ar fad). Tá sí suite idir Aigéan na
Stoirmeacha agus Muir an Fhuachta, agus is iad Archimedes agus Plato
an dá chráitéar móra a bhaineas léi. Dreigít mhór a bhuail
droim na Gealaí tuairim is trí mhórmhilliún agus ocht gcéad
milliún bliain ó shin a chuir tús leis an ”muir” seo: ar dtús
bhí cráitéar ann ach ansin líonadh le laibhe é ionas gur
cruthaíodh má bhasailt, nó ”muir”. Cosúil le Muir an
tSuaimhnis, is mascan (maischuimsiú) í Muir na Báistí – is é
sin tá an imtharraingt níos láidre ansin ná mar is gnách ar
dhroim na Gealaí i gcoitinne.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Muir
na Gaile </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Mare
Vaporum </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
mhuir ar dhroim na Gealaí atá suite idir Muir an tSuaimhnis agus
Muir na Báistí. Tá Muir na Gaile suite in aice leis an sliabhraon
ar a dtugtar Montes Apenninus, agus ar an imeall thoir thuaidh tá an
cráitéar úd Manilius. Gné shuntasach eile de Mhuir na Gaile is ea
an ghág úd Rima Hyginus. Fuair an ghág a hainm ó Hyginus,
cráitéar atá suite inti chomh maith le cúpla ceann eile is lú ná
é.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Muir
na Lionnta </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Mare
Humorum –</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ceann de ”mhara” na Gealaí í. Tá sí suite in aice le hAigéan
na Stoirmeacha, agus is é Gassendi an cráitéar is suntasaí sa
mhuir. Is mascan (maischuimsiú) í Muir na Lionnta, is é sin, tá
imtharraingt na Gealaí níos láidire istigh ansin. Ba é Giovanni
Riccioli a bhaist Muir na Lionnta. Tá an mhuir seo beagnach ceithre
chéad ciliméadar ar leithead.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Muir
na nGábh </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Mare
Crisium </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
”mhuir” ar an nGealach atá suite soir ó thuaidh ó Mhuir na
Sáimhe. Tá sí cúig go leith de chéadta ciliméadar ar leithead,
agus is iad Yerkes, Peirce, agus Picard na cráitéir is suntasaí sa
mhuir, cé nach bhfuil aon cheann acu mór ná cuidsúlach. Ba é
Giovanni Riccioli a d'ainmnigh an mhuir. Fuair Picard a ainm ó
Jean-Félix Picard, réalteolaí Francach a bhí beo sa tseachtú
haois déag.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Muir
na Sáimhe </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Mare
Tranquillitatis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an ceann is cáiliúla de ”mhara” na Gealaí, nó is ansin a
thuirling Neil Armstrong agus Buzz Aldrin ar an 20 Iúil 1969. Tá an
mhuir seo suite díreach taobh thuaidh de mheánchiorcal na Gealaí.
Tá trí chráitéar sa mhuir seo ainmnithe as an triúr fear a bhí
páirteach sa chéad chuairt ar an nGealach, mar atá, Armstrong,
Aldrin agus an tríú spásaire, Michael Collins, a bhí ag fanacht
leis an mbeirt eile ar an bhfithis timpeall na Gealaí.</span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Muir
na Scamall </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Mare
Nubium </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an ”muir” bheag ar an nGealach atá suite soir ó
dheas in aice le hAigéan na Stoirmeacha. Cráitéir thábhachtacha
ansin iad Bullialdus agus Pitatus.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Muir
na Torthúlachta </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Mare
Fecunditatis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
– ceann de na ”mara” basailt ar an nGealach í Muir na
Torthúlachta, agus í ocht gcéad is leathchéad ciliméadar ar
trastomhas. Cráitéir thábhachtacha iad Messier agus Messier A (in
aice le lárphointe na mara) agus Langrenus (ar imeall na mara). Gné
eisceachtúil den mhuir seo ná nach bhfuil mascan (maischuimsiú) ar
bith sa lárphointe. Siúd is nár thug aon spásaire daonna cuairt
ar Mhuir na Torthúlachta riamh, ba ansin nó in aice na mara a
thuirling na spástaiscéalaithe Soivéadacha Luna 16, Luna 18 agus
Luna 20, chomh maith leis an gceann Síneach Chang'e a hAon. Bhí
Luna 16 agus Luna 20 in ann eiseamail a thabhairt ar ais go dtí an
Domhan; treascraíodh Luna 18 agus Chang'e nuair a bhuail siad
dromchla na Gealaí.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Neiptiún
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an bpláinéad is faide amuigh sa Ghrianchóras s'againn – ní
áirítear Plútón ar na pláinéid a thuilleadh. Cosúil le
hÚránas, is ”oighearfhathach” é: cé gur deacair atmaisféar
agus screamh an phláinéid a aithint thar a chéile, is féidir a rá
go bhfuil maintlín aige, agus é comhdhéanta as ”oighear” mar a
thugtar – siúd is nach oighear atá ann ach sreabhán an-tiubh
agus é comhdhéanta as uisce, amóinia agus meatán. Creideann na
heolaithe go bhfuil croílár cuíosach beag ag Neiptiún agus go
bhfuil cloch sileacáite agus iarann ann. Pé scéal é tá
maighnéadsféar mór ag an bpláinéad, agus é an-te taobh istigh
rud nach bhfuiltear in ann a mhíniú go sásúil i láthair na
huaire.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Maidir
le hatmaisféar Neiptiúin, tá sé comhdhéanta as hidrigin agus
héiliam – ochtó faoin gcéad de, hidrigin atá ann, agus an chuid
eile, héiliam atá ann don chuid is mó. Tá an t-atmaisféar beo le
gaotha móra a sháraíos luas dhá mhíle ciliméadar in aghaidh na
huaire. Is dócha go bhfuil baint ag bristeacha móra na haimsire ar
Neiptiún leis an teas istigh.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Néiriad
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
tríú satailít is mó dá bhfuil ag fithisiú Neiptiúin. Ba é an
réalteolaí Ollannach-Mheiriceánach Gerrit Pieter (Gerard Peter)
Kuiper a chuir an chéad sonrú inti sa bhliain 1949. Dealraíonn sé
nach bhfuil sí ar dhéanamh na liathróide, ach le fírinne níl
mórán eolais againn ina taobh go fóill. Tá sí 170 ciliméadar ar
fad, a bheag nó a mhór.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Niohóiniam
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a 113, agus is é </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Nh
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
tsiombail cheimiceach. Fuair an dúil a hainm ó </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nihon</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
arb é an leagan gnáthchainte d'ainm Seapáinise na Seapáine; is é
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nippon
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
leagan foirmiúil. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cosúil
leis na dúile troma trasúránacha eile is dúil radaighníomhach é
an niohóiniam a dtagann meath uirthi chomh luath is nach furasta
mórán taighde a dhéanamh ar a saintréithe ceimiceacha. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ba
iad na fisiceoirí Seapánacha in Institiúid Riken i Wako a ghin an
chéad adamh niohóiniam, rud a mhíníos an t-ainm.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Nóbailiam
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">atá
ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">102.
Ceann de na hachtanóidigh é, agus is é </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>No
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
tsiombail cheimiceach a sheasas dó. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fuair
an dúil a hainm ó Alfred Nobel, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
fear </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">céanna</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a chuir tús leis na duaiseanna </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">clúiteacha</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
eolaíochta agus litríochta. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cosúil
leis na dúile troma trasúránacha eile tá an nóbailiam
an-éagobhsaí, an-radaighníomhach, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ach
is féidir taighde éigin a dhéanamh ar a iompraíocht cheimiceach,
ós rud é go bhfuil an t-iseatóp is cobhsaí, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nóbailiam
a 258, ocht nóiméad déag is dhá scór ar leathré. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
iad +3 agus +2 na staideanna ocsaídiúcháin.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
éard atá sa </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Nua-Chatalóg
Ghinearálta</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
(NCG an giorrúchán Gaeilge, NGC as Béarla) ná catalóg
réalteolaíoch a d'fhoilsigh an réalteolaí Danmhargach-Éireannach
John Dreyer sa bhliain 1888, nuair a bhí sé i gceannas ar Réadlann
Ard Mhacha. Liostáil sé réadanna éagsúla den chineál ar a
dtugann réalteolaithe amaitéaracha ”réadanna domhainspéire”,
is é sin, réadanna taobh amuigh dár nGrianchóras féin nach
réaltaí iad. Mar sin, is réaltraí, réaltnéalta agus
réaltbhraislí iad na hiontrálacha sa Nua-Chatalóg Ghinearálta.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
tábhacht nach beag ag baint leis an Nua-Chatalóg Ghinearálta i
gcónaí, agus ceartuithe éagsúla déanta ag na réalteolaithe ar
an gcatalóg i ndiaidh bhás Dreyer. D'fhoilsigh Dreyer féin cúpla
”Innéacs-Chatalóg” (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Index
Catalogues, </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">IC)
leis an NCG a fhorlíonadh. Ba é Wolfgang Steinicke a d'eisigh an
leagan leasaithe is deireanaí de chatalóg Dreyer sa bhliain 2009.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Núiclíd
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar chineál áirithe adaimh má táthar ag cur béim ar leith
ar struchtúr a núicléis, ar líon na bprótón agus na neodrón i
núicléas an adaimh sin. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Radanúiclídí</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
iad na núiclídí radaighníomhacha, is é sin, na núiclídí a
dtagann meath radaighníomhach éigin orthu.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tugtar
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>iseatóip
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ar
núiclídí arb ionann líon na bprótón iontu. Ós ar líon na
bprótón (an uimhir adamhach) a aithnítear an dúil cheimiceach, is
leaganacha den dúil chéanna iad. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Iseatoin</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">iad
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">na
núiclídí arb ionann líon na neodrón iontu. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Iseabair
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">iad
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">na
núiclídí arb ionann a maisuimhir, is é sin, líon na bprótón
agus na neodrón in éineacht.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mar
shampla, is iseatóip iad an próitiam (hidrigin a haon, nach bhfuil
ach aon phrótón amháin sa núicléas aige) agus an deoitéiriam
(hidrigin a dó, a bhfuil prótón amháin agus neodrón amháin sa
núicléas aige). Is iseatoin iad an deoitéiriam agus héiliam a
trí, nó tá dhá phrótón agus aon neodrón amháin sa núicléas
ag an dara ceann acu. Is iseabair iad an tritiam (hidrigin a trí,
iseatóp radaighníomhach na hidrigine, a bhfuil dhá neodrón agus
aon phrótón amháin sa núicléas aige) agus héiliam a trí. Agus
ar ndóigh is iseatóip iad an próitiam, an deoitéiriam agus an
tritiam.</span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ní
bhíonn ainmneacha ar leith ar na hiseatóip de ghnáth – is
eisceacht ar fad í an hidrigin. Nuair nach raibh an taighde ar na
núiclídí radaighníomhacha ach tosaithe, áfach, ba mhinic a bhí
na fisiceoirí in ann a rá cén cineál meath radaighníomhach a
thagadh ar núiclíd áirithe agus cén leathré a bhí aici, ach san
am chéanna ní raibh siad eolach ar an dúil ar bhain sí léi (nó
ba chuma leo faoi ina gcuid oibre). Mar sin bhí ainmneacha cosúil
le méiseatóiriam, iainiam, bréiviam nó tórón acu ar na núiclídí
sin. Tá dhá núiclíd ann ar a dtugtaí méiseatóiriam, is é sin
méiseatóiriam a haon (ar iseatóp de chuid an raidiam é) agus
méiseatóiriam a dó (ar iseatóp de chuid an achtainiam é).
Iseatóp de chuid an phrótachtainiam é an bréiviam, agus iseatóp
de chuid an tóiriam é an t-iainiam. Is é an tórón an t-iseatóp
radóin a bhaineas le meathshlabhra an tóiriam. Ní mholtar na
hainmneacha seo a úsáid a thuilleadh, nó is furasta an chiall
mhícheart a bhaint astu: sórt béarlagair nó leathchaint atá
iontu.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Oberon
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an dara satailít is mó dá bhfuil ag Úránas. Cloch agus
oighear is mó atá ann, nó creidtear go bhfuil maintlín oighir ann
timpeall ar chroí cloiche. Ba é William Herschel a chuir an chéad
sonrú sa ghealach áirithe seo, thiar sa bhliain 1787, agus
tagraíonn an t-ainm do </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>A
Midsummer Night's Dream</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
an dráma le William Shakespeare. Tá Oberon míle go leith de
chiliméadair ar trastomhas, agus é ag fithisiú Úránais faoi
chúig chéad is ceithre scór míle ciliméadar den phláinéad. Tá
an tsatailít seo faoi ghlas taoide ag Úránas, is é sin, iompaíonn
sí an taobh céanna le hÚránas fud fad a fhithise, agus
críochnaíonn sí rothlú (ar a hais) agus imrothlú (ar a fithis)
amháin san am chéanna. Níl ach dhá chúigiú cuid de dhromchla
Oberon mapáilte, ach is féidir dhá ghné fheiceálacha a aithint:
na cainneoin (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>chasma
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
téarma </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Laidine</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a úsáidtear i logainmníocht Oberon) agus na cráitéir. Is iad
Hamlet, Macbeth agus Othello ainmneacha na gcráitéar is mó; Mommur
Chasma atá ar an gcainneon is tábhachtaí. Carachtair de chuid
Shakespeare iad ainmneacha na gcráitéar, ar ndóigh. Maidir le
Mommur, is é ainm na coille ina raibh cónaí ar Oberon de réir na
heipice Fraincise óna bhfuair Shakespeare mianach an scéil dá
dhráma.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ocsaigéad
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar aigéid </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">neamhorgánacha
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ina
bhfuil adaimh ocsaigine timpeall an adaimh lárnaigh. Ocsaigéid iad,
mar shampla, an t-aigéad nítreach HNO</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
an t-aigéad sulfarach H</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">SO</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
an t-aigéad fosfarach H</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">PO</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
agus an t-aigéad sárchlórach HClO</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ar
ndóigh, níl nasc díreach idir an hidrigin agus an t-adamh lárnach
sna hocsaigéid seo, agus mar sin b'fhearr na foirmlí a scríobh mar
seo: HONO</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
(HO)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">SO</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
(HO)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">PO,
HOClO</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le
fírinne áfach tá ocsaigéid ag an bhfosfar ina bhfuil cuid de na
hadaimh hidrigine ceangailte go díreach den adamh lárnach, rud a
chiallaíos nach féidir l</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">eo
imoibriú aigéadach a dhéanamh ar aon nós.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ocsaigin
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a hocht, agus í ar an gceann is
éadroime de na calcaiginí. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>O
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
tsiombail cheimiceach a sheasas di sna foirmlí. Tá trí iseatóp
cobhsaí aici, mar atá, ocsaigin a sé déag, ocsaigin a seacht
ndéag, agus ocsaigin a hocht ndéag, ach is léir go bhfuil an chéad
cheann acu i bhfad Éireann níos coitianta in ocsaigin an dúlra ná
an dá cheann eile.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
ocsaídeoir láidir agus dúil leictridhiúltach í an ocsaigin –
fuair coincheap an ocsaídiúcháin féin a ainm ón ocsaigin. Is é
is brí leis sin go bhfuil de chlaonadh inti na leictreoin agus an
lucht diúltach leictreachais a tharraingt chuici sna comhdhúile
ceimiceacha. Tá an ocsaigin an-araiciseach chun imoibriú leis na
dúile eile agus comhdhúile a dhéanamh – sampla de seo is ea an
dóchán.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
ocht leictreon i néal leictreon an adaimh ocsaigine, agus sé cheann
acu ar an leictreonsceall is faide amuigh. Tá an ocsaigin ag
iarraidh ochtréad iomlán a bhaint amach ar an sceall sin, is é
sin, dhá leictreon a fháil ar iasacht ó dhúil éigin eile. Mar
sin, is í an uimhir ocsaídiúcháin is minice a bhíos aici ina
cuid comhdhúl ná -2. Tagraíonn an comhartha lúide do lucht
leictreach diúltach an dá leictreon a fhaigheas an ocsaigin ar
iasacht ón dúil eile.</span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
dhá allatróp ag an ocsaigin – an ghnáthocsaigin, nó an
”dé-ocsaigin”, atá comhdhéanta as móilíní dhá adamh (O</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">),
agus an t-ózón nó an ”trí-ocsaigin” (O</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">).
Tá an t-ózón in uachtar an atmaisféir tábhachtach leis an
radaíocht ultraivialait a chosc, ach ón taobh eile de is gás nimhe
agus substaint éagobhsaí shophléasctha é. Cosúil leis an
gclóirín, is gás tachtach é an t-ózón a oibríos ar na scamhóga
ionas go líontar le huisce iad, agus an t-othar á bhá ar an talamh
tirim – riocht é seo ar a dtugtar éidéime na scamhóg. Gás gan
dath í an ghnáthocsaigin, ach tá dath gorm san ózón.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
ocsaigin de dhíth ar an duine agus ar an gcuid is mó de na
horgánaigh bheo le haghaidh na cillríospráide (táirgiú an
fhuinnimh sna cealla, ”tarraingt anála na gceall” mar a déarfá).
Dealraíonn sé áfach nach mar sin a bhí ó thús, nó tá baictéir
ann, cosúil leis an ngéineas </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Clostridium</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nach gcuireann suas le hocsaigin ar aon nós. (Is é an speiceas úd
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Clostridium
botulinum </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
cineál baictéir is cúis leis an ispíneachas, is é sin, an nimhiú
bia.) Is iarsmaí iad na baictéir </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>anaeróbacha
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">seo
ón tréimhse roimh </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Réabhlóid
na hOcsaigine</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Tharla Réabhlóid na hOcsaigine (nó Olltubaiste na hOcsaigine, nó
Géarchéim na hOcsaigine) breis is dhá mhórmhilliún bliain ó
shin, nuair a d'éirigh an t-atmaisféar chomh saibhir in ocsaigin is
gur thosaigh sé ag marú na neachanna beo a bhí ann san am.
Creidtear gurbh iad na halgaí gormghlasa, na </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Cyanophyta</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
a chuir tús le Réabhlóid na hOcsaigine, nó ba iad ba thúisce a
thosaigh ag táirgeadh ocsaigine ar nós na bplandaí, is é sin, ag
déanamh fótaisintéise. Tar éis an tsaoil bhí an bheatha in ann í
féin a oiriúnú don atmaisféar ocsaiginithe, áfach, agus inniu tá
an ocsaigin riachtanach (seachas nimhiúil) don chuid is mó di.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Chomh
himoibritheach is atá an ocsaigin d'imeodh sí as an atmaisféar go
sciobtha, ach go bé go bhfuil fótaisintéis na bplandaí ag
táirgeadh tuilleadh di. An chuid is mó d'ocsaigin an Domhain tá sí
ceangailte de dhúile eile i gcomhdhúile. Is dócha gurb é an
t-uisce – comhdhúil na hocsaigine is na hidrigine, ocsaíd na
hidrigine – an ceann is iomráití acu seo. Thairis sin áfach tá
ocsaigin le fáil sna sileacáití, is é sin, i gcomhdhúile na
hocsaigine, an tsileacain agus na miotal. Mianraí iad na sileacáití
atá ar fáil sna clocha – is ionann, beagnach, sileacáit agus
cloch, nó is deacair teacht ar chloch nach mbeadh sileacáit de
chineál éigin mar chomhábhar inti. Maidir leis an ngrianchloch, is
comhdhúil ocsaigine agus sileacain í – dé-ocsaíd an tsileacain.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Óganasan
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a 118; is é </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Og
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
tsiombail cheimiceach. Fuair an dúil a hainm ón bhfisiceoir
Rúiseach Yuri Oganessian, agus sin a bhfuil le rá ina leith i
ndáiríribh, nó tá an dúil seo chomh radaighníomhach is nach
féidir taighde a dhéanamh ar a hairíonna ceimiceacha.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Na
hOirínidí: </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Cith
dreigí iad na hOirinidí a bhíos ag teacht as radaí atá suite i
réaltbhuíon an Bhodaigh, agus iad le feiceáil go bliantúil i Mí
Dheireadh Fómhair. Is éard atá ann ná cáithníní beaga oighir a
bhain an Ghrian de Chóiméad Halley fadó, díreach cosúil leis na
hEta-Acuairídí.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
tOllaomthóir </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(Matt
Hussey a cheap an téarma) a thugtar ar aimhrialtacht imtharraingthe
atá suite faoi 150-250 milliún solasbhliain den Ghrianchóras i
dtreo na Rialach agus Thriantán an Deiscirt. Go bunúsach, is éard
atá ann ná rud dofheicthe agus é an-trom. Tá an tOllaomthóir
suite sa ghannchrios, ionas nach dtig linn radharc ceart a fháil
air, agus mar sin is deacair a rá cad é atá ann. Is ionann mais an
Ollaomthóra agus mais na Gréine méadaithe faoi thuairim is deich
gcuaidrilliún (10,000,000,000,000,000), rud is féidir a aithint go
neamhdhíreach ar an dóigh a dtéann a imtharraingt i bhfeidhm ar na
réaltraí.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ór
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a naoi déag is trí scór, agus
is é </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Au
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
giorrúchán a úsáidtear sna foirmlí ceimiceacha. Bhí aithne ag
an gcine daonna ar an dúil seo sa ré réamhstairiúil féin, agus
is miotal lómhar í a ndéantar seodra as. Tá dath buí neamhghnách
ann a dhealaíos ó na miotail eile é. Tá an t-ór as pabhar
insínte, agus é níos troime ná an luaidhe féin. Is féidir
teacht ar an miotal lom sa dúlra, siúd is go mbíonn sé measctha
trí mhiotail lómhara eile, cosúil le copar nó pallaidiam. Bíonn
comhdhúile ceimiceacha óir le fáil sa dúlra chomh maith, ar nós
teallúirídí óir (comhdhúile óir agus teallúiriam).</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ní
furasta ór a ocsaídiú, ach má mheasctar aigéad hidreaclórach
agus aigéad nítreach, gheofar ocsaídeoir láidir ar a dtugtar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>aqua
regia </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
”uisce ríoga”, toisc go bhfuil sé in ann ”rí na miotal”,
is é sin, an t-ór, a ocsaídiú is a chreimeadh. Rachaidh an t-ór
sa tuaslagán mar ian teitreaclóróráite, AuCl</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">4</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">-</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Mar is léir ó fhoirmle an iain seo, is é +3 gnáthstaid
ocsaídiúcháin an óir. Is féidir ór a thuaslagadh i dtuaslagáin
chiainíde, toisc gur dual dó iain choimpléascacha a dhéanamh in
éineacht leis na hiain chiainíde, agus san aigéad seiléineach
H</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">SeO</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">4</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
ar ocsaídeoir láidir é.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Pallas
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an dara mionphláinéad (astaróideach) is mó sa Ghrianchóras,
taobh istigh d'fhithis Úránais ar a laghad. Is í an dara
mionphláinéad is luaithe a d'aithin súil an duine, nó ba é an
réalteolaí Heinrich Olbers a chuir an chéad sonrú inti i dtús na
naoú haoise déag. Dá réir sin, is é ”2 Pallas” an t-ainm
córasach atá uirthi mar mhionphláinéad. Fuair sí a hainm ó
Pallas Athene, an bandia sean-Ghréagach. Tá fithis an-éalárnach
aici: nuair a bhainfeas sí amach a cianphointe ón nGrian, beidh sí
faoi 3.4 aonad réalteolaíoch den réalta, agus nuair a thiocfas sí
go dtína garphointe, ní bheidh ach fad 2.1 aonad réalteolaíoch
idir í agus an Ghrian. (Is ionann aon aonad réalteolaíoch, ar
ndóigh, agus meánfhad an Domhain ón nGrian.)</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Parsoic:
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
an focal féin </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>parsoic
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">bunaithe
ar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>parsec
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
Bhéarla, agus is giorrúchán é a chiallaíos </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>parallax
second</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
is é sin, soicind saobhdhiallais. Aonad faid é arb ionann é, a
bheag nó a mhór, agus 3.26 solasbhliana. Is é is bunús leis an
bparsoic ná: Glacaimis leis go bhfuil réad réalteolaíoch againn
agus é ag dul trasna na spéire. Má chomhfhreagraíonn aon soicind
stua amháin den ghluaiseacht tras-spéire (den tsaobhdhiallas) d'aon
aonad réalteolaíoch amháin d'fhíorghluaiseacht an réid, bainfidh
muid an tátal as go bhfuil an réad sin suite aon pharsoic amháin i
gcéin uainn (le fírinne áfach níl Proxima Centauri féin suite
chomh cóngarach sin). Is ionann an t-aonad réalteolaíocht agus
meánfhad an Domhain ón nGrian, nó timpeall ar céad go leith
milliún ciliméadar.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Pasiphaë:</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
Ceann de shatailítí nádúrtha Iúpatair atá inti. Ba é an
réalteolaí Philibert Jacques Melotte, Sasanach de phór na Beilge,
a rinne a fiannachtain sa bhliain 1908, ach ní bhfuair sí a hainm
roimh an mbliain 1975 – idir an dá linn ba é an t-ainm a bhíodh
uirthi ná Iúpatar a hOcht. Tá sí dhá scór ciliméadar ar
trastomhas, a bheag nó a mhór, agus tá fithis an-neamhrialta,
an-éalárnach aici – tá a garphointe d'Iúpatar suite seacht
milliún déag de chiliméadair ón bplainéad, agus a cianphointe
aon mhilliún déag is fiche uaidh. Fithis chasiompaithe í. Tá
grúpa iomlán satailítí ag Iúpatar ar a dtugtar ”grúpa
Pasiphaë”, toisc go bhfuil siad ag timpeallú an phláinéid ar
fhithisí éalárnacha casiompaithe atá cosúil le fithis Pasiphaë.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Peirséas
–</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
réaltbhuíon is ea Peirséas agus é le feiceáil i leathsféar
thuaidh na spéire, dingthe idir an Sioráf, Caiseoipé, Andraiméide,
an Triantán, an Reithe, an Tarbh, agus an tAra. Mirfak nó Algenib a
thugtar ar an réalta is gile sa réaltbhuíon seo, is é sin Alpha
Persei, ach is dócha gurb é Algol, nó Beta Persei, an ceann is
clúití. Feictear dhá réaltbhraisle oscailte i bPeirséas, mar
atá, NCG869 agus NCG884.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Phéacóg</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
– réaltbhuíon í an Phéacóg agus í suite i leathsféar theas
na spéire, idir an tOchtamhán, Éan Parthais, Triantán an
Deiscirt, an Altóir, an Teileascóp, an tIndiach, agus an Túcán.
Tugtar ”An Phéacóg” ar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Pavonis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
freisin, is é sin, an réalta is gile sa Phéacóg. Tá Alpha
Pavonis suite faoi chéad agus ceithre scór de sholasbhlianta dínn,
agus is déréalta speictreascópach í: tá an dá chomhréalta níos
cóngaraí dá chéile ná an Ghrian agus Mearcair. Is B-réalta í.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Phéist </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an t-aon réaltbhuíon atá scoilte ina dhá limistéar:
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Ceann
na Péiste </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Eireaball
na Péiste</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Tá réaltbhuíon eile, mar atá, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Fear
na bPéisteanna, </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">suite
idir an Ceann agus an tEireaball. Is é Unukalhai nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Serpentis </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
réalta is gile sa Cheann (agus sa réaltbhuíon go léir). </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Cor
Serpentis </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
t-ainm traidisiúnta Laidine ar an réalta seo – Croí na Péiste.
Fathachréalta fhlannbhuí atá ann, agus í aicmithe mar K-réalta,
is é sin beagáinín níos fuaire ná an Ghrian. Réalta í
Unukalhai a bhí ina réalta phríomhsheichimh tráth agus a
chlaochlaigh go fathachréalta nuair a spíon sí a cuid hidrigine,
rud atá i ndán don Ghrian s'againn féin i ndeireadh ama. Tá
Unukalhai suite faoi cheithre solasbhliana déag is trí scór dínn.
Maidir le hEireaball na Péiste, is í </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Eta
Serpentis </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
ceann is gile de na réaltaí ansin, agus is K-réalta fhlannbhuí í,
díreach cosúil le hUnukalhai. Tá Eta Serpentis ina fo-fhathach, nó
fathach beag atá idir eatarthu san fhorbairt i dtreo an fhathaigh.
Meastar go bhfuil an réalta seo suite faoi thrí scór de
sholasbhlianta dínn.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Sa
bhreis ar na réaltaí, tá cuid mhaith réaltnéalta agus réaltraí
le feiceáil sa dhá leath den Phéist. Is iad na réada is
tábhachtaí den chineál seo sa Cheann ná M5, nó Messier 5; L134
agus L183, ar néalta dorcha iad; agus an réaltra aisteach ar a
dtugtar Réad Hoag (tá a lán réaltraí eile sa réaltbhuíon seo
chomh maith, ach is é Réad Hoag an ceann is aistí). Ba é an
réalteolaí Meiriceánach Arthur Allen Hoag a chuir sonrú sa
réaltra seo sa bhliain 1950. Réaltra fáinneach é Réad Hoag, is é
sin, tá an croí ann, agus fáinne réaltaí ina thimpeall, ach ní
aithnítear a dhath sa dorchadas idir an dá rud, cé go bhfuil sé
incheaptha go bhfuil réaltbhraislí ansin nach bhfuil sách geal le
bheith infheicthe againne. Maidir le hEireaball na Péiste, tá sé
an-saibhir i réaltbhraislí agus réaltnéalta atá suite taobh
istigh dár réaltra féin, cosúil le M16 nó Messier 16 – Néal
an Iolair. Níl an réaltnéal seo rógheal ann féin, ach tá sórt
clú air: sa bhliain 1995 chuaigh grianghraf de chuid de Néal an
Iolair ar fud na meán a chuir draíocht ar na daoine, ó bhí trí
cholún cuidsúlacha gáis le feiceáil ann, agus réaltaí nua á
bhfoirmiú iontu. Is gnách ”Colúin an Chruthaithe” a thabhairt
ar an réigiún sin den néal inniu.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Phéist Bheag </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an réaltbhuíon atá suite idir an Colgán, an Abhainn,
an Clog, an Tábla, an tOchtamhán, an Féinics, an Líontán, agus
an Túcán. Níl sí leath chomh feiceálach leis an bPéist Uisce –
le fírinne is réaltbhuíon réasúnta fann í. Is í </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Beta
Hydri </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
réalta is gile sa Phéist Bheag; G-réalta í atá díreach ag
forbairt ó réalta phríomhsheichimh go fathachréalta, agus í ar
aon mhais, a bheag nó a mhór, leis an nGrian. Mar sin, cuireann na
réalteolaithe suim ar leith inti, ós eochair í dá bhfuil i ndán
don Ghrian s'againn sa deireadh. Tá Beta Hydri suite faoi cheithre
solasbhliana is fiche dínn.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Phéist Uisce </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an réaltbhuíon is mó sa spéir. Tá an Phéist Uisce ag
críochantacht leis an Aerchaidéal, an Portán, an Madra Beag, an
Ceinteár, an Préachán, an Cupán, an Leon, an Mheá, an Faolchú,
an tAonbheannach, Deireadh na Loinge, Compás an Mhairnéalaigh, an
Seiseamhán, agus an Mhaighdin. Is é Alphard, nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Hydrae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
an réalta is gile sa réaltbhuíon: fathachréalta fhlannbhuí
K-aicme atá ann. Tá Alphard suite faoi chéad is ceithre scór
solasbhliain dínn, a bheag nó a mhór. Déréalta í </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Beta
Hydrae </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
suite breis is trí chéad go leith de sholasbhlianta uainn;
fathachréalta the bhánghorm B-aicme é an ceann is gile den bheirt
sa déréalta. Maidir le </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gamma
Hydrae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
is fathachréalta bhuí í, is é sin, tá sí sách cosúil leis an
nGrian s'againn ó thaobh an speictrim de: G-réaltaí iad an bheirt
acu. Tá Gamma Hydrae suite faoi chorradh is céad deich solasbhliana
is fiche dínn. Tá sí trí oiread chomh trom leis an nGrian, ach
san am chéanna tá sí breis is céad oiread níos lonrúla.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
Alphard agus Gamma Hydrae le feiceáil i mbratach na Brasaíle, mar
chuid de spéir na réaltaí os cionn Rio de Janeiro. Seasann Alphard
do stát Mato Grosso do Sul, agus siombalaíonn Gamma Hydrae stát
Acre.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
trí réad sa Phéist Uisce a luaitear i gCatalóg Messier, mar atá,
M83, nó Réaltra Muilinn an Tuaiscirt; M68, ar réaltbhraisle
chruinneogach é; agus M48, ar réaltbhraisle oscailte é. Thairis
sin, is fiú an réaltnéal pláinéadach úd NCG 3242 a lua –
tugtar ”taibhse Iúpatair” air, toisc gurb éasca é a thógáil
in ainriocht Iúpatair chomh cosúil leis is atá sé.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Phekda
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Phecda
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Phad
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gamma
Ursae Majoris </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an réalta thíos ar chlé i ”mbocsa” an Chamchéachta,
taobh thíos de Megrez, ar chlé ó Merak. Tá Phekda suite timpeall
ar thrí solasbhliana is ceithre scór uainn. Is A-réalta í, is é
sin, réalta the bhán, cosúil le Deneb, Vega agus Fomalhaut. Réalta
phríomsheichimh í, agus í trí oiread chomh trom leis an nGrian.
Is féidir a aithint ar a speictream go bhfuil scamall gáis timpeall
ar an réalta seo, nó cuireann an gás línte astúcháin leis an
speictream. Ceann de na réaltaí i nGrúpa Gluaisteach an Bhéir
Mhóir í.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Phléadach </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>An
Streoillín </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>An
Croimfhleiscín </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>An
tÉillín </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>An
Scuaidrín </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Na
Cearrbhaigh –</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
”an paca cártaí a chaith an Cearrbhach Mac Cába uaidh nuair a
bhain sé amach na Flaithis” – a thugtar ar réaltbhraisle uimhir
a cúig is dhá scór i gCatalóg Messier – M45. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Seven
Sisters </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
chloisfeá i mBéarla ar an bPléadach – tagairt é sin do
sheachtar iníonacha Atlas agus Pleione i miotaseolaíocht na
sean-Ghréige. Tá an Phléadach suite i réaltbhuíon an Tairbh,
agus is iad ainmneacha na ”ndeirfiúracha” ná Alcyone, Asterope
(Sterope), Celaeno, Electra, Maia, Merope, agus Taygeta. Tá beirt
eile de na réaltaí sa bhraisle ainmnithe as tuismitheoirí na
ndeirfiúracha, Atlas agus Pleione. B-réaltaí iad na deirfiúracha
agus na tuismitheoirí araon, is é sin is réaltaí teo bánghorma
iad. Tá na réaltaí seo suite tuairim is ceithre chéad go leith de
sholasbhlianta uainn, agus iad díreach ag dul trí scamall dusta a
chuireas luan le loinnir na réaltaí.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tugann
na Seapánaigh </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Subaru
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ar
an bPléadach, agus déanamh gluaisteáin ainmnithe acu as an
réaltbhraisle seo. Na </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Maori
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">sa
Nua-Shéalainn, arís, is é an t-ainm a bhí acusan ar an bPléadach
ná </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Makali'i</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Bhí tábhacht spioradálta ag baint le Makali'i i gcultúr
traidisiúnta na </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Maori</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
bunadh dúchasach na Nua-Shéalainne, nó ba é éirí na Pléadaí
go gairid i ndiaidh luí na gréine ba chomhartha do </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Makahiki.
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
éard a bhí i gceist le </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Makahiki
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ná
tréimhse bhliantúil síochána in ómós do dhia an fhómhair is na
méithe i seanchreideamh na </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Maori</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Príomhsheicheamh
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an gcrios i léaráid Hertzsprung-Russell ina bhfuil an
chuid is mó de na réaltaí. D'fhéadfá a rá gurb iad na
gnáthréaltaí iad. Réaltaí phríomhsheichimh iad an Ghrian,
Sirius, Spica, Alphecca, agus Vega, mar shampla. Is gnách a rá gurb
ionann abhacréalta agus réalta phríomhsheichimh, ach ní mór
cuimhne a choinneáil air nach réaltaí príomhsheichimh iad na
habhacréaltaí bána.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
gach réalta phríomhsheichimh ar <i>mheá hidreastatach</i>. Is é
sin, tá ábhar na réalta chomh te is go bhfuil sé ar tí pléascadh
(”brú teirmeach”, is é sin brú teasa, a thugtar air seo), ach
san am chéanna tá sé chomh trom is go bhfuil sé ar tí crupadh
chuige, nó ”imphléascadh” a dhéanamh, agus an dá fhórsa seo
– an brú teirmeach agus an imtharraingt – neodraithe ag a
chéile. Sin é an rud a dtugtar meá hidreastatach (nó
cothromaíocht hidreastatach) air.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
”imoibreoir núicléach” na réalta príomhsheichimh suite ina
croílár, agus is ansin a chomhleáitear na núicléis hidrigine go
núicléis héiliam. Taobh amuigh den imoibreoir atá an crios
radaíochta, áit a bhfuil an fuinneamh á scaipeadh mar radaíocht,
agus taobh amuigh den chrios sin atá an crios comhiompair.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Prótachtainiam</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a haon déag is ceithre scór,
is é sin, an dúil atá suite idir an tóiriam agus an t-úráiniam
i dtábla peiriadach na ndúl. Cosúil leis na hachtainídí go léir
is dúil radaighníomhach é, i bhfad níos radaighníomhaí ná na
comharsana, nó níl an t-iseatóp is cobhsaí dá bhfuil aige
(prótachtainiam dhá chéad a trí déag is fiche) ach dhá mhíle
déag is fiche, sé bliana déag is trí scór ar leathré. Shílfeá
gur tréimhse sách fada é an méid sin féin, ach is é is
impleacht dó go bhfuil an prótachtainiam i bhfad níos dainséaraí
le láimhseáil ná an tóiriam nó an t-úráiniam nádúrtha.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
ceithre staid ocsaídiúcháin ag an bprótachtainiam, mar atá, +4
agus +5, arb iad na staideanna ocsaídiúcháin is coitianta aige
iad, agus +2 agus +3. Ní féidir mórán úsáide a bhaint as an
dúil ná as na comhdhúile, áfach, chomh dainséarach is atá siad
de dheasca na radaighníomhaíochta. Scéal eile áfach go gcuireann
na geolaithe suim sna hiarsmaí prótachtainiam a dtagann siad trasna
orthu sna mianraí, lena aithint cé chomh fada is atá próisis
áirithe gheolaíocha ag teacht i gcrann.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ba
iad Kazimierz Fajans agus Oswald Helmuth Göhring ba thúisce a
d'aithin an prótachtainiam, agus is é an t-ainm a bhaist siad air
ná ”bréiviam”, nó ba é an t-iseatóp a bhí i gceist acu ná
prótachtainiam dhá chéad a ceathrar déag is fiche, nach bhfuil
oiread is seacht n-uaire an chloig ar leathré – </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>brevis
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
focal Laidine a chiallaíos ”gearrshaolach”. Ina dhiaidh sin,
áfach, tháinig na fisiceoirí cáiliúla úd ón nGearmáin, Otto
Hahn agus Lise Meitner, trasna ar iseatóp nach raibh chomh
gearrshaolach sin, agus mar sin ní bhfuarthas an t-ainm sin
”bréiviam” oiriúnach don dúil nua seo a thuilleadh.
”Próta-achtainiam” nó ”réamhachtainiam” a baisteadh ar an
dúil ina dhiaidh sin, toisc go dtagann sé roimh an achtainiam i
meathshlabhra an úráiniam. Sa bhliain 1949, rinne Aontas
Idirnáisiúnta na gCeimiceoirí (IUPAC) ”prótachtainiam” den
ainm sin, le súil is go mbeadh sé níos fusa le fuaimniú.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Radaí</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
– is é an radaí an pointe spéire a bhfuil dreigechith (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">mar
shampla</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
ag teacht as, mar a fheictear dúinne.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Réalta
Barnard </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
ceathrú réalta is cóngaraí dúinn, agus í suite faoi shé
solasbhliana dínn. Feictear i réaltbhuíon Fhear na bPéisteanna í
– is é sin má fheictear, nó is réalta bheag dhearg fhann í.
Scéal eile é gur foinse láidir solais infridheirg í. Sáraíonn
sí réaltaí eile na spéire ar dhualghluaisne, áfach. Tá an
réalta ainmnithe as an bhfear a d'aithin í roimh aon duine eile,
mar atá, Edward Emerson Barnard, réalteolaí Meiriceánach a rinne
cuid mhaith breathnuithe tábhachtacha lena linn: eisean a chuir an
chéad sonrú in Amalthea, gealach bheag de chuid Iúpatair, mar
shampla.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Réalta
Kapteyn </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
gnáthainm ar an dara réalta is mó dualghluisne atá le feiceáil
ar an spéir. Tá sí sách cóngarach dúinn, is é sin tá sí
suite faoi thrí solasbhliana déag dinn, agus is abhacréalta dhearg
fhannlag í nach féidir a aithint gan déshúiligh nó teileascóp.
Tá sí suite i réaltbhuíon an Phéintéara, agus ba é an
réalteolaí Ollannach Jacobus Kapteyn a chuir an chéad sonrú inti
sa bhliain 1898.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Réalta
Teegarden </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar abhacréalta dhearg ar tháinig Bonnard Teegarden agus a
fhoireann taighde uirthi sa bhliain 2003 nuair a bhí siad ag scagadh
eolais faoi astaróidigh a bailíodh na blianta roimhe sin. Cosúil
le Réalta Barnard agus Réalta Kapteyn, tá Réalta Teegarden suite
cóngarach dúinn (dhá sholasbhliain déag) agus is í an
dualghluaisne an ghné is suntasaí di. Maidir leis an aicmiú, is
M-réalta í cosúil leis an mbeirt eile. Tá Réalta Teegarden suite
i réaltbhuíon an Reithe.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Réaltra
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar chóras réaltaí atá á choinneáil le chéile ag an
imtharraingt. Is é Bealach na Bó Finne an réaltra ina bhfuil cónaí
orainn féin. Glactar leis go bhfuil dúpholl i gcroí ár réaltra
agus a lán réaltraí eile; Sagittarius A* a thugtar ar an dúpholl
s'againne. Is gnách na réaltraí a aicmiú de réir an déanamh atá
orthu: aithnítear réaltraí bíseacha, réaltraí éilipseacha agus
réaltraí neamhrialta. Cuid de na réaltraí bíseacha is féidir
cineál barra a fheiceáil timpeall an chroí iontu – réaltraí
bíseacha barracha iad mar sin.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Réaltra
an Ghuairneáin</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
– is é seo leasainm an réaltra arb é réad uimhir a 51 i
gcatalóg Messier, nó M51. Le fírinne dhá réaltra atá i gceist
leis, mar atá, Réaltra an Ghuairneáin sa chiall chúng (M51a) agus
réaltra beag atá suite in aice leis, M51b. Glactar leis go bhfuil
Réaltra an Ghuairneáin suite fiche-tríocha milliún solasbhliain
uainn, ach bíonn na meastacháin an-éagsúil le chéile dháiríre.
Tá an réaltra seo suite i réaltbhuíon na Madraí Fiaigh, agus is
féidir é a aithint sna déshúiligh féin gan trácht ar
theileascóp. Réaltra bíseach é Réaltra an Ghuairneáin agus is
féidir a chuid géag a aithint go soiléir – deirtear gur réaltra
”dea-dheartha” atá ann. An réaltra beag úd M51b, áfach, is
abhacréaltra é, agus níl se in aon neasacht do bheith chomh
cuidsúlach leis an nGuairneán. Réaltraí idirghníomhacha iad an
dá cheann seo, is é sin, tá siad ag aomadh a chéile agus ag
tarraingt dusta agus gáis as a chéile. D'fhéadfá a rá go bhfuil
an dá réaltra nasctha dá chéile le cineál droichead gáis agus
dusta mar sin, agus dealraíonn sé go bhfuil réaltaí nua ag teacht
chun saoil sa droichead seo. Díol spéise agus ábhar taighde do na
réalteolaithe é sin, nó is gnách nach taobh amuigh den réaltra a
fhoirmítear na réaltaí, ach taobh istigh de.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Réaltra
an tSoimbréaró</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
– leasainm an réaltra arb é réad uimhir a 104 i gcatalóg
Messier (M104) é. Réaltra bíseach neamhbharrach atá ann agus é
le feiceáil i réaltbhuíon na Maighdine. Is féidir an ”hata
Meicsiceánach” seo a aithint le teileascóp den chineál a
úsáideas na réalteolaithe amaitéaracha. Tá sé suite faoi ocht
milliún fichead de sholasbhlianta dínn, ach tá sé as pabhar geal
i gcomparáid leis an gcuid is mó de na réaltraí atá chomh
cianmhar sin uainn.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Rigel</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Beta
Orionis </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon an Bhodaigh. Córas trí
réalta atá ann le fírinne. Ollfhathach í an phríomhréalta,
Rigel A, agus is réaltaí príomhsheichimh iad an dá cheann eile
nach bhfuil mórán níos mó ná an Ghrian. Tá Rigel le feiceáil
ón gcuid is mó d'fharraigí an Domhain – réalta thábhachtach
eolais a bhí inti riamh do na mairnéalaigh mar sin. Réalta
athraitheach í Rigel, agus í ag lonrú suas nó ag tréigean go
neamh-thráthrialta. Tá Rigel fiche oiread chomh trom leis an
nGrian, agus tuairim is ceithre scór oiread chomh mór, de réir an
trastomhais. Ó thaobh an lonrachais de, áfach, bheadh céad agus
fiche míle Grian de dhíth le Rigel a shárú. Réalta bhánghorm
den aicme speictreach B atá inti.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ainm
Araibise é ”Rigel” ó thús, agus is é is brí leis ná ”cos”
– cos an Bhodaigh, más maith leat. Tá Rigel suite faoi thuairim
is naoi gcéad solasbhliain dínn.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Rointginiam
</b><span style="font-weight: normal;">atá ar dhúil uimhir a 111,
agus is é </span><b>Rg </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
tsiombail cheimiceach. Tugann an t-ainm aitheantas don fhisiceoir
Ghearmánach Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, a rinne fionnachtain na
n-x-ghathanna </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">(”radaíocht
Röntgen” mar a thugtar orthu ina lán teangacha). </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Maidir
leis na saintréithe ceimiceacha, tá an rointginiam in aon ghrúpa
leis na miotail lómhara, is é sin, an copar, an t-airgead geal agus
an t-ór, agus is féidir a thuairimiú gur miotal lómhar é féin.
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">N</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">íl
ann ach t</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">eoiriceoireacht</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
dáiríribh, ós rud é gur </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">dúil</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
éagobhsaí é an rointginiam a dtagann meath radaighníomhach go
tiubh teirimeach </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">uirthi</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is é rointginiam a 282 an
t-iseatóp is cobhsaí: </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">níl
sé féin</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ach céad soicind
ar leathré.</span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Rutarfoirdiam
</b><span style="font-weight: normal;">a thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach
uimhir a 104, agus is é </span><b>Rf </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
giorrúchán a shiombalaíos an dúil. Bhí ainm na dúile seo ina
chnámh spairne idir an tAontas Sóivéadach agus na Stáit Aontaithe
i ré an Chogaidh Fhuair, agus na Sóivéadaigh ag tabhairt
</span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">cuirtseatóiviam </span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Ku)
uirthi, in ómós d'Igor Kurchatov, a bhí </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i
gceannas ar thaighde núicléach an Aontais Shóivéadaigh go lá a
bháis sa bhliain 1960. Maidir leis an ainm atá ar an dúil inniu,
tagraíonn sé d'Ernest Rutherford, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fisiceoir
Sasanach a bhí ina cheannródaí san fhisic adamhach. </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Níl
mórán eile le rá faoin rutarfoirdiam, nó cosúil leis an gcuid is
mó de na dúile trasúránacha is dúil </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">shaorga
</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">radaighníomhach
é </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
dtagann meath uirthi go sciobtha.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Sciath</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Sciath
Sobieski </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Scutum
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Scutum
Sobiescianum </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(Polainnis:
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Tarcza
Sobieskiego</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
a thugtar ar an réaltbhuíon bheag idir an tIolar, Fear na
bPéisteanna, an Phéist agus an Saighdeoir. Ba é an réalteolaí
Polannach Eoin Hevelius (Polainnis: </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Jan
Heweliusz</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
a shocraigh teorainneacha na Scéithe, agus is é an t-ainm a bhaist
sé ar an réaltbhuíon seo ná Sciath Sobieski, le Rí na Polainne
Jan (Eoin) Sobieski a onórú. Bhí Sobieski díreach tar éis bua a
bhreith i gCath Vín, 1683.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Níl
mórán cuid súl sa Sciath dáiríre, nó níl réaltaí rógheala
inti ar aon nós. I gceann cúpla milliún bliain beidh a mhalairt
fíor, áfach, nó tá ceann de réaltaí na Scéithe, Delta Scuti,
ag druidim isteach linn go tiubh, agus is fathachréalta ghorm í.
Nuair a bheas sí chomh cóngarach dúinn agus a bheas (timpeall ar
dheich solasbhliana), beidh sí níos gile ná Sirius féin, dar leis
na réalteolaithe. I láthair na huaire, tá Delta Scuti faoi dhá
chéad solasbhliain dinn.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Seaboirgiam
</b><span style="font-weight: normal;">a thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach
uimhir a 106, agus is é </span><b>Sg </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
giorrúchán. Fuair an dúil a hainm ón bhfisiceoir Meiriceánach
Glenn Seaborg. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is beag eile
is féidir a rá i leith an tseaboirgiam, nó is dúil shaorga é atá
chomh radaighníomhach is nach dtig mórán taighde a dhéanamh ar a
saintréithe ceimiceacha, </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">chomh
gearrshaolach is atá na hiseatóip is cobhsaí féin.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Siorcóiniam
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir 40, agus is é </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Zr
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
giorrúchán a shiombalaíos siorcóiniam i bhfoirmlí ceimiceacha.
Miotal é an siorcóiniam agus é in aon ghrúpa amháin leis an
itriam agus leis an niaibiam. Sileacáit siorcóiniam é an siorcón,
an mianra arb é an fhoinse is tábhachtaí siorcóiniam é. Is iad
an Astráil agus an Afraic Theas an dá stát is mó mianadóireachta
siorcóiniam.</span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Miotal
insínte liathbhán é an glansiorcóiniam. Is féidir púdar
siorcóiniam a chur trí thine, ach tá na cnapáin mhóra miotail
sách díonta ar ocsaídiú. Tá leáphointe an tsiorcóiniam
réasúnta ard, is é sin, míle ocht gcéad cúig chéim déag is
dhá scór de réir Celsius.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
iad an dé-ocsaíd (ZrO</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">),
nó an tsiorcóinia, agus an tsileacáit, nó an siorcón (ZrSiO</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">4</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">),
an dá chomhdhúil is tábhachtaí. +4 an staid ocsaídiúcháin atá
ag an dúil sna comhdhúile seo, mar is gnách di. Baintear úsáid
as an tsiorcóinia i ndéantús gléasra saotharlainne, agus gearrtar
siorcón go seoidchlocha. Maidir leis an miotal féin, is minic a
chuirtear le miotail eile é (cóimhiotalú) le hiad a dhéanamh níos
díonta ar an teas agus ar an ocsaídiú.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
ceithre iseatóp nádúrtha ag an siorcóiniam, mar atá, siorcóiniam
a deich is ceithre scór (51.45 % de shiorcóiniam an dúlra),
siorcóiniam a haon déag is ceithre scór (11.22 %), siorcóiniam a
dó déag is ceithre scór (17.15 %), siorcóiniam a ceithre déag is
ceithre scór (17.38 %) agus siorcóiniam a sé déag is ceithre scór
(2.8 %). Iseatóp radaighníomhach é an ceann deireanach acu, ach ós
rud é go bhfuil leathré an iseatóip sin níos faide ná aois na
hollchruinne, níl cúis imní sa radaighníomhaíocht sin. Is féidir
iarsmaí d'iseatóp radaighníomhach eile a aithint sa siorcóiniam
nádúrtha, is é sin siorcóiniam a trí déag is ceithre scór,
nach bhfuil ach milliún go leith de bhlianta ar leathré. Pé scéal
é tá an siorcóiniam 91.224 aonad ar mheáchan adamach.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sirius</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is é Sirius nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Sotis
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Sopdet
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Canis Majoris </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Réalta
an Mhadra </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon an Mhadra Mhóir. Tá sé ar an
réalta is gile dá bhfuil le feiceáil ar spéir oíche ár
bpláinéid féin, amach ón nGrian ar ndóigh. Le fírinne is
déréalta é: is é Sirius A príomhréalta an chórais, agus is
réalta bhán den A-aicme é. Ní fathachréalta atá ann ach réalta
phríomhsheichimh, agus í suite sách cóngarach dúinn, is é sin,
ocht solasbhliana go leith. Tá Sirius A dhá oiread chomh trom leis
an nGrian s'againn, ach tá sé breis is fiche oiread níos lonrúla.
Réalta an-te é agus é ag spíonadh a chuid hidrigine i bhfad níos
gasta ná an Ghrian s'againn.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Maidir
le compánach Sirius, nó Sirius B, níl ann ach abhacréalta bhán:
tá sé ar aon mhais leis an nGrian, a bheag nó a mhór, agus é ar
aon mhéid leis an Domhan. Mar is dual do na habhacréaltaí bána is
réalta an-dlúth é, agus é tar éis a chuid hidrigine a spíonadh,
ionas nach bhfuil sé ag táirgeadh teasa a thuilleadh.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Deir
téacsanna seanársa réalteolaíochta gur réalta dhearg é Sirius,
rud a tharraingíos cuid mhaith diospóireachta inniu féin. Míniú
amháin é go raibh Sirius B ina fhathachréalta dhearg cúpla míle
bliain ó shin, ach is é an bharúil atá ag an gcuid is mó de na
réalteolaithe nach bhfuil sé incheaptha, nó bíonn forbairt na
réaltaí i bhfad níos maille ná sin ag teacht i gcrann. Mar sin,
ní féidir an rúndiamhair seo a mhíniú go sásúil i láthair na
huaire.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
Sirius le feiceáil ar bhratach na Brasaíle, agus é ag seasamh do
stát Mato Grosso in iarthar na tíre.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sóidiam</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is é an sóidiam an dara ceann is éadroime de na miotail
alcaileacha. Is é dúil cheimiceach uimhir a haon déag é, agus is
í an tsiombail a sheasas dó sna foirmlí ceimiceacha ná </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Na
–</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Natrium
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
t-ainm Gearmáinise a úsáidtear ina lán teangacha eile fosta.
Cosúil leis na miotail alcaileacha go léir tá an sóidiam
an-araiciseach chun imoibriúcháin le comhdhúile a dhéanamh le
dúile eile, agus mar sin má aonraítear mar dhúil é, imoibreoidh
sé go fíochmhar le huisce, abair, nó leis an aer féin le
comhdhúile nua a chruthú.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
é an gnáthshalann nó clóiríd an tsóidiam NaCl an chomhdhúil is
coitianta dá bhfuil aige, agus is é +</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">1</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an t-aon staid ocsaídiúcháin atá aige – tá aon leictreon
amháin ar an leictreonsceall is faide amuigh aige, agus é fonnmhar
an leictreon seo a thabhairt ar iasacht uaidh le hian sóidiam Na</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">+</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a dhéanamh. Comhdhúile tábhachtacha eile iad an tsóid aráin
(décharbónáit nó hiodracarbónáit an tsóidiam NaHCO</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
agus an tsóid níocháin (carbónáit an tsóidiam Na</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">CO</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Má
chuirtear cnapán sóidiam in uisce, beidh imoibriú fíochmhar ann,
agus an sóidiam ag cur na ruaige ar hidrigin an uisce le ”sóid
loiscneach”, is é sin </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>hiodrocsaíd
sóidiam</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
NaOH, a dhéanamh. Bun láidir (is é sin substaint bhunata nó
alcaileach) í hiodrocsaíd an tsóidiam, agus é sothuaslagtha san
uisce.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
féidir sóidiam a aithint ar an dath láidir buí a chuireas an
t-ian sóidiam in aon lasair. Seo an ”D-líne” ar chuir an
fisiceoir ceannródaíoch Joseph von Fraunhofer sonrú inti lena lá,
agus tá an solas buí seo 589 nanaiméadar ar tonnfhad.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Spica</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is í Spica nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Virginis </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon na Maighdine. Déréalta í, agus is
fathachréalta bhánghorm den B-aicme í an phríomhréalta. Tá an
dá leathréalta chomh cóngarach dá chéile, áfach, nach féidir
iad a aithint thar a chéile ach ar a speictream (is é sin, déréalta
speictreascópach í Spica). Tá Spica suite faoi dhá chéad is
caoga solasbhliain dínn, a bheag nó a mhór.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sraith
Balmer</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is í sraith Balmer an tsraith línte i speictream na hidrigine a
sheasas do léimeanna an leictreoin idir an dara leictreonsceall is
laige fuinneamh agus na cinn os a chionn. Tá ceithre líne acu suite
i mban</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">d</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
an tsolais infheicthe, agus an chuid eile sa bhan</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">d</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
ultraivialait. Fuair an tsraith a hainm ón bhfisiceoir Eilvéiseach
Johann Balmer a d'aithin an dóigh a raibh tonnfhaid na línte ag
brath ar a chéile agus a d'oibrigh amach foirmle mhatamaiticiúil a
cheadaigh do na fisiceoirí coibhneas na dtonnfhad a chomhaireamh. Ní
ba dhéanaí ghinearálaigh an Sualannach Johannes Rydberg cothromóid
Balmer go cothromóid Rydberg a chuir ar a gcumas tonnfhaid agus
minicíochtaí na sraitheanna eile a áireamh.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sraith
Brackett</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is í sraith Brackett an tsraith línte i speictream na hidrigine a
sheasas do léimeanna an leictreoin idir an ceathrú leictreonsceall
is laige fuinneamh agus na leibhéil fhuinnimh os a chionn. Fuair an
tsraith a hainm ón bhfisiceoir Meiriceánach Frederick Sumner
Brackett </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(1896-1988)
a </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">d'</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">aithin
an tsraith seo sa bhliain 1922.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sraith
Humphreys</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is í sraith Humphreys an tsraith línte i speictream na hidrigine a
sheasas do léimeanna an leictreoin idir an séú leictreonsceall is
laige fuinneamh agus na leibhéil os a chionn. Fuair an tsraith a
hainm ón bhfisiceoir Meiriceánach Curtis Humphreys </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(1898-1986)
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
rinne a fionnachtain</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sraith
Lyman</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is í sraith Lyman an tsraith línte i speictream na hidrigine a
sheasas do léimeanna an leictreoin idir an leictreonsceall is laige
fuinneamh agus na cinn os a chionn. Tá línte speictreacha na
sraithe seo suite sa bhan</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">d</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
ultraivialait, is é sin, níl siad infheicthe. Fuair an tsraith a
hainm ón bhfisiceoir Meiriceánach Theodore Lyman.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sraith
Paschen</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is í sraith Paschen an tsraith línte i speictream na hidrigine a
sheasas do léimeanna an leictreoin idir an tríú leictreonsceall is
laige fuinneamh agus na leibhéil os a chionn. Tá línte
speictreacha na sraithe seo suite sa bhan</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">d</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
infridhearg, is é sin, tá a dtonnfhad níos mó ná tonnfhad an
tsolais infheicthe, agus dá réir sin, tá a minicíocht níos ísle.
Fuair an tsraith a hainm ón bhfisiceoir Gearmánach Friedrich
Paschen.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sraith
Pfund</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is í sraith Pfund an tsraith línte i speictream na hidrigine a
sheasas do léimeanna an leictreoin idir an cúigiú leictreonsceall
is laige fuinneamh agus na leibhéil os a chionn. Fuair an tsraith a
hainm ón bhfisiceoir Meiriceánach August Herman Pfund.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Teicnéitiam
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a 43 i dTábla Peiriadach na nDúl, agus
is é an giorrúchán a sheasas dó sna foirmlí ceimiceacha ná </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Tc</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Is miotal trasdultach é, agus é in aon ghrúpa leis an mangainéis
agus an réiniam. Thar aon rud eile, áfach, is é an teicnéitiam an
dúil is éadroime acu siúd nach bhfuil ach iseatóip
radaighníomhacha acu. Is é an t-iseatóp is cobhsaí dá bhfuil
aige ná teicnéitiam a naoi ndéag is ceithre scór (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">99</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tc),
agus é 211,000 bliain ar leathré.</span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ba
é an fisiceoir Iodálach Emilio Segrè a d'aithin an teicnéitiam an
chéad uair riamh, cé go raibh torthaí bréagdheimhneacha tugtha
roimhe sin ag eolaithe a shíl go raibh dúil a 43 fionnta acu. Ar
cuairt sna Stáit Aontaithe dó chuir Segrè suim sa chioglatrón
(luasaire cáithníní) i Saotharlann Berkeley, agus thug Ernest
Lawrence, an fear a chéadcheap an gléas, scragall úsáidte ón
gcioglatrón dó, le go bhféadfadh sé taighde a dhéanamh ar na
núiclídí radaighníomhacha a d'fhág an úsáid sa scragall. Bhí
an scragall déanta as molaibdéineam, dúil uimhir a 42, agus
teoiric ag Segrè gur iseatóp de chuid dhúil a 43 a bhí ar fáil
sa scragall. Le cuidiú óna chara Carlo Perrier, a bhí ina
m</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">h</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ianreolaí,
chruthaigh sé gurbh amhlaidh.</span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bhí
Segrè ag obair in Ollscoil Palermo, agus d'iarr lucht rialtais </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
bhardais</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
go mbaistfeadh sé </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>panóirmiam</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ar an dúil nua, ainm a bhí bunaithe ar an leagan Laidine d'ainm na
cathrach, Panormus. Sa bhliain 1947, aon bhliain déag i ndiaidh do
Segrè an fhionnachtain a dhéanamh, bhaist eagraíocht idirnáisiúnta
na gceimiceoirí </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>teicnéitiam
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ar
an dúil, ós rud é gur dúil shaorga (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>tekhnetos</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
focal </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Sean-Ghréigis</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">e
a chiallaíos ”saorga, daondéanta”</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
í nach bhfuil ar fáil sa dúlra </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">go
nádúrtha</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
– tá gaol ag an ainm le </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>teicneolaíocht</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
ar ndóigh.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Miotal
trom é an teicnéitiam a gcuirfeadh a chosúlacht platanam i
gcuimhne duit. Is iad na staideanna ocsaídiúcháin is coitianta a
bhíos aige ina chuid comhdhúl ná +4, +5, agus +7. Tagann smúid
ocsaíde ar an teicnéitiam le taise an aeir, agus is féidir an
miotal a chur trí thine in atmaisféar glanocsaigine.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Teinisín
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a 117, agus is é an giorrúchán
a sheasas don teinisín ná </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ts</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Fuair an dúil a hainm ó stát Tennessee sna Stáit Aontaithe. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dúil
throm thrasúránach </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">é</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an teinisín agus </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">é</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
chomh radaighníomhach is nach bhfuil na heolaithe ábalta mórán
taighde a dhéanamh ar a s</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aintréithe
ceimiceacha.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Triantán
an Gheimhridh:</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
Is é Triantán an Gheimhridh astaireacht na réaltaí úd Sirius,
Betelgeuse, agus Procyon – na réaltaí is gile i réaltbhuíonta
an Mhadra Mhóir, an Bhodaigh, agus an Mhadra Bhig.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Triantán
an tSamhraidh </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar Altair, Vega, agus Deneb in éineacht – na réaltaí is
gile i réaltbhuíonta an Iolair, na Líre, agus na hEala.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Úfó
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
giorrúchán Béarla a chiallaíos ”réad eitilte gan aithint”.
Is minic a shíltear gurb ionann úfó agus spásbhád
eachtardhomhanda, ach ní mar sin atá: dá n-aithneofaí mar
spáslong de chuid na bhfear beag uaine é, ní bheadh sé ina úfó
(is é sin, gan aithint) a thuilleadh!</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Cé
go mbítear ag cur sonrú i rudaí aisteacha thuas san aer ó tháinig
an cine daonna chun saoil, ní dhearnadh coincheap ar leith den úfó
ach i ndiaidh an Dara Cogadh Domhanda. Sa bhliain 1947 chonaic an
t-eitleoir amaitéarach Meiriceánach Kenneth Arnold dioscaí
aisteacha ina thimpeall agus é díreach ag eitilt thart le Sliabh
Rainier (nó Sliabh Tacoma), an sliabh is airde sna Sléibhte
Cascáideacha i Stát Washington, Iarthuaisceart na Stát Aontaithe.
Is minic a chreidtear gurbh é Arnold a bhaist ainm an ”tsásair
eitilte” ar na dioscaí seo, ach is deacair a rá an mar sin a bhí
– is féidir gurbh iad na nuachtáin a bhain an chéad úsáid as
an téarma sin </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>flying
saucer</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Níorbh
é Arnold an t-aon duine a thug tuairisc ar an gcineál seo
breathnuithe san am, agus ghlac Aerfhórsa na Stát Aontaithe imní:
an raibh sibhialtaigh tar éis sonrú a chur in aerárthaí rúnda de
chuid an Aerfhórsa féin, nó an raibh gléasra spiaireachta de
chuid na Sóivéadach i gceist? Nó an ea nach raibh ann tar éis an
tsaoil ach iomrall súl? Chuir an tAerfhórsa tús le </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Project
Sign</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
tionscadal taighde a bhí dírithe ar a fháil amach cad é ba chúis
leis na sásair eitilte. Dealraíonn sé gur rith an míniú
”eachtardhomhanda” le daoine acu siúd a raibh baint acu leis an
tionscadal seo, cé go raibh a lán d'oifigigh an Aerfhórsa barúlach
gurbh ón Aontas Sóivéadach a tháinig na sásair, agus córas
tiomána acu nach raibh ar eolas ag innealtóirí na Stát Aontaithe.
Iad siúd a chreid sa teoiric Shóivéadach, bhí siad ag déanamh
gur cineál cogaíocht shíceolaíoch a bhí idir lámhaibh ag na
Rúisigh chomh dána dalba is a bhí na húfónna ag eitilt in
aerspás na Stát.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ní
raibh údaráis an Aerfhórsa sásta le torthaí </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Project
Sign</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
agus thosaigh siad ar thionscadal nua, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Project
Grudge</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Sa bhliain 1949 d'eisigh </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Grudge
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
chuid torthaí: glacadh leis nach raibh na húfónna ag bagairt ar
shlándáil náisiúnta na Stát Aontaithe, a fhad agus a d'fhéadfaí
a mheá, agus nach raibh iontu go bunúsach ach míthuiscintí ar
rudaí nádúrtha nó ar réadanna neamhurchóideacha eile.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ba
é tionscadal an Leabhair Ghoirm, nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Project
Blue Book</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
an tríú hiarracht oifigiúil a rinneadh sna Stáit le taighde a
dhéanamh ar na húfónna. Chaith lucht an Leabhair Ghoirm na blianta
fada ag bailiú scéalta faoi úfónna agus á n-anailísiú, agus sa
bhliain 1968, foilsíodh tuairisc faoin teideal ”Staidéar Eolaíoch
ar na Réadanna Eitilte gan Aithint”, nó ”Tuairisc Condon”,
mar is gnách í a ainmniú, ós fisiceoir darbh ainm Edward Condon a
bhí i gceannas ar an gcoiste a dhréachtaigh an tuairisc. Is iad na
torthaí a bhí le léamh ar an tuairisc seo ná nach raibh na
húfónna ag bagairt ar shlándáil náisiúnta na Stát Aontaithe,
ná teicneolaíocht ardfhorbartha nó cuairteoirí eachtardhomhanda
ag baint leo, de réir na fianaise a bhí ann.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Idir
an dá linn áfach tháinig cultas na n-úfónna ar an bhfód, agus
dreamanna beaga díograiseoirí ag fógairt gur spásbháid ó
phláinéid eile a bhí i gceist. Le fírinne chuir an CIA –
lárúdarás faisnéise na Stát Aontaithe – ar bun coiste taighde
dá gcuid féin faoi cheannas an fhisiceora Howard Percy Robertson,
”Painéal Robertson”, sa bhliain 1951. Ba iad torthaí oibre an
phainéil seo ná nach sna húfónna a bhí an bhagairt, ach sna
díograiseoirí: dá mbeadh lucht an Aerfhórsa, na réadlanna
réalteolaíocha agus na stáisiúin bhreathnóireachta eile curtha
thar a n-acmhainn ag tuairiscí seafóideacha faoi úfónna, ní
fhéadfaidís súil a choinneáil ar eitleáin spiaireachta an
Aontais Shóivéadaigh. Thairis sin, d'fhéadfadh na Sóivéadaigh
dochar a dhéanamh do shíocháin inmheánach na Stát Aontaithe trí
spreagadh a thabhairt do chultas na n-úfónna – mar a dúirt
paínéal Robertson.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tríd
is tríd, ba é toradh na bhfiosruithe seo ná nach raibh rud
osnádúrtha, neamhshaolta nó neamhghnách ar bith i gceist leis na
húfónna. D'admhaigh na taighdeoirí nach raibh siad ábalta gach
uile bhreathnú a mhíniú go fóill ach san am chéanna bhí siad
dóchasach go bhfreagródh an eolaíocht gach aon cheist sa deireadh.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Xeanón
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a 54. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Xe
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
tsiombail cheimiceach. Ceann de na triathgháis é an xeanón, agus
ochtréad iomlán ar an sceall is faide amuigh sa </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">néal
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">leictreo</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">n</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
aige, rud a fhágas nach bhfuil sé araiciseach chun imoibriúcháin.
Mar sin féin is féidir leis an xeanón dul i gcomhdhúile
ceimiceacha áirithe, go háirithe leis an bhfluairín, arb é an
t-ocsaídeoir is láidre de na dúile go léir. Úsáidtear xeanón i
bhfeadáin solais, nó is dual dó solas gorm a dhéanamh má
chuirtear réimse leictreachais i bhfeidhm air. Tá xeanón ar fáil
san atmaisféar ach níl sé ar dhúile flúirseacha an Domhain ar
aon nós.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>X-radaíocht</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar an radaíocht atá níos tonnfhaide ná an
gháma-radaíocht, níos tonnghiorra ná an radaíocht ultraivialait.
Ba é Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen a d'aithin an X-radaíocht an chéad
uair sa bhliain 1895, agus ina lán teangacha tugtar ”radaíocht
Röntgen” ar an gcineál seo radaíochta. Úsáidtear X-ghathanna
(is é sin, gathanna X-radaíochta) sa dochtúireacht (le pict</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">i</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">úirí
a thógáil de chnámha an duine bheo, ach go háirithe) agus sna
seiceálacha slándála ar na haerfoirt (le fáil amach faoina bhfuil
istigh i mála dúnta). Chomh saibhir is atá na gathanna seo i
bhfuinneamh áfach baineann priacal áirithe ailse leo, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
déanann siad dochar do na comhdhúile íogaire bithcheimiceacha sna
cealla beo </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-69092212719515165932019-01-05T06:19:00.002-08:002019-01-05T06:19:40.323-08:00Ciclipéid na Réalteolaíochta: An Domhan - Gienah<br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Domhan </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
pláinéad a bhfuil muid inár gcónaí air. Tá sé ar an gceann is
mó de na pláinéid dhomhanchosúla sa Ghrianchóras, is é sin de
na pláinéid nach gásfhathaigh iad. Tá dhá dtrian de dhromchla an
Domhain, nó níos mó fós, clúdaithe ag uisce, agus an
t-atmaisféar saibhir in ocsaigin – tá an dá rud riachtanach don
bheatha mar a d'fhorbair sí ar an Domhan, ach is tábhachtach a
thuiscint gur neachanna anaeróbacha a bhí sna chéad orgánaigh
bheo ar an Domhan, is é sin gur nimh a bhí san ocsaigin dóibh. Mar
sin b'éigean don bheatha éabhlóid áirithe a dhéanamh le bheith
in ann leas a bhaint as ocsaigin an atmaisféir.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Aithníonn
na geolaithe screamh, maintlín agus croí an Domhain </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">thar
a chéile</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Is í an screamh an ciseal tanaí cloiche a chlúdaíos an pláinéad,
agus í timpeall ar chúig ciliméadar ar tiús faoi na farraigí.
Bíonn sí i bhfad níos tibhe faoin talamh slán, tríocha
ciliméadar, fiú.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tugtar
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>neamhleanúnachas
Mohorovičić</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Moho</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ar</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an dromchla a scaras an screamh ón maintlín. Fuair an dromchla a
ainm ó Andrija Mohorovičić, geolaí Crótach a bhí ina
cheannródaí seismeolaíochta (is éard is seismeolaíocht ann ná
an chraobh den gheolaíocht a dhéanas taighde ar na
talamhchreathanna). D'aithin Mohorovičić roimh aon duine eile go
bhfrithchaitheann an dromchla sin tonnta seismeacha (tonnta
talamhchreatha) – is é sin nach leanann na tonnta sin a
seanbhealach i ndiaidh an dromchla </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">áirithe
seo</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a bhualadh (sin é an fáth a dtugtar ”neamhleanúnachas” air).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tugtar
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>litisféar</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó sféar cloiche, ar an screamh agus ar uachtar an mhaintlín
araon; taobh thíos den litisféar atá an t-</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>astanaisféar</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó sféar na laibhe. Faoin astanaisféar atá croí an Domhain, agus
is féidir struchtúr inmheánach áirithe a aithint </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">sa</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
c</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">h</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">roí
féin: an croí amuigh agus an croí istigh. Sreabhán slaodach atá
sa chroí amuigh, ach is solad é an croí istigh. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Iarann
agus nicil is mó atá sa chroí. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
an croí chomh te céanna agus dromchla na Gréine, a bheag nó a
mhór – beagnach sé mhíle ceilvin.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
an litisféar deighilte ina </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>phlátaí
teicteonacha</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
agus tugtar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>teicteonaic</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ar an gcraobh den gheolaíocht a bhíos ag plé le gluaiseachtaí na
bplátaí seo. Bíonn próisis éagsúla gheolaíocha ar obair áit a
dtagann dhá phláta le chéile: ansin a bhíos talamhchreathanna le
mothú agus bolcáin nua ag fás.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
an Domhan beo le bolcánachas. Le fírinne tá an Domhan eisceachtúil
go maith sa Ghrianchóras chomh gníomhach is atá sé ó thaobh an
bholcánachais de. Is iad na substaintí radaighníomhacha nádúrtha
is mó is cúis leis an teas taobh istigh den Domhan: nuair a thagas
meath radaighníomhach orthu, scaoiltear le radaíocht, is é sin le
fuinneamh, agus an fuinneamh sin á chlaochlú go teas. Úráiniam,
tóiriam, agus potaisiam (an t-iseatóp radaighníomhach úd </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">40</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">K,
nó potaisiam 40) na dúile is mó atá i gceist.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Cloch
atá sa chuid is mó den Domhan, agus is éard atá sa chuid is mó
den chloch ná sileacáití. Is éard atá i sileacáit ná ainian
(ian a bhfuil lucht leictreach diúltach aige) atá comhdhéanta as
ocsaigin agus sileacan, agus é ceangailte de chaitiain éagsúla
(iain a bhfuil lucht leictreach deimhneach a</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">cu</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">).
Iain mhiotail is mó a bhíos ann (is é sin adaimh mhiotail a thug
leictreoin ar iasacht uathu), ach bíonn iain níos casta ná sin
ann.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
<colgroup><col width="312"></col>
<col width="312"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" valign="top" width="633">
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">ATMAISFÉAR
AN DOMHAIN: CÉATADÁIN NA nGÁS ÉAGSÚIL SAN AER THIRIM</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Nítrigin (N</span><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">)</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">78.09 %</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Ocsaigin (O</span><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">)</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">20.95 %</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Argón (Ar)</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">0.93 %</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Dé-ocsaíd charbóin
(CO</span><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">)</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">0.041 %</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Neon (Ne)</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">0.0018 %</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Héiliam (He)</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">0.00052 %</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Meatán (CH</span><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">4</span></sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">)</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">0.00018 %</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Crioptón (Kr)</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">0.00011 %</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Hidrigin (H</span><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">)</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="312">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">0.000055 %</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
gnách atmaisféar an Domhain a dheighilt ina chisil mar seo:</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
<colgroup><col width="125"></col>
<col width="126"></col>
<col width="366"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="125">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><b>Ainm an chisil</b></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="126">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><b>Airde</b></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" width="366">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><b>Nótaí</b></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="125">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An t-eisisféar</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="126">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Ó sheacht gcéad go
fiche míle ciliméadar</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="366">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Is mó a bhaineas
sainmhíniú an eisisféir le himtharraingt an Domhain ná le brú
an atmaisféir. Go bunúsach tá deireadh leis an eisisféar san
áit a bhfuil <b>an ghrianghaoth níos láidire ná an
domhantarraingt</b> ag dul i bhfeidhm ar na móilíní gáis.</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top" width="633">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">AN TEIRMEASTAD – SEACHT
gCÉAD CILIMÉADAR OS CIONN NA TALÚN – a scaras an t-eisisféar
agus an teirmisféar ó chéile</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="125">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An teirmisféar</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="126">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Ó ochtó ciliméadar go
seacht gcéad ciliméadar</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="366">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Tá an chuid seo den
atmaisféar </span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><b>an-te,
de réir chomh sciobtha is a bhíos na móilíní is na hadaimh ag
gluaiseacht</b></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">. Tá
an gás chomh scaipthe anseo áfach nach n-aithneodh aon
teirmiméadar (ná aon duine) an teocht sin – a mhalairt </span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><b>bheadh
mothú mór fuachta ann</b></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">.
Bíonn na hadaimh ianaithe sa chuid seo den atmaisféar, agus mar
sin tugtar </span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><i>ianaisféar
</i></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">ar an teirmisféar
agus ar chodanna den mhéisisféar agus den eisisféar araon.</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top" width="633">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">AN MÉISEASTAD –
CEITHRE SCÓR CILIMÉADAR OS CIONN NA TALÚN – an teorainn idir
an méisisféar agus an teirmisféar, agus an áit is fuaire san
atmaisféar, de réir luas gluaiseachta na n-adamh.</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="125">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An méisisféar</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="126">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Ó chaoga go hochtó
ciliméadar</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="366">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Murab ionann agus an
teirmisféar, </span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><b>tá
an méisisféar ag dul i bhfuacht suas</b></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">,
fiú de réir luas gluaiseachta na n-adamh. Is é an méiseastad
(an teorainn idir an méisisféar agus an teirmisféar) an áit is
fuaire san atmaisféar.</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top" width="633">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">AN STRATASTAD –
LEATHCHÉAD CILIMÉADAR OS CIONN NA TALÚN – a scaras an
strataisféar agus an méisisféar ó chéile</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="125">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An strataisféar</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="126">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Ó dhá chiliméadar déag
go caoga ciliméadar</span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="366">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Tá an strataisféar </span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><b>níos
fuaire thíos, níos teo thuas</b></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">,
agus é féin roinnte ina chisil éagsúla (sin é an tuige a
dtugtar </span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><i>strata</i></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">isféar
air – féach focail ar nós </span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><i>stratum
</i></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">agus
</span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><i>stratification </i></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">sa
Bhéarla, nó fiú </span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><i>sraith</i></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">
na Gaeilge).</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" valign="top" width="633">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">AN TRÓPASTAD – DHÁ
CHILIMÉADAR DÉAG OS CIONN NA TALÚN – an teorainn idir an
trópaisféar agus an strataisféar</span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="125">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An trópaisféar</span><br />
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Ó dhroim an phláinéid
go dhá chiliméadar déag</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An chuid den atmaisféar
is aithin dúinn féin gan dul i muinín gléasra eolaíochta agus
taighde. Tá an trópasféar </span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><b>níos
teo thíos, agus níos fuaire thuas</b></span><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">.</span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Domhanlíne
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar
an líne a tharraingíos an réad sa spás-am –</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
is é sin, sa spás ceathairthoiseach ina nglactar leis an am mar
cheathrú toise.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Domhanloinnir
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar phláinéadloinnir an Domhain. Is í an phláinéadloinnir
an solas</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
chaitheas an pláinéad ar </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">thaobh
na hoíche dá ghealach (nó dá chuid gealach) –</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
as an nGrian don tsolas seo ó thús, ar ndóigh</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Tugtar </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liathsholas
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">na
Gealaí </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">liathbhreo
na Gealaí</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar
an domhanloinnir a aithnítear ar an nGealach s'againn freisin.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Domhantarraingt
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
téarma a thagraíos d'imtharraingt an Domhain.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Dorn
an Chlaímh </b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
réaltbhraisle dhúbailte i bPeirséas </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar
an dá réaltbhraisle úd NCG 869 agus NCG 884. Tá an dá
réaltbhraisle suite faoi sheacht míle cúig chéad solasbhliain
dínn, a bheag nó a mhór. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Réaltbhraislí
réasúnta óg iad, ó tá cuid mhaith ollfhathachréaltaí bánghorma
iontu – ní bhíonn an cineál sin réaltaí fadsaolach. </span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Dracóinídí</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– Dreigechith iad na Dracóinídí agus iad, mar dhea, ag teacht as
réaltbhuíon an Dragain. I Mí Dheireadh Fómhair a bhíos siad le
feiceáil.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>An
Dragan –</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Réaltbhuíon é an Dragan atá le feiceáil sa Tuaisceart, timpeall
ar phol thuaidh na spéire. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
iad na réaltbhuíonta a bhfuil an Dragan ag críochantacht leo ná
an tAoire, Earcail, an Lír, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
Eala, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ceiféas,
an Béar Beag, an Sioráf, agus an Béar Mór. </span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
í </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Gamma
Draconis</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
nó Eltanin (Etamin, Ettamin) an réalta is gile sa Dragan, cé go
dtugtar ”Gamma” uirthi i gcóras ainmníochta Bayer. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">K-réalta
atá inti, is é sin réalta fhlannbhuí agus í níos fuaire ná an
Ghrian, agus níos teo ná na réaltaí dearga sa M-aicme. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cé
go bhfuil Eltanin i bhfad níos mó ná an Ghrian agus beagnach
leathmhíle oiread níos gile, níl sí mórán níos téagartha –
níl sí dhá oiread chomh trom leis an nGrian. Mar sin is léir gur
réalta phríomhsheichimh, cosúil leis an nGrian, a bhí in Eltanin
tráth, agus gur iompaigh sí ina fathachréalta ina dhiaidh sin, mar
atá i ndán don Ghrian féin. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
Eltanin suite faoi chéad go leith de sholasbhlianta dínn, nó cúpla
solasbhliain sa bhreis air sin.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Níl
in </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Alpha
Draconis</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
nó Thuban ach an dara réalta is gile sa réaltbhuíon. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Déréalta
atá i gceist, agus an dá chomhbhall beagnach trí oiread chomh
téagartha leis an nGrian; scéal eile é go bhfuil ceann acu deich
n-oiread chomh geal leis an gceann eile, agus é </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">beagnach
cúig chéad oiread chomh geal leis an nGrian. Tá Thuban suite faoi
thrí chéad solasbhliain dínn. Rud suntasach é go raibh Thuban ar
an réalta ba chóngaraí do phol thuaidh </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
sféir neamhaí</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sna blianta 4000-2000 r.Chr., </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
bheag nó a mhór, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
go mbeidh arís, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de
réir mar a dhéanfas ais rothlaithe an Domhain luainíocht.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Maidir
le </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Beta
Draconis</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
nó Rastaban, is </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">déréalta
í, agus í ar an tríú réalta is gile sa réaltbhuíon.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fathachréalta
atá sa chomhbhall is mó den bheirt, agus abhacréalta á fithisiú.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Réalta
G-aicme í an fhathachréalta, cosúil leis an nGrian. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
sí suite faoi 380 solasbhliain dínn. </span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
an réaltnéal úd NCG 6543, nó ”Súil an Chait”, le feiceáil
sa Dragan chomh maith. Réaltnéal pláinéadach atá ann.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Dreige</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
nó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">réalta
reatha</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
a thugtar ar chnap damhna </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(nó
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dreigeoideach</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thiteas anuas ón spás </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">é
á fheiceáil á dhó san atmaisféar. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bóilídí</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
iad na dreigí is gile.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dreigítí
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">iad
na dreigeoidigh a shroicheas dromchla an Domhain gan imeacht i ngal
soip roimhe sin, ionas go bhfágann siad cráitéar ar an dromchla.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sidirítí
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar dhreigít</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">í
atá an-saibhir in iarann.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dreigechith
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">atá
i gceist má fheictear dreigí ag teacht as an bpointe céanna spéire
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(as
an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">radaí</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
go tráthrialta. </span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Go
tipiciúil is éard atá i gceist le dreigechith ná iarsmaí
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cóiméid,
agus iad ag leanúint sheanfhithis an chóiméid sin.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dreigecheathanna
mórchlúiteacha iad na Peirsidí, na Leoinidí, na Cuadraintidí
agus na hAcuairidí (na h</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Eta-</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Acuairidí)
mar shampla. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
a aithnítear ar na samplaí seo, is gnách na dreigecheathanna a
ainmniú as an réaltbhuíon ina bhfeictear iad, agus, uaireanta, as
an réalta a bhfuil an radaí suite ina haice: ansin cuirtear litir
na réalta sin in ainmníocht Bayer leis an ainm (</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tá
radaí na nAcuairidí cóngarach don réalta úd </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Eta
Aquarii</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tugtar
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dreigí
treallacha </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar
dhreigí nach cuid d'aon dreigechith iad.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Dreigít
Tunguska –</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Is éard a bhí i gceist le dreigít Tunguska ná dreigít
mhillteanach a bhuail dromchla an Domhain sa tSibéir, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">in
aice leis an abhainn úd </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Podkamennaya-Tunguska</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
nó ”Tunguska faoi Chloch” </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar
an 30ú lá de Mhí an Mheithimh sa bhliain 1908. Phléasc an dreigít
in íochtar an atmaisféir agus leag sí </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dhá
mhíle ciliméadar cearnach de choill. An fuinneamh a scaoileadh saor
b'ionann é agus míle buama adamhach den chineál a bhuail Hiroshima
i ndeireadh an Dara Cogadh Domhanda. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
sin féin dealraíonn sé nach bhfuair ach duine amháin, nó beirt
b'fhéidir, bás sa teagmháil, toisc go raibh an áit suite i bhfad
ó áitreabh daonna. Dá mbuailfeadh an dreigít cathair mhór éigin,
is léir go maródh an phléasc na mílte daoine.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Níl
na saineolaithe féin ar aon fhocal faoi gur dreigít a bhí ann. Tá
cuid acu ag áitiú gur píosa as cóiméad a bhí i gceist, agus tá
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dream
eile fós</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ag tabhairt le fios gur brúchtadh bolcánach de chineál neamhghnách
a tharla.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Drithliú
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an dóigh a dtéann atmaisféar an Domhain i bhfeidhm ar
an solas ó réaltaí agus ó réadanna eile, ionas go bhfeictear
athruithe beaga ar a ngile.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Dualghluaisne</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar an dóigh a bhfuil réalta áirithe ag gluaiseacht
trasna na spéire i gcomparáid leis an sféar neamhaí (is é sin, i
gcomparáid le cúlra dobhogtha na réaltaí is na reann neimhe atá
chomh cianmhar is nach féidir linn a ndualghluaisne siúd a
aithint). Stua í an dualghluaisne, agus í á tomhas ina soicindí
stua in aghaidh na bliana. Na réaltaí is mó dualghluaisne, is
abhacréaltaí éadroma iad agus iad suite réasúnta cóngarach
dúinn, cosúil le Réalta Barnard, Réalta Kapteyn agus Réalta
Teegarden.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Dubhe
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
seanainm ar </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Alpha
Ursae Majoris</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
an dara réalta is gile sa Bhéar Mhór (agus sa Chamchéachta).
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Déréalta
atá i gceist</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Fathachréalta K-aicme í an phríomhréalta, agus compánach
príomhsheichimh aici a bhaineas leis an F-aicme. Tá an
phríomhréalta ceithre oiread chomh trom leis an nGrian, breis is
trí chéad oiread chomh geal, agus í suite faoi chéad trí
solasbhliana is fiche den Ghrianchóras s'againn, a bheag nó a mhór.
Cé gur ceann de réaltaí an Chamchéachta í Dubhe, ní bhaineann
sí le réaltghaolmhaireacht an Bhéir Mhóir.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Dúibniam
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a 105. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Db
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
tsiombail cheimiceach. Fuair an dúil a hainm ó Dubn</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
in aice le Moscó</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
áit a bhfuil </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Institiúid
Aontaithe an Taighde Núicléach (</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Obyedinennyi
Institut Yadernykh Issledovanii</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
Ar feadh i bhfad ní raibh an tAontas Sóivéadach agus na Stáit
Aontaithe in ann aontú faoi ainm na dúile seo, agus is éard a
thugadh na Meiriceánaigh uirthi ná </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">háiniam</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
mar thagairt don </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">eolaí</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Ghearmánach Otto Hahn a </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dtugtar
”athair na radaiceimice” air.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Chomh
tiubh is a thagas meath radaighníomhach ar an dúibniam, is beag is
féidir a fháil amach faoina airíonna ceimiceacha. Is é dúibniam
a 268 an t-iseatóp is fadsaolaí, agus níl sé féin mórán thar
aon lá amháin ar leathré.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Dúpholl</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– Is éard atá i gceist leis an dúpholl ná réalta a rinne
inphléascadh imtharraingthe, is é sin réalta a thit isteach inti
féin chomh trom </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">téagartha</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
is a bhí sí. Réigiún sa spás-am é an dúpholl nach féidir éalú
as toisc go bhfuil an imtharraingt chomh láidir. </span></span></span></span>
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</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tugtar
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">singilteacht
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an bpointe</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i
g</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">croílár
an dúphoill, agus is í an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">léaslíne
theagmhais </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dromchla
an dúphoill. An réad nó an neach atá taobh istigh den léaslíne
theagmhais </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ní
féidir leis teacht slán ón tsingilteacht, titfidh sé isteach inti
chomh cinnte agus atá an t-am ag dul ar aghaidh –</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
chomh cinnte is atá an Cháisc ar an Domhnach, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i
gciall cheart an fhocail!</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Ón taobh amuigh, áfach, ní fheicfear an réad sin ag baint amach
an léaslíne choíche – scéal eile áfach ná go ndeargaistreofar
an solas atá á fhrithchaitheamh aige, agus sa deireadh </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">imeoidh
an solas (agus an réad) as radharc ar fad. Is éard atá i gceist
leis seo ná deargaistriú imtharraingteach.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">An
breathnóir daonna atá ag titim isteach sa dúpholl, ní aithneoidh
sé an léaslíne theagmhais, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">má
tá an dúpholl féin sách téagartha. Ina dhiaidh sin, áfach,
stróicfear as a chéile é. Taobh istigh den dúpholl tá an
imtharraingt ag dul i méadaíocht chomh sciobtha is </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">go
réabfaidh sí an breathnóir as a chéile – </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">má
tá sé ag titim i ndiaidh a chos, abair, beidh an imtharraingt ag
dul i bhfeidhm ar a chos i bhfad níos láidire ná ar a chloigeann.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sa
deireadh thiar réabfaidh an imtharraingt struchtúr na n-adamh is na
mbuncháithníní féin as a chéile.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rith
smaoineamh an dúphoill le John Mitchell, fealsamh nádúrtha ó
Shasana, chomh luath leis an ochtú haois déag, ach ní raibh sé in
ann teoiric chuimsitheach ná córas matamaitice a chur leis an
smaoineamh – ní raibh ann go bunúsach ach marana fhánach. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
dlúthbhaint ag coincheap an dúphoill le teoiric na coibhneasachta:
ba é Karl Schwarzschild a d'oibrigh amach an chéad fhoirmle
mhatamaiticiúil don dúpholl go gairid i ndiaidh dó an chéad
aithne a chur ar theoiric Einstein. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
í an fhoirmle a thug Schwarzschild ná:</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">r</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
= (2GM)/(c</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">inarb
ionann:</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">r</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
agus an fad ó lárphointe an dúphoill go dtí an léaslíne
theagmhais, is é sin, ga an dúphoill</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">G</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
Schwarzschild</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar air inniu i ndilchuimhne ar Schwarzschild a fuair bás go
gairid i ndiaidh an fhoirmle a fhoilsiú, sa Chéad Chogadh
Domhanda;</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">G
agus an tairiseach imtharraingthe;</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">M
agus mais an dúphoill;</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">c
agus luas an tsolais san fholús.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">An
cineál dúpholl a bhí i gceist ag Schwarzschild ní raibh sé ag
rothlú ar a ais. Ba é an Nua-Shéalannach Roy Kerr a thug cur síos
ar an dúpholl atá ag rothlú, agus is dócha go bhfuil na
fíor-dhúphoill ag rothlú, nó tá dlí nádúrtha ann a deir gur
dual do na réadanna a sean-mhó</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">iminteam</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
uilleach a choinneáil. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ar
na coincheapanna nua a chuir Kerr lenár dtuiscint ar an dúpholl atá
an t-</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">eirgisféar</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Deir Kerr go bhfuil cineál fáinne gluaiste timpeall ar an dúpholl
atá ag rothlú, agus is é an t-ainm a bhaist </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">na
heolaithe</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ar an bhfáinne seo ná eirgisféar, focal a chiallaíos ”sféar na
hoibre” i nGréigis. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Na
réadanna a thiteas isteach san eirgisféar, níl siad caillte go
fóill ar nós na cinn a thiteas isteach sa dúpholl féin, ach ní
féidir leo fanacht socair i gcoibhneas aon réad atá taobh </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">amuigh</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
den eirgisféar.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">An
damhna atá i ndiaidh titim isteach sa dúpholl, ní féidir linn a
dhath a rá ná a fháil amach ina thaobh. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Níl
ach trí airí ag an dúpholl: </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
mhais, a lucht leictreach agus a mhóiminteam uilleach. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ní
féidir, fiú, a rá cé acu as gnáthdhamhna nó as frithdhamhna atá
dúpholl áirithe comhdhéanta.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Seo
rud a chuireas míchompord ar na fisiceoirí, nó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">níl
a leithéid de chailleadh eolais ag cur go rómhaith le prionsabail
na fisice, agus is gnách le lucht an tsaineolais </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">paradacsa
caillte an eolais sa dúpholl</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thabhairt ar an dúcheist seo.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Éabhlóid
réaltach </b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an dóigh a </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bhforbraíonn
an réalta. Ar dtús níl ann ach néal móilíní gáis, agus an
imtharraingt á gcarnadh le chéile, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rud
ar a dtugtar </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">imphléasc
imtharraingthe</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Sa deireadh tá </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">prótairéalta
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ann:
is éard atá inti ná </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sféar
te atá ag rothlú. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
é is cúis leis an teas ná </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fuinneamh
na himtharraingthe. I ndiaidh a foirmithe beidh an phrótairéalta ag
tarraingt tuilleadh damhna chuici, próiseas ar a dtugtar </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">fuilleamh</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Má
tá an phrótairéalta sách trom, sách téagartha, tosóidh comhleá
na bprótón go héiliam </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i
gcroílár na réalta</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
agus ansin tá an phrótairéalta iompaithe ina réalta
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">phríomhsheichimh</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Na
réaltaí atá </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an-te,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an-téagartha,
ní fhanfaidh siad sa phríomhsheicheamh ach </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">roinnt
mhilliún blianta. Réaltaí cosúil leis an nGrian, áfach, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mairfidh
siad na mórmhilliúin de bhlianta </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ag
comhleá prótóin. Sa deireadh, áfach, tiocfaidh deireadh leis an
hidrigin i lár na réalta, agus </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aistreoidh
an t-imoibriúchán go dtí na </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cisil
taobh amuigh den chroí. Ansin rachaidh na cisil sin go mór mór i
bhfairsinge, ionas go n-iompóidh leithéid na Gréine féin ina
fathachréalta.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Eamhnú
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
téarma a thagraíos do scoilteadh an núicléis san adamh. Is féidir
don neodrón a bhuaileas an núicléas eamhnú a spreagadh, rud is
bun leis an imoibriú slabhrúil sa bhuama adamhach agus san
imoibreoir adamhach (nó ansin scaoiltear saor tuilleadh neodrón
agus iad ag bualadh núicléis eile), ach tá roinnt núiclídí
troma radaighníomhacha claonta chun eamhnú a dhéanamh go
spontáineach.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tugtar
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>ábhar
eamhnach</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ar an gcineál ábhar radaighníomhach ar féidir leis an t-imoibriú
slabhrúil a choinneáil ag imeacht sna himoibreoirí núicléacha nó
sa bhuama adamhach. Is </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>iseatóip
ineamhnaithe</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
iad na núiclídí ar féidir leo eamhnú a dhéanamh i ndiaidh dóibh
neodrón a cheapadh, ach ní féidir úsáid an ábhair eamhnaigh a
bhaint as gach iseatóp ineamhnaithe, ós rud é nach bhfuil cuid acu
chomh claonta chun eamhnú is go bhféadfaidís </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
t-imoibriú a choinneáil ag obair </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">gan
an slabhra a bhriseadh.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
é úráiniam a 235, nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">235</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">U,
an t-iseatóp ineamhnaithe a úsáidtear sna himoibreoirí adamhacha,
ar nós na stáisiún cumhachta. Maidir leis na buamaí adamhacha, is
é plútóiniam a 239, nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">239</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pu,
is mó a úsáidtear iontusan. Ar na saolta seo tá úsáid an
tóiriam mar bhreosla núicléach i mbéal an phobail freisin, ós
rud é go bhfuil an tóiriam i bhfad níos coitianta ná an
t-úráiniam. An t-iseatóp atá i gceist, mar atá, tóiriam a 232
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">232</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Th,
ní ábhar ineamhnaithe ann féin é, áfach, ach </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>ábhar
torthúil </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
chlaochl</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">óf</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ar
go h</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>úráiniam
a 233</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">233</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">U)
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">taobh
istigh den</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
imoibreoir féin. Iseatóp é úráiniam a 233 nach bhfuil ar fáil
sa dúlra.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Eantrópacht
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an gcainníocht fhisiceach a thomhaiseas an t-anord ar
leibhéal na n-adamh is na móilíní. Is dual don eantrópacht dul i
méadaíocht i ngach próiseas spontáineach agus an córas ag dul i
dtreo na cothromaíochta teirmidinimiciúla (seo Dara Dlí na
Teirmidinimice). Nuair a bhainfear an chothromaíocht sin amach,
beidh an córas iomlán ar aon teocht, agus adaimh is móilíní na
substaintí éagsúla measctha </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">go
cothrom</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
trí chéile –</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
staid a dtugtar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>teasbhás</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
uirthi freisin.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Ní
bhfuair an Ollchruinne s'againn teasbhás go fóill, mar is soiléir,
agus mar sin, is féidir glacadh leis go raibh tús ag an Ollchruinne
agus g</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">o
bhfuil aois theoranta aici – gur tháinig an Ollchruinne chun
saoil, go raibh tús aici</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Dá mbeadh an Ollchruinne síoraí, is é sin dá mbeadh sí ann gan
tús gan deireadh, bheadh an chothromaíocht theirmidinimiciúil
bainte amach aici cheana féin, is é sin bheadh sí tar éis
teasbhás a fháil. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Ba
iad an Tiarna Kelvin (William Thompson), an fisiceoir Gearmánach
Hermann von Helmholtz, agus an t-innealtóir Albanach William John
Macquorn Rankine a tháinig ar an tuiscint seo thiar sa naoú haois
déag, roimh aon duine eile.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Éiclipteach
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar chonair bhliantúil na Gréine ar an sféar neamhaí, is é
sin, an dóigh a bhfuil an Ghrian ag gluaiseacht i gcomparáid le
cúlra dobhogtha na réaltaí i gcéin i rith na bliana. Tá an
stoidiaca suite ar feadh an éicliptigh. Ar an éiclipteach a
aithnítear an leibhéal a ritheann fithis an Domhain timpeall na
Gréine air, agus is féidir leibhéal an éicliptigh a thabhairt
air.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Éinstéiniam
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">atá
ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a 99. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Es
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
tsiombail cheimiceach, agus is léir gur in ómós don fhisiceoir
chlúiteach Albert Einstein, a chéadcheap teoiric na coibhneasachta,
a baisteadh an dúil seo. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cosúil
leis na dúile troma trasúránacha eile is dúil thar a bheith
radaighníomhach é an t-éinstéiniam. Mar sin féin tá an
t-iseatóp is cobhsaí bliain amháin agus trí mhí go leith ar
leathré, rud a chiallaíos gur féidir taighde a dhéanamh ar
shaintréithe an éinstéiniam. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
iad +3 agus +2 na staideanna ocsaídiúcháin atá aitheanta, agus is
é an chéad cheann acu is coitianta.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Fathach</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is éard atá i gceist le fathach nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>fathachréalta
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ná
réalta atá i bhfad níos mó ná na réaltaí príomhsheichimh ar
aon dath agus ar aon teocht léi. Tá na fathachréaltaí suite os
cionn an phríomhsheichimh i léaráid Hertzsprung-Russell. Tá
fathachréaltaí éagsúla ann: cuid acu bhí siad ina réaltaí
príomhsheichimh ar dtús, ach ansin d'fhorbair siad go
fathachréaltaí, an chuid eile bhí siad mór millteanach ó thús
báire.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Glactar
leis go n-iompóidh an Ghrian féin ina fathachréalta i ndeireadh
báire, i gceann cúig mhíle milliún bliain, nuair a bheas an
hidrigin go léir i gcroí na réalta comhleáite go héiliam. Ansin
crapfaidh an croí isteach chuige féin, agus an t-ábhar taobh
amuigh de á aomadh chuige ag an imtharraingt. Faoi bhrú na
himtharraingte cuirfear tús nua leis an gcomhleá, ach anois, is sna
sraitheanna taobh amuigh den chroí a bheas sé ag dul ar aghaidh,
áit a bhfuil hidrigin fágtha fós. Rachaidh na sraitheanna sin go
mór i bhfairsinge, ach ní bheidh siad chomh te céanna is a bhí
dromchla na réalta ar dtús: an fuinneamh a bheas á tháirgeadh
beidh sé scaipthe níos fairsinge. Mar sin rachaidh dath agus aicmiú
na réalta i dtreo na fuachta, is é sin, i dtreo na deirge (aicmí K
agus M).</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
<colgroup><col width="94"></col>
<col width="95"></col>
<col width="95"></col>
<col width="95"></col>
<col width="122"></col>
<col width="94"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="6" style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" valign="top" width="633">
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><b>DORNÁN
FATHACHRÉALTAÍ AITHNIDIÚLA</b></span></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">(más
déréalta nó ilréalta atá i gceist, is iad sonraí na
príomhréalta sa chóras atá le léamh thíos)</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><b>Ainm</b></span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><b>Réaltbhuíon</b></span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><b>Mais</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">
i gcomparáid leis an nGrian</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><b>Trastomhas</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">
i gcomparáid leis an nGrian</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="122">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><b>Lonrachas</b></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">
i gcomparáid leis an nGrian</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><b>Aicme
speictreach</b></span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Albireo</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An
Eala</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">cúig
oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">deich
n-oiread agus trí scór</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="122">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">míle
agus dhá chéad oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">K</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Aldebaran</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An
Tarbh</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">aon
oiread go leith</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">ceithre
oiread is dhá scór</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="122">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">leathmhíle
oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">K</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Alnitak</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An
Bodach</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">trí
oiread déag is fiche</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">fiche
oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="122">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">dhá
chéad go leith míle oiread (an ceathrú cuid den mhilliún)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">O</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Alphard</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An
Phéist Uisce</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">trí
oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">leathchéad
oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="122">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">ocht
gcéad oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">K</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Altarf</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An
Portán</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">trí
oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">leathchéad
oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="122">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">sé
chéad is trí scór míle oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">K</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Antares</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An
Scairp</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">dhá
oiread déag</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">ocht
gcéad is trí oiread agus ceithre scór</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="122">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">leathchéad
is seacht míle is cúig chéad oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">M</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Arcturus</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An
tAoire</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">aon
oiread amháin</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">cúig
oiread is fiche</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="122">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">céad
is deich n-oiread is trí scór</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">K</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Betelgeuse</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An
Bodach</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">tá
meastacháin éagsúla ann ó ocht n-oiread go fiche oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">tuairim
is míle oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="122">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">timpeall
ar chéad míle oiread (réalta an-athraitheach atá i gceist)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">M</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Canopus</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An
Chíle</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">tuairim
is deich n-oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">tuairim
is deich oiread is trí scór</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="122">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">cúig
mhíle déag oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">F</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Deneb</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An
Eala</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">tuairim
is fiche oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">tuairim
is dhá chéad oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="122">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">tuairim
is dhá chéad míle oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">A</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Diphda
(Deneb Kaitos)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An
Míol Mór</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">dhá
oiread is ocht ndeichiú cuid</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">seacht
n-oiread is fiche</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="122">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">céad
is dhá scór oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">K</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Eta
Carinae</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An
Chíl</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">meastacháin
éagsúla ó chéad oiread go dhá chéad oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">meastacháin
éagsúla ó thrí scór oiread go hocht gcéad oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="122">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">cúig
mhilliún oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">athraitheach</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Hamal</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An
Reithe</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">aon
oiread go leith</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">cúig
oiread déag</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="122">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">timpeall
ar dheich n-oiread is ceithre scór oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">K</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">Rigel</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">An
Bodach</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">tuairim
is fiche oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="95">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">ceithre
scór oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="122">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">céad
is fiche míle oiread</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="94">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;">B</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Feirmiam
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir 100, agus fuair sé a ainm ón
bhfisiceoir Iodálach Enrico Fermi. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Iodálach
eile, Albert Ghiorso, a d'aithin an feirmiam sna hiarsmaí
radaighníomhacha i ndiaidh an turgnaimh úd </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ivy
Mike </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">in
aice le hatall Eniwetok i dtús na gcaogaidí – ba é sin an chéad
triail a baineadh as an mbuama hidrigine</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Fm
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
giorrúchán. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ceann
de na hachtanóidigh é an feirmiam, agus is dúil thrasúránach é.
Mar sin is dúil radaighníomhach é a dtagann meath uirthi go tiubh,
ach is féidir taighde a dhéanamh ar shaintréithe ceimiceacha an
fheirmiam, ós rud é go bhfuil an t-iseatóp is cobhsaí, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">feirmiam
a 257,</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
céad lá ar leathré. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
iad +2 agus +3 na staideanna ocsaídiúcháin.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Fléaróiviam
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
t-ainm atá baiste ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a 114, mar thagairt
don fhisiceoir Shóivéadach </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Georgii
Flerov (nó Flyorov, de réir mar a fhuaimnítear an sloinne). Is é
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Fl
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
giorrúchán ceimiceach. Cosúil leis na dúile troma trasúránacha
eile is dúil thar a bheith radaighníomhach é an fléaróiviam, rud
a chiallaíos nach dtig mórán taighde a dhéanamh ar a shaintréithe
ceimiceacha.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Ghealach </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
t-aon satailít nádúrtha atá ag an Domhan s'againn. Go bunúsach,
níl inti ach cloch: sileacáití, alúmana, aol, ocsaídí iarainn,
ocsaídí tiotáiniam agus eile. Tá dhá chineál tír-raon ann, is
é sin, na garbhchríocha agus na mara, mar a thugtar orthu – ar
ndóigh, ní thiocfá ar bhraon uisce sna farraigí sin, nó is éard
atá iontu ná ísleáin nó mánna, agus iad déanta as cloch
bholcánach (basalt, brúchtcharraig).</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I
gcomparáid le satailítí nádúrtha eile an Ghrianchórais, níl an
Ghealach beag ar aon nós. Tá sí níos mó ná Europa, is é sin,
an ceann is lú de Ghealacha Galileo (na ceithre satailítí is mó
atá ag Iúpatar). Thairis sin, tá sí níos mó ná aon cheann acu
i gcomparáid leis an bpláinéad a bhfuil sí ag dul ina thimpeall –
an príomhúlach, mar a déarfá. Tá gealacha Iúpatair agus Shatarn
i bhfad níos lú i gcomparáid lena bpríomhúlach.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
éard atá sa Ghealach, mar a chreidtear inniu, ná toradh
d'imbhualadh millteanach a tharla tuairim is leathchéad milliún
bliain i ndiaidh fhoirmiú an Ghrianchórais. Bhuail pláinéad ar
aon mhéid le Mars faoin réamh-Dhomhan – </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Theia
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugas na réalteolaithe ar an imbhuailteoir seo – agus ba iad
smidiríní Theia comhábhair na Gealaí. Ba dhomhain ar fad a
chuaigh Theia isteach sa phláinéad s'againn, agus a rian sin le
haithint ar mhaintlín agus ar chroílár an Domhain i gcónaí.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Deirtear
go bhfuil rothlú na Gealaí </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>sioncrónach</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
leis an Domhan – is é sin, is é an taobh céanna den Ghealach a
bhíos iompaithe linn an t-am ar fad. Is féidir linn, áfach,
beagáinín níos mó ná leath de dhromchla ár satailíte a
fheiceáil, toisc go mbíonn sí ag guagadh ar dhóigheanna éagsúla:
uaireanta iompaíonn sí a pol thuaidh nó a pol theas linn, agus
bíonn sí ag moilliú nó ag géarú a gluaiseachta ar a fithis,
ionas gur féidir linn tuilleadh den ”tosach” nó den ”chúl”
a fheiceáil in amanta difriúla. Fágann an guagadh 59 % de
dhromchla na Gealaí inmhapáilte ón Domhan. Ba iad na Sóivéadaigh
a chuir tús le léarscáiliú an taoibh eile den Ghealach sa bhliain
1959: ansin, d'éirigh leo taiscéalaí (is é sin spásbhád beag
gan foireann) a chur ag fithisiú na Gealaí agus ag tógáil
grianghrafanna.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Thug
daoine daonna an chéad chuairt ar an nGealach i Mí Iúil 1969,
nuair a thuirling an tIolar (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Eagle</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>
–</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
modúl tuirlingthe an spásbháid úd Apollo a hAon Déag – i Muir
na Sáimhe. Ba iad na spásairí Meiriceánacha Neil Armstrong agus
Buzz Aldrin a bhí ag stiúradh an mhodúil, agus an tríú fear,
Michael Collins, ag fanacht leo i modúl ceannasaíochta an spásbháid
a bhí ag fithisiú na Gealaí. I ndiaidh an turais, bhain Collins
amach clú áirithe mar scríbhneoir leis an leabhar cuimhní cinn a
bhreac sé síos faoi shaol an spásaire, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Carrying
the Fire</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Maidir
le tábhacht na dturasanna seo don eolaíocht is don taighde, ba iad
na geolaithe ba mhó a ghnóthaigh orthu, nó d'ardaigh na spásairí
leo cuid mhaith cloch a thug léargas nua ar fhorbairt gheolaíoch na
Gealaí. Fuair na spásairí go léir bunscolaíocht sa gheolaíocht,
agus bhí Harrison Schmitt, fear den triúr spásairí ar an turas
deireanach go dtí an Ghealach, ina gheolaí oilte.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Gealacha
Galileo </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar na satailítí is mó atá ag Iúpatar, ceithre cinn ar
fad, a ndearna Galileo Galilei a bhfionnachtain thiar sa bhliain
1610.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
iad ainmneacha na ngealach seo ná Io, Europa, Ganymede, agus
Callisto. Fuair siad na hainmneacha seo ón réalteolaí Gearmánach
Simon Marius (Mayr), ach ní raibh formhór na réalteolaithe
fonnmhar iad a úsáid roimh an bhfichiú haois, ó nach raibh
Galileo féin sásta leo – b'fhearr leis na gealacha a uimhriú go
simplí. Is gnách ainmniú na reann neimhe a fhágáil faoin duine a
rinne a bhfionnachtain, agus ba é Galileo a d'aithin na gealacha seo
roimh Marius. Thairis sin, deirtear go raibh meas an mhagaidh mhíchuí
ag lucht na comhaimsire ar na hainmneacha a bhronn seisean. Nó
tagraíonn siad do na cailíní (agus d'fhear óg amháin) a raibh
cumainn ghrá ag Zeus leo de réir mhiotaseolaíocht na sean-Ghréige,
agus is gnách Zeus a chomhionannú le hIúpatar, mar a rinne na
Rómhánaigh fadó, ó ba nós leo gach dia de chuid na nGréagach a
chomhionannú le dia dá gcuid féin.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ba
é Giovanni Battista Hodierna, dalta de chuid Galileo, a bhaist na
hainmneacha Principharus, Victripharus, Cosmipharus agus Fernipharus
orthu. Tagairt a bhí sna hainmneacha seo do ”Phrionsa (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>principe</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
na Tuscáine”, do Vittoria della Rovere (bean Ferdinando de
Medici), Cosimo de Medici (urraí Galileo) agus Ferdinando de Medici
(mac Cosimo). Ó bhí Galileo ag fáil urraíochta ó Cosimo de
Medici, Ard-Diúc na Tuscáine, bhí sé féin tar éis </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Medicea
Sidera </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
”Réaltaí Mhuintir Medici” a bhaisteadh ar na gealacha seo in
éineacht.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
<colgroup><col width="74"></col>
<col width="79"></col>
<col width="79"></col>
<col width="85"></col>
<col width="77"></col>
<col width="79"></col>
<col width="112"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" valign="top" width="633">
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>GEALACHA
GALILEO - ”RÉALTAÍ MHUINTIR MEDICI” - ”MEDICEA SIDERA”</b></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="74">
<br />
<br />
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">IO
(Iúpatar a hAon, Principharus)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">EUROPA
(Iúpatar a Dó, Victripharus)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="85">
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">GANYMEDE
(Iúpatar a Trí, Cosmipharus)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="77">
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">CALLISTO
(Iúpatar a Ceathair, Fernipharus)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="199">
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">AR
MHAITHE LEIS AN gCOMPARÁID:</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">AN
GHEALACH</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="112">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">TIOTÁN
(an tsatailít is mó atá ag Satarn)</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="74">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Meángha
(leath an mheán-trastomhais, ciliméadar)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1822</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1560</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="85">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2630</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="77">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2410</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1737</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="112">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2575</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="74">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tréimhse
imrothlaithe (lá Domhanda)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1.77</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3.55</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="85">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7.15</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="77">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">16.7</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">27.3</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="112">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">15.9</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="74">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Meánluas
ar an bhfithis (ciliméadar in aghaidh na soicinde)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">17.3</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">13.7</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="85">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">10.9</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="77">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">8.2</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1.02</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="112">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">5.57</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="74">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Mais
(i gcomparáid leis an Domhan)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.015</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.008</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="85">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.025</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="77">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.018</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.012</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="112">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.0225</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="74">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Dlús
(gram in aghaidh an cheintiméadair chiúbaigh)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3.5</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3.0</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="85">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1.9</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="77">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1.8</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3.3</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="112">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1.9</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="74">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Imtharraingt
ar an dromchla (g-aonad)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.183</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.134</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="85">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.146</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="77">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.126</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.1654</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="112">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.14</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="74">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Treoluas
éalaithe (ciliméadar in aghaidh na soicinde)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.558</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.025</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="85">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.741</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="77">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.440</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.38</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="112">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.639</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td height="20" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="74">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Meánteocht
ar an dromchla (ceilvin)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">110</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">102</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="85">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">110</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="77">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">134</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">220</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="112">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">94</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="74">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ailbéideacht</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.63</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.67</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="85">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.43</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="77">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.22</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.136</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="112">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.22</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="74">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cianphointe
na fithise (ciliméadar)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">423
400</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">677
000</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="85">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1
071 600</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="77">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1
897 000</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">405
400</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="112">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1
257 000</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="74">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Garphointe
na fithise (ciliméadar)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">420
000</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">665
000</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="85">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1
069 200</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="77">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1
869 000</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="79">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">362
600</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="112">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1
187 000</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Gienah
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gienah
Cygni</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
– ”Sciathán na hEala” – a thugtar go traidisiúnta ar an
réalta úd </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Epsilon
Cygni </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">i
réaltbhuíon na hEala. Fathachréalta fhlannbhuí K-aicme is ea í
agus í suite corradh is seachtó solasbhliain dínn. Tá sí aon
oiread déag chomh mór leis an nGrian (de réir an trastomhais) agus
dhá oiread is trí scór chomh lonrúil. Creidtear áfach nach
bhfuil sí ach aon oiread amháin níos troime ná an Ghrian – is é
sin bhí sí i bpríomhsheicheamh na réaltaí ar dtús sular
iompaigh sí ina fathach, díreach mar atá i ndán don Ghrian féin
a dhéanamh i ndeireadh ama.</span></span></span></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-59042282082706538322019-01-05T06:16:00.004-08:002019-01-05T06:28:57.587-08:00Ciclipéid na Réalteolaíochta: Abhac - An Béar Beag<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-before: always;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>NÓTA</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
Rinne mé mo dhicheall le cloí le téarmaíocht </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fhoclóir
na Réalteolaíochta</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Nuair nach raibh a dhath le fáil san Fhoclóir, chuaigh mé ar lorg
an téarma i saothar Mhatt Hussey.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Abhac
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>abhacréalta
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar réalta nach fathach d'aon chineál í. Mar sin is abhaic
iad réaltaí an phríomhsheichimh agus na cinn atá níos lú ná
iad siúd féin. Is abhacréalta í an Ghrian s'againn, mar shampla. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Rud
eile é </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>abhac
bán</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó is éard a bhíos i gceist lena leithéid ná réalta atá i
bhfad níos dlúithe ná réaltaí an phríomhsheichimh – go
bunúsach cé go mbíonn </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
t-</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">abhac
bán tipiciúil ar aon mhéid leis an Domhan bíonn sé ar aon mhais
leis an nGrian. Tá réalta den chineál sin bán toisc go bhfuil sí
te. Níl an teas seo ag teacht ó aon imoibriú núicléach, áfach –
níl ann ach iarsmaí teasa ó na laethanta a bhí an réalta
gníomhach go fóill. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Abhac
donn</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
atá i gceist leis an abhac nach bhfuil in ann comhleá hidrigin a
haon a choinneáil ag imeacht, is é sin, an t-imoibriú núicléach
is dual do réaltaí an phríomhsheichimh. Creidtear áfach go mbíonn
comhleá de chineál eile ar siúl sna habhaic dhonna, comhleá
hidrigin a dó (deoitéiriam) mar shampla.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Abhainn </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Eridanus
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an réaltbhuíon mhór fhada atá dingthe idir an Bodach,
an Tarbh, an Míol Mór, an Fhoirnéis, an Féinics, an Clog, an
Siséal agus an Giorria. Tá an réalta is gile sa réaltbhuíon,
Achernar, suite ag deireadh theas na hAbhann, agus a hainm féin
bunaithe ar na focail Araibise a chiallaíos ”deireadh na habhann”.
Réalta bhánghorm í Achernar, agus is impleacht dó sin go bhfuil
sí an-te, ach ní fathachréalta í – le fírinne tá sí chomh
geal sin toisc go bhfuil sí suite réasúnta cóngarach dúinn, céad
go leith de sholasbhlianta. Réalta thábhachtach eile de chuid na
hAbhann í Epsilon Eridani, nó tá sí ar an réalta is gaire dúinn
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
bhfuil pláinéad aici, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">de
réir mar atá deimhnithe</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Tá réigiún mór folamh, Folús na hAbhann, le haithint i dtreo na
réaltbhuíne seo chomh maith – is é sin, réigiún spáis nach
féidir réaltraí ná réadanna eile a fheiceáil ann.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ábhar
idir-réaltach</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar an damhna atá ar fáil sa spás idir na réaltaí. Gás
is mó a bhíos ann, agus hidrigin atá sa chuid is mó den ghás seo
– nócha faoin gcéad, a bheag nó a mhór. Héiliam atá sa chuid
eile, chomh maith le hiarsmaí beaga de dhúile eile. Sa bhreis ar na
cineálacha éagsúla gáis tá dusta ann. Bíonn dlús an ábhair
idir-réaltaigh iontach éagsúil, agus é ag brath ar an teocht ach
go háirithe: an áit a dtéann sé i bhfuacht téann sé chun dlúis.
Ar meán tá adamh amháin i gceintiméadar ciúbach amháin den
ábhar idir-réaltach, ach mar a dúradh bíonn sé difriúil i
dtimpeallachtaí difriúla. Ianaítear an t-ábhar idir-réaltach
timpeall na réaltaí ”óga” teo.</span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Acamar
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
t-ainm traidisiúnta ar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Theta
Eridani</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
ceann de na réaltaí is tábhachtaí i réaltbhuíon na hAbhann.
Cosúil le hAchernar, tá ainm Acamar bunaithe ar na focail Araibise
a chiallaíos ”Deireadh na hAbhann”, agus tá Acamar agus
Achernar suite réasúnta cóngarach dá chéile mar a fheictear
dúinn féin sa réaltbhuíon iad. Déréalta í Acamar, ach is mar
A-réaltaí a aicmítear an dá chomhréalta ó thaobh an speictrim
de – mar sin is réaltaí teo bána nó bánghorma iad. Tá Acamar
suite tuairim is céad is trí scór de sholasbhlianta uainn. Réaltaí
príomhsheichimh iad an dá chomhréalta, agus níl mórán
difríochta eatarthu ó thaobh na maise de: timpeall ar dhá oiread
go leith de mhais na Gréine atá i ngach ceann acu.</span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Achernar</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
atá ar an réalta is gile san Abhainn, agus is é is brí leis an
ainm ná Deireadh na hAbhann – tá an t-ainm sin bunaithe ar an
Araibis. B-réalta atá in Achernar de réir a speictrim, is é sin,
réalta the ghorm. Tá sí ag dul timpeall ar a hais chomh sciobtha
is nach bhfuil sí róchosúil le liathróid a thuilleadh –
dhealrófá le milseán den déanamh </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Smarties
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">í
dháiríre. Sféaróideach oblátach a thugtar ar a leithéid de
chruth. Tá sí suite faoi chéad is dhá scór de sholasbhlianta
dínn, a bheag nó a mhór, agus í seacht n-oiread chomh trom leis
an nGrian s'againn. Scéal eile é áfach go sáraíonn sí lonrachas
na Gréine glan oscartha ar fad: tá Achernar breis is trí mhíle
oiread níos gile ná í. Is déréalta í Achernar, agus
leathbhádóir ag an bpríomhréalta nach bhfuil ach dhá
Ghrian-mhais inti. Achernar B a thugtar ar an gcomhréalta seo, agus
í ag dul timpeall na príomhréalta faoi dhá aonad réalteolaíoch
déag di, a bheag nó a mhór.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Achtainiam
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a 89, a chuireas tús le sraith
na n-achtainídí, nó na n-achtanóideach, i dtábla peiriadach na
ndúl. Níl ach iseatóip radaighníomhacha ag an achtainiam, agus
níl ach iarsmaí de le fáil sa dúlra, mar thruailleán i mianraí
úráiniam. Is é achtainiam a 227 an t-iseatóp is cobhsaí dá
bhfuil aige, nó tá sí breis is fiche bliain ar leathré. Pé
achtainiam a theastaíos táirgtear go saorga in imoibreoirí
núicléacha é. Foinse radaíochta é an t-achtainiam a úsáidtear
uaireanta le cealla ailse a mharú. Miotal é an t-achtainiam, agus
le teacht na hoíche is féidir loinnir ghorm a aithint timpeall ar
gach cnap achtainiam, ós rud é go mbíonn na cáithníní
radaíochta ag bualadh na móilíní san aer.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tagann
alfa-mheath agus béite-mheath araon ar achtainiam a 227. Na
hiseatóip atá níos troime, is fearr leo an béite-mheath, agus na
cinn atá níos éadroime, is dual dóibh an t-alfa-mheath. Maidir le
hachtainiam a 226, is féidir leis alfa-mheath, béite-mheath nó
leictreonghabháil a dhéanamh.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ó
thaobh na n-airíonna ceimiceacha de, tá an t-achtainiam cosúil go
maith leis an lantanam, an dúil atá suite os a chionn sa tábla
peiriadach. Is é +3 an staid ocsaídiúcháin a bhíos ag an
achtainiam (agus ag an lantanam) ina chuid comhdhúl: mar sin tá
tríchlóiríd AcCl</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
tríbhróimíd AcBr</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
trífhluairíd AcF</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
agus seisce-ocsaíd (nó trí-ocsaíd dé-achtainiam) Ac</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">O</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ann.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tugtar
”sraith achtainiam” nó ”cascáid achtainiam” ar an
meathshlabhra is dual do phlútóiniam a 239. Ceann de na céimeanna
idir eatarthu é achtainiam a 227 sa slabhra seo.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Achtanaiméadar
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar ionstraim a thomhaiseas cumhacht na radaíochta – go
bunúsach, bíonn imoibriú ceimiceach i gceist a gcuireann solas nó
cineál eile radaíochta luas faoi, agus ansin aithnítear an
chumhacht ar thorthaí an imoibrithe.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Achtanóideach
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">achtainíd
–</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Is iad na hachtanóidigh nó na hachtainídí na dúile a thagas i
ndiaidh an achtainiam i dtábla peiriadach na ndúl. Is é an
lárainciam (Lr) an ceann deireanach acu. Tá sé idir eatarthu cé
acu a áirítear an t-achtainiam féin orthu nó nach n-áirítear.
Seo iad na hachtanóidigh:</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<colgroup><col width="51*"></col>
<col width="51*"></col>
<col width="51*"></col>
<col width="102*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="20%">Dúil</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="20%">Siombail cheimiceach</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="20%">Uimhir na dúile</td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" width="40%">Meáchan adamhach (nó an t-iseatóp is cobhsaí)</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Achtainiam</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Ac</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">89</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="40%">(227)</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Tóiriam</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Th</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">90</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="40%">232.04</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Prótachtainiam</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Pa</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">91</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="40%">231.04</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Úráiniam</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">U</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">92</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="40%">238.03</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Neiptiúiniam</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">N</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">93</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="40%">(237)</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Plútóiniam</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Pu</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">94</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="40%">(244)</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Aimeiriciam</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Am</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">95</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="40%">(243)</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Ciúiriam</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Cm</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">96</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="40%">(247)</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Beircéiliam</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Bk</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">97</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="40%">(247)</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Calafoirniam</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Cf</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">98</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="40%">(251)</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Éinstéiniam</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Es</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">99</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="40%">(252)</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Feirmiam</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Fm</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">100</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="40%">(257)</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Meindiléiviam</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Md</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">101</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="40%">(258)</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Nóbailiam</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">No</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">102</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="40%">(259)</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Láirinciam</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">Lr</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="20%">103</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="40%">(266)</td>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mar
is léir ón tábla thuas, is dúile radaighníomhacha iad na
hachtanóidigh, agus is beag is féidir a rá faoi na cinn
deireanacha acu: mar shampla, is í an leathré atá ag an iseatóp
is cobhsaí atá ag an láirinciam ná aon uair déag, agus dá réir
sin, tá sé deacair dainséarach taighde a dhéanamh ar airíonna
ceimiceacha na dúile, nó tagann meath ar do chuid láirinciam go
tiubh, agus an t-eiseamal chomh te ag astú radaíochta uaidh is go
bhfuil trealamh trom cosanta de dhíth ort. Ón taobh eile de, tá
leathré an úráiniam agus an tóiriam chomh fada is go bhfuil siad
ar fáil go nádúrtha sa dúlra, agus mar sin is féidir meáchan
adamhach a áireamh, a shocrú is a shainiú dóibh. Maidir leis an
bprótachtainiam, is í an leathré atá ag an iseatóp is fadsaolaí
aige ná breis is tríocha míle bliain, agus é ar fáil mar
thruailleán in úráiniam an dúlra agus mar dhramhaíl sna
himoibreoirí núicléacha. </span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Acoindrít
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar dhreigít (cloch a thit ón spéir) nach bhfuil coindriúil
le haithint uirthi. Is éard atá i gceist le coindriúl ná deoir
bheag cloiche a ghreamaigh don dreige amuigh sa spás. Acoindrítí
iad na dreigítí a tháinig ón nGealach agus ó Mhars, mar shampla.
Bíonn na hacoindrítí cosúil le basalt (bruthcharraig) an Domhain.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Acróiniciúil</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
An réalta a tháinig chun radhairc ó scáth na léaslíne thoir
díreach nuair a bhí an Ghrian ag dul faoi, deirimid go ndearna sé
éirí acróiniciúil.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Acrux
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
t-ainm atá ar an réalta is gile i gCros an Deiscirt. Córas
ilréaltach atá ann i ndáiríre, agus é suite faoi thrí chéad is
fiche solasbhliain dínn, sin nó céad parsoic. </span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Acuairidí</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Dreigechith iad na hAcuairidí atá le feiceáil i réaltbhuíon
Iompróir an Uisce (réaltbhuíon an Uisceadóra), nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Aquarius.
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Le
fírinne ní aon dreigechith amháin iad na hAcuairidí: aithnítear
seacht ndreigechith éagsúla, ar a laghad, a bhíos ag teacht as
pointe (radaí) éigin sa réaltbhuíon sin. Is dócha gurb iad na
hEta-Acuairidí an cith is clúití acu: bíonn siad le feiceáil i
Mí an Aibreáin agus i Mí na Bealtaine. Creidtear gur bhain
imtharraingt na Gréine na dreigí áirithe seo ó scuabréalta
Halley na céadta bliain ó shin.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Adamh</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
An t-aonad is lú d'aon dúil cheimiceach. De réir na tuisceana atá
againn ar an adamh inniu, tá croíleacan nó núicléas ag an adamh
agus an chuid is mó dá mhais comhchruinnithe ansin. Tá an núicléas
comhdhéanta as dhá chineál cáithníní: prótóin agus neodróin.
Tá lucht leictreach deimhneach ag an bprótón, ach níl aon chineál
lucht leictreach ag an neodrón. Núicléóin a thugtar ar an dá
chineál cáithníní in éineacht. Is dual do luchtanna leictreacha
den chineál céanna an ruaig a chur ar a chéile, agus mar sin tá
fórsa i bhfad níos láidre ná an t-éaradh leictreach de dhíth
leis an núicléas a choinneáil le chéile. Seo an fórsa láidir,
nó an fórsa núicléach.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Taobh
amuigh den núicléas atá an néal leictreon. Tá an leictreon i
bhfad níos éadroime ná an prótón – is ionann mais aon phrótón
amháin agus mais dhá mhíle leictreon, beagnach. An lucht
leictreach atá ag an leictreon, is lucht diúltach é a neodraíos
aon phrótón amháin. Níl lucht leictreach ar bith ag an adamh sa
bhunstaid, agus mar sin, is ionann líon na bprótón agus líon na
leictreon. Is é líon na bprótón a shocraíos líon na leictreon,
agus is é líon na leictreon (nó struchtúr an néil) a shocraíos
saintréithe ceimiceacha na dúile a mbaineann an t-adamh léi.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
ordú agus eagar ar leith ar an néal leictreon agus é bunaithe ar
cheithre chandamuimhir, mar a thugtar orthu: an phríomh-chandamuimhir
a shocraíos cén sceall leictreonach ar a bhfuil an leictreon suite;
an chandamuimhir asamatach a shainíos an fo-sceall (an leibhéal
fuinnimh taobh istigh den sceall), ar an gcandamuimhir mhaighnéadach
a aithnítear fithiseán an leictreoin, agus an chandamuimhir guairne
a deir cé acu den dá leictreon san fhithiseán sin atá ann. Deir
prionsabal Pauli (a fuair a ainm i ndiaidh Wolfgang Pauli, fisiceoir
Gearmánach) nach féidir le dhá leictreon i néal an adaimh chéanna
na candamuimhreacha céanna go léir a bheith acu.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
iad na luachanna a cheadaítear don phríomh-chandamuimhir ná 1, 2,
3... Más ionann </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>n
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus
an phríomh-chandamuimhir, is ionann luachanna na candamuimhreach
asamataí (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>l</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
agus 0, 1, 2,...(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>n
–</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
1). Más ionann </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>l
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus
an chandamuimhir asamatach, is iad na luachanna a cheadaítear don
chandamuimhir mhaighnéadach ná 0, +1, -1, +2, -2,...</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>l,
-l</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Maidir leis an gcandamuimhir guairne, níl ach dhá luach ar fáil
di: ½ agus -½.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ní
mór cuimhne a choinneáil air gur cineál simpliúchán í an
tsamhail seo féin den adamh. Tá sé bunaithe ar an adamh hidrigine,
nach bhfuil ach aon leictreon amháin ann. Tá sé réasúnta furasta
cur síos matamaitice a thabhairt ar chóras chomh simplí sin nach
bhfuil ann ach dhá réad agus iad ag idirghníomhú. Rachadh sé
thar acmhainn an mhatamaiticeora féin, áfach, an idirghníomhaíocht
idir na leictreoin éagsúla a chur san áireamh, abair, in adamh na
hocsaigine féin (ocht leictreon ar fad) gan trácht ar adaimh na
ndúl is troime amuigh (an t-úráiniam, abair, agus dhá leictreon
déag is ceithre scór aige).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
féidir leis na hadaimh naisc cheimiceacha a cheangal dá chéile. Is
iad an dá chineál nasc ná an nasc comhfhiúsach agus an nasc
ianach. Is éard atá i gceist leis an nasc comhfhiúsach ná
comh-leictreondís (agus comhfhithiseán) dhá adamh – tugann gach
adamh leictreon amháin uaidh don chomhfhithiseán. Más nasc ianach
atá ann, is éard atá i gceist leis ná go bhfuair adamh amháin
leictreon ar iasacht ó adamh eile. Is ionann sin is a rá go
ndearnadh ian deimhneach den adamh a thug an leictreon uaidh, agus
gur iompaigh an t-adamh eile ina ian diúltach. Is dual don lucht
leictreach diúltach an lucht leictreach deimhneach a aomadh (a
tharraingt chuige) agus a mhalairt, agus is é an comhaomachán sin
is bunús leis an nasc ianach.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Adamh
cianaosta</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Ba é an fisiceoir Francach Georges Lemaître an chéad duine ar rith
smaoineamh na hOllphléisce leis. É féin thug sé ”hipitéis an
adaimh chianaosta” air. Dúirt sé go raibh a leithéid de rud ann
i dtús stair na hollchruinne agus ”adamh cianaosta” nó ”ubh
chosmach”, agus gurb as an adamh cianaosta seo a d'eascair an
ollchruinne.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Adhara</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is é Adhara, nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Epsilon
Canis Majoris</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
an dara réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon an Mhadra Mhóir. Tá sé
suite faoi 430 solasbhliain dinn, agus is déréalta é. Maidir leis
an aicme speictreach, is B-réalta í príomhréalta an chórais,
agus mar sin, is réalta an-te í agus dath bánghorm inti. Tá
Adhara le feiceáil i mbratach na Brasaíle freisin, agus é ag
seasamh do stát Tocantins.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Adonis</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Ceann de na hastaróidigh neas-Domhain é Adonis, is é sin, is
astaróideach é a thagas an-chóngarach don Domhan s'againn ar a
fhithis timpeall na Gréine. Ón taobh eile de, tá a chianphointe
suite tuairim is cúig chéad milliún ciliméadar ón nGrian (tá an
Domhan timpeall is céad is caoga milliún ciliméadar ón nGrian).
Tógann sé beagnach trí bliana ar Adonis imrothlú amháin timpeall
na Gréine a chríochnú. Ba é an réalteolaí Beilgeach Eugène
Delporte a chuir an chéad sonrú san astaróideach seo, thiar sa
bhliain 1936. Creidtear go bhfuil sé timpeall is ciliméadar amháin
ar trastomhas.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aeón</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Sa réalteolaíocht is ionann aeón agus billiún (mórmhilliún)
bliain (1,000,000,000 bliain).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I
dteoiric na cruinne ascalaí, glactar leis go dtiocfaidh deireadh le
fairsingiú na cruinne agus go dtosóidh an chruinne ag crapadh
chuici féin arís, go dtí go dtitfidh sí isteach in aon phonc
amháin – an ollbhrúisc a thugtar air seo. Ansin tiocfaidh
ollphléasc eile. Duine de na cosmeolaithe ba mhó a rinne forbairt
ar an teoiric seo, mar atá, an fisiceoir Sasanach Roger Penrose,
thug seisean aeón ar an tréimhse ama idir dhá ollphléasc.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aerailít</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
malairt ainm ar dhreigít. ”Cloch ón aer” is brí leis an
bhfocal seo, go bunúsach.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aeranomaíocht</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is éard atá i gceist leis an aeranomaíocht ná taighde ar uachtar
an atmaisféir – ar an teirmisféar agus ar an méisisféar – go
háirithe ar na díluchtuithe leictreacha thuas ansin.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aeraspás</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Tagraíonn an focal </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>aeraspás
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">d'iarrachtaí
na ndaoine eitilt a dhéanamh san aer nó sa spás agus do na
scileanna innealtóireachta a bhaineas leo. Ní mór é a choinneáil
scartha ón </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>aerspás</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thagraíos don aer os cionn áit ar leith – os do chionn féin,
cuir i gcás.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aerastad</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Tugtar aerastad ar theorainn an atmaisféir ó thaobh na heitlíochta
de – is é sin, nuair a shroichfeas gnátheitleán an t-aerastad,
ní bheidh fórsa ardaithe faoi na sciatháin a thuilleadh, chomh
tanaí is atá an t-aer thuas ansin.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
tAerchaidéal</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Réaltbhuíon é an tAerchaidéal nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Antlia
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
dingthe idir an Ceinteár, an Phéist Uisce, na Seolta agus Compás
an Mhairnéalaigh. Ba é Nicolas Louis de Lacaille a d'ainmnigh an
réaltbhuíon seo agus a shainigh mar réaltbhuíon ar leith í. Níl
mórán cuid súl ann: an réalta is gile atá ann, mar atá, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Antliae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
níl inti ach réalta phríomhsheichimh nach bhfuil mórán níos mó
ná an Ghrian s'againn, agus í féin ag druidim chun seanaoise.
Réalta den déanamh K, nó réalta fhlannbhuí, atá in Alpha
Antliae.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aerloinnir</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is í an aerloinnir an dóigh a n-astaíonn an t-atmaisféar féin
solas. Bíonn cúiseanna éagsúla leis an aerloinnir: go bunúsach
fágann solas na Gréine an t-atmaisféar luchtaithe le leictreachas,
agus nuair a dhíluchtófar an fuinneamh leictreach sin, aithneofar
mar sholas é. Go tipiciúil scoilteann gathanna na Gréine móilíní
nítrigine no ocsaigine de chuid an aeir thuas san atmaisféar, agus
nuair a rachas na hadaimh aonair le chéile le móilíní nua a
dhéanamh, scaoilfear fuinneamh mar sholas. Ní féidir an aerloinnir
a aithint de ló, ó tá solas scaipthe na Gréine i bhfad níos gile
ná í, ach is feiniméan í a chuireas isteach ar na réalteolaithe
le dorchadas na hoíche féin agus iad ag déanamh a gcuid
breathnuithe.</span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aeróg</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Gléas a úsáidtear le tonnta leictreamaighnéadacha a ghlacadh agus
a chlaochlú go bíoganna leictreacha, nó a mhalairt, is é sin, le
tonnta leictreamaighnéadacha a tharchur trí bhíoganna leictreacha
a chlaochlú go radathonnta (mar shampla). </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
aeróg de shórt éigin ag teastáil le craolacháin raidió nó
teilifíse a tharchur nó a ghlacadh.</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
Cineál aeróige é an soitheach satailíte, mar shampla.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Aeróga
móra millteanacha iad na radaiteileascóip freisin. Úsáidtear iad
le foinsí radathonnta a aithint ar an spéir, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">rud
ar a dtugtar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>radairéalteolaíocht</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bíonn
radathonnta ag teacht as réaltaí, réaltraí, cuasáir agus
pulsáir, mar shampla.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aeróg
dhépholach</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Déanamh simplí aeróige is ea an aeróg dhépholach. Dhá shlat
mhiotail atá ann agus iad ag aimpliú na radathonnta eatarthu trí
athshondas.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aeróg
Yagi</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Déanamh aeróige is casta ná an aeróg dhépholach – aeróg atá
comhdhéanta as sraith d'aeróga dépholacha agus iad suite go
comhthreomhar in aice a chéile. Déanamh coitianta é seo ar na
haeróga teilifíse mar shampla. Fuair an cineál seo aeróige a ainm
ón innealtóir Seapánach Hidetsugu Yagi cé gurbh é Shintaro Uda a
rinne an chuid ba mhó den obair dhearthóireachta. Sa bhliain 1926 a
bhain siad amach paitinn don dearadh seo.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aga</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
I dtéarmaíocht na réalteolaíochta is ionann an t-aga agus am
tagartha na gcomhordanáidí. Bíonn athruithe beaga ag teacht ar an
spéir gan stad </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(de
thoradh na dualghluaisne ach go háirithe) </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus
mar sin nuair a chromfas an réalteolaí ar réaltmhapa a úsáid
caithfidh sé a bheith eolach ar aga an mhapa, is é sin, cathain go
beacht a bhí an mapa agus comhordanáidí an mhapa bord ar bhord le
cuma na spéire.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aichill</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Ba é Aichill an chéad astaróideach Traíoch ar cuireadh sonrú ann
riamh. Grúpa astaróideach iad na Traígh atá ag timpeallú ceathrú
pointe Lagrange ar fhithis Iúpatair – is é sin, an pointe roimh
an bpláinéad. Tá Aichill timpeall ar 130 ciliméadar ar
trastomhas, agus é ar an séú Traíoch is mó. Ba é an réalteolaí
Gearmánach a d'aithin Aichill roimh aon duine eile, thiar sa bhliain
1906.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aicme
speictreach</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is gnách na réaltaí a aicmiú de réir an datha atá iontu, ós
rud é gur tomhas é ar theas na réalta, chomh maith lena
fadsaolacht: is iad na réalta teo is luaithe a spíonas a gcuid
hidrigine. Is iad na príomhaicmí sa rangú seo ná:</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
<colgroup><col width="98"></col>
<col width="100"></col>
<col width="98"></col>
<col width="99"></col>
<col width="99"></col>
<col width="98"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Aicme</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="100"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Dath
na réalta</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Teocht
an dromchla (273 K = 0 ºC, 373 K = 100 ºC)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Sampla</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Réaltbhuíon</span></span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Nótaí</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">O</span></span></td>
<td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="100"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Bánghorm
(an chuid is mó den fhuinneamh á astú mar sholas ultravialait)</span></span></td>
<td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">30,000-50,000
K</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Meissa
(Heka, Al Haka, Lambda Orionis)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Bodach</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Fathachréalta</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Mintaka
(Delta Orionis)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Bodach</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Fathachréalra</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Alnitak
(Zeta Orionis)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Bodach</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Ollfhathach</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">B</span></span></td>
<td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="100"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Gorm,
bánghorm</span></span></td>
<td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">10,000-30,000
K</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Alkaid
(Benetnasch, Eta Ursae Majoris)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Béar Mór</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Réalta
phríomhsheichimh</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Rigel
(Beta Orionis)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Bodach</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Ollfhathach</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Alnilam
(Epsilon Orionis)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Bodach</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Ollfhathach</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td rowspan="6" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">A</span></span></td>
<td rowspan="6" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="100"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Bán,
bánghorm</span></span></td>
<td rowspan="6" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">7,600-11,500
K</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Vega
(Alpha Lyrae)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Lir</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Réalta
phríomhsheichimh</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Altair
(Alpha Aquilae)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
tIolar</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Réalta
phríomhsheichimh</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Sirius
(Réalta an Mhadra, Alpha Canis Majoris)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Madra Mór</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Réalta
phríomhsheichimh</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Phad
(Phekda, Phecda, Gamma Ursae Majoris)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Béar Mór</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Réalta
phríomhsheichimh</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Deneb
(Alpha Cygni)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Eala</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Ollfhathach</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Fomalhaut
(Alpha Piscis Austrini)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Iasc
an Deiscirt</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Réalta
phríomhsheichimh</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">F</span></span></td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="100"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Bánbhuí</span></span></td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">6,000-7,600
K</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Procyon
(Alpha Canis Minoris)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Madra Beag</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Réalta
phríomhsheichimh</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Porrima
(Gamma Virginis, Arich)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Mhaighdean</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Réalta
phríomhsheichimh</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">G</span></span></td>
<td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="100"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Bánbhuí,
buí</span></span></td>
<td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">5,300-6,000</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Ghrian</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">-</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Réalta
phríomhsheichimh</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Vindemiatrix
(Epsilon Virginis)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Mhaighdean</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Fathachréalta</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Sadalsuud
(Beta Aquarii, Lucida Fortunae Fortunarum)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Iompróir
an Uisce (An tUisceadóir)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Ollfhathach</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Mebsuta
(Epsilon Geminorum)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Cúpla</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Ollfhathach</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td rowspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">K</span></span></td>
<td rowspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="100"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Flannbhuí</span></span></td>
<td rowspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">3,900-5,200</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Epsilon
Eridani</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Abhainn</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Réalta
phríomhsheichimh</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Pollux
(Beta Geminorum)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Cúpla</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Fathachréalta</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Alsafi
(Sigma Draconis)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Dragan</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Réalta
phríomhsheichimh</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Gienah
(Epsilon Cygni)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Eala</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Fathachréalta</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Eltanin
(Gamma Draconis, Etamin)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Dragan</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Fathachréalta</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td rowspan="9" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">M</span></span></td>
<td rowspan="9" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="100"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Flannbhuí,
dearg</span></span></td>
<td rowspan="9" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">4,000
nó níos fuaire</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Antares
(Alpha Scorpii)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Scairp</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Ollfhathach</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Betelgeuse
(Alpha Orionis)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Bodach</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Ollfhathach</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Aldebaran
(Alpha Tauri)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Tarbh</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Fathach</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Arcturus
(Alpha Bootis)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
tAoire</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Fathach</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Gacrux
(Gamma Crucis)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Cros
an Deiscirt</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Fathach</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Mirach
(Merak, Beta Andromedae)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Andraiméide</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Fathach</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Gliese
581</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Mheá</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Abhac
dearg</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Wolf
359</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Leon</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Abhac
dearg</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Lalande
21185 (Gliese 411)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="99"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">An
Béar Mór</span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="98"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;">Abhac
dearg</span></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ba
iad Annie Jump Cannon agus Edward C. Pickering a d'oibrigh amach an
córas seo thuas i dtús na fichiú haoise, agus is minic a thugtar
”córas Harvard” air, ós rud é go raibh Pickering i gceannas ar
Réadlann Harvard, agus Cannon ag obair dó. Cuireadh roinnt aicmí
nua leis le freastal ar chineálacha neamhghnácha réaltaí nach
féidir a aicmiú de réir an chórais ”chlasaicigh” seo, cosúil
leis an aicme úd W nó WR (réaltaí Wolf-Rayet).</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aicmiú
Trumpler</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
córas aicmithe na réaltbhraislí oscailte. Ba é an réalteolaí
Robert Julius Trumpler (nó Trümpler – Eilvéiseach a bhí ann a
chuir faoi sna Stáit Aontaithe) a cheap an córas seo sa bhliain
1930. In aicmiú Trumpler tá uimhir Rómhánach a thugas le fios cé
acu atá an bhraisle scaipthe nó dlúth (I, II, III nó IV; seasann
I don bhraisle dhlúth, agus is é IV an cineál is scaipthe); uimhir
Arabach a sheasas do mheánghile na réaltaí sa bhraisle (1, 2 nó 3
– is é 3 an cineál is gile); agus litir a deir cé acu atá an
bhraisle saibhir (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>r</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
ó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>rich
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
Bhéarla) i réaltaí, daibhir (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>p</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
ó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>poor</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
nó idir eatarthu (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>m</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
ón bhfocal </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>medium</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">).
Ina dhiaidh sin cuirtear an litir </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>n</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
le tagairt a dhéanamh don néalmhaireacht (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>nebulosity</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">),
is é sin, le tabhairt le fios go bhfuil an bhraisle suite i néal
gáis. Is é an t-aicmiú atá ag an bPléadach, mar sin, ná I3</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>rn</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
– réaltbhraisle dhlúth gheal, í saibhir i réaltaí agus
néalmhaireacht ag roinnt léi.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aigéan
na Stoirmeacha </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Oceanus
Procellarum </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an gceann is mó de na ”mara” (na machairí basailt) ar an
nGealach. Is féidir an tAigéan seo a fheiceáil ón Domhan gan dul
i muinín gléasra cianradhairc. Tá cráitéar Copernicus suite san
Aigéan – ceann de na gnéithe is feiceálaí de dhromchla na
Gealaí. An dara spásbhád a thug daoine go dtí an Ghealach, mar
atá, Apollo a 12, thuirling sí san Aigéan, agus baisteadh </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Mare
Cognitum </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
”An Mhuir Aitheanta” ar an gcuid sin den Aigéan ina dhiaidh sin.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ailbéideacht</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
An codán den tsolas (nó de chineál eile radaíochta) a
fhrithchaitheas rinn neimhe áirithe. Tá ailbéideacht an Domhain,
mar shampla, timpeall ar 0.3, is é sin, frithchaitheann an Domhan
tuairim is tríocha faoin gcéad den tsolas a bhuaileas é.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
léir nach ionann ailbéideacht na rinne neimhe i ngach ball di. Mar
shampla, má iompaíonn an Domhan taobh na farraige – taobh an
Aigéin Chiúin – leat, beidh an ailbéideacht, mar a fheictear
duitse í, níos mó ná meánailbéideacht ár bpláinéid.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aimhrialtacht</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Sa réalteolaíocht tagraíonn an focal </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>aimhrialtacht
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">dá
lán coincheapanna éagsúla, mar atá:</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Aimhrialtacht
an Atlantaigh Theas</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Aimhrialtacht
éalárnach</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Aimhrialtacht
fhíor</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Aimhrialtacht
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Pioneer</i></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Aimhrialtacht
tareitilte</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meán-aimhrialtacht</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
éard atá i gceist le h</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>aimhrialtacht
an Atlantaigh Theas</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ná an aimhrialtacht a aithnítear ar an gceann inmheánach den dá
chrios radaíochta timpeall an Domhain a fuair a n-ainm ón spáseolaí
Meiriceánach James Van Allen. De ghnáth, ní shroicheann an crios
inmheánach níos ísle síos ná sé chéad ciliméadar, ach is
eisceacht (nó aimhrialtacht!) é Deisceart an Atlantaigh, áit nach
mbíonn an crios radaíochta sin ach dhá chéad ciliméadar os cionn
dhroim ár bpláinéid. Is é is cúis leis an aimhrialtacht seo ná
nach bhfuil réimse maighnéadach an Domhain chomh siméadrach le
réimse an bharra-mhaighnéid.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
éard atá i gceist leis an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>aimhrialtacht
éalárnach</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>aimhrialtacht
fhíor</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
agus an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>mheán-aimhrialtacht</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ná
na comhordanáidí a thugas cur síos ar an áit a bhfuil an rinn
neimhe ar a fithis, de réir na ndlíthe matamaitice a d'oibrigh
Johannes Kepler amach. Uillinneacha iad an aimhrialtac</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">h</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">t
éalárnach agus an aimhrialtacht fhíor. Ní uillinn í an
mheán-aimhrialtacht, cé go dtomhaistear in aonaid stua í, cosúil
le huillinn. Tá an mheán-aimhrialtacht ag brath ar an achar a scuab
an líne ón réad go dtí an fócas den éilips ón uair dheireanach
a chuaigh an réad thart le garphointe na fithise. Is iad íosmhéid
agus uasmhéid na meán-aimhrialtachta ná 0 raidian agus 2π
raidian. Aonad stua é an raidian. Is ionann an raidian agus timpeall
ar 57.295 céim stua, nó an stua a fhreagraíos do gha an chiorcail.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Maidir
le h</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>aimhrialtacht
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pioneer,
is éard atá i gceist léi ná an géarú a tháinig ar luas an dá
spástaiscéalaí úd </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Pioneer
10 </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Pioneer
11</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nuair a shroich siad fad áirithe ón nGrian (timpeall ar fhiche
aonad réalteolaíoch). Ní raibh súil ag na réalteolaithe leis an
luasghéarú san am, ná míniú sásúil acu air, agus mar sin bhí
sé ina chúis spéise acu ar feadh tamaill. Ba é an brú radaíochta
ba chúis leis an aimhrialtacht – bhí na taiscéalaithe ag
cailleadh teasa, ach níorbh ionann an cailleadh seo ar gach taobh
den ghléas, agus mar sin bhí an brú radaíochta ag cur le luas an
ghléis.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
éard atá i gceist leis an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>aimhrialtacht
tareitilte</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ná ardú fuinnimh a aithnítear agus spásbhád ag eitilt thart leis
an Domhan. Má eitlíonn an spásbhád thart le rinn neimhe sách
cóngarach, cuirfidh imtharraingt na rinne neimhe sin cor i mbealach
an spásbháid, agus sa teagmháil chéanna géarófar ar a luas.
Cuid bheag den luasghéarú sin áfach ní féidir leis na fisiceoirí
é a mhíniú i láthair na huaire, agus tugtar aimhrialtacht
tareitilte ar an gcuid sin.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aimplitiúid</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar, go bunúsach, ar ”airde” na dtonnta, más é an
”tonnfhad” fad na dtonnta céanna.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ainmníocht
Bayer</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar an gcóras ainmníochta a cheap an réalteolaí
Gearmánach Johann Bayer thiar i dtús na seachtú haoise déag. Sa
chóras seo is éard atá in ainm na réalta ná litir Ghréagach (nó
ainm ar litir Ghréagach), agus ainm </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Laidine
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">na
réaltbhuíne ag teacht i ndiaidh na litreach sin i dtuiseal
gineadach. Mar shampla, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Centauri, Beta Ursae Majoris, Gamma Andromedae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
minic a chreidtear go seasann </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">sa
chóras seo don réalta is gile sa réaltbhuíon, agus gurb é </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Beta
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
dara ceann is gile, agus araile: </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gamma,
Delta, Epsilon...</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
Le fírinne ní raibh Bayer féin ag iarraidh ordú gile na réaltaí
i réaltbhuíon áirithe a thabhairt go mionchruinn, nó ní raibh ar
chumas réalteolaithe a linne an ghile sin a thomhas go róbheacht.
Ní dhearna sé ach na réaltaí i réaltbhuíon áirithe a aicmiú
de réir a ngile. Má bhí, cuir i gcás, cúig réalta sa
réaltbhuíon san aicme ba ghile, bhaist sé </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha,
Beta, Gamma, Delta </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Epsilon
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ar
na cinn seo, agus ansin thug sé </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Zeta
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ar
an gcéad réalta sa dara haicme, ach ní hionann sin is a rá go
dtabharfadh sé </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ar
an réalta ba ghile acu go léir. Ba mhinic a bhí a aird ar
chúiseanna eile freisin: mar shampla, má bhí réalta áirithe ar
an gcéad cheann sa réaltbhuíon a thagadh ó scáth na léaslíne,
bhí de chlaonadh in Bayer </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>alpha
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(nó
an chéad litir Gréigise san aicme bhainteach gile) a bhronnadh ar
an réalta sin thar aon cheann eile.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Thairis
sin, rinne na réalteolaithe athruithe ar theorainneacha na
réaltbhuíonta ina ndiaidh sin: thar aon rud eile, roinneadh an Long
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Argo
Navis </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">go
réaltbhuíonta éagsúla, mar atá, an Chíle (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Carina</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">),
Deireadh na Loinge (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Puppis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">),
Compás an Mhairnéalaigh (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Pyxis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">),
agus na Seolta (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Vela</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">).
Ansin, choinnigh gach réalta a litir Ghréagach, cé gur cuireadh
ainm na réaltbhuíne nua léi.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Níor
chuir Bayer an córas ainmníochta s'aige i bhfeidhm ach amháin ar
na réaltbhuíonta a bhí le feiceáil ón nGearmáin. Thit sé ar
chrann réalteolaithe eile an córas a fhairsingiú ar réaltaí an
leathsféir theas.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aipsis</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Tugtar aipsisí ar chianphointe is ar gharphointe na satailíte, is é
sin, an pointe is faide ón bpríomhúlach agus an pointe is cóngaraí
don phríomhúlach ar fhithis na satailíte.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ais
leathbheag </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an líne a ritheas ó lárphointe na héilipse go dtí
ceann den dá phointe ar an éilips is cóngaraí don lárphointe. Is
ionann an ais leathbheag agus leath an trastomhais is lú atá ag an
éilips.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ais
leathmhór </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an líne arb ionann í agus leath an trastomhais is mó
atá ag an éilips, is é sin, ritheann sí ó lárphointe na
héilipse go ceann den dá phointe ar an éilips is faide ón
lárphointe.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ais
neamhaí </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an ais a bhfuil an sféar neamhaí ag rothlú timpeall
uirthi – go bunúsach, is ionann í agus ais rothlaithe an Domhain.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ais
optúil </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an ais a ritheas trí chóras optaice agus a bhfuil an
córas sin siméidreach ina timpeall. (Rud eile í an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>ais
optach</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
a bhaineas leis an dóigh a n-athraontar an solas sna criostail.)</span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aistiogmatacht
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
i gceist nuair nach ionann an fócas (fócas an lionsa nó fócas an
chórais optúil) do na línte ceartingearacha agus na línte
cothrománacha.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aistriú
Doppler</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>iarmhairt
Doppler </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar athrú na minicíochta ó fhoinse tonnta atá ag
gluaiseacht. Léiriú maith é bonnán an otharchairr: nuair atá an
carr ag teacht inár dtreo, táimid ag cloisteáil bíoganna an
bhonnáin níos tibhe i ndiaidh a chéile (rud a fhágas go bhfuil an
mhinicíocht níos airde, agus fuaim an bhonnáin níos géire), agus
nuair atá sí ag imeacht uainn, is dóigh linn go bhfuil na bíoganna
le cloisteáil níos scaipthe (agus ansin tá an mhinicíocht níos
ísle, ionas go bhfuil an fhuaim níos doimhne). De réir an
phrionsabail chéanna, nuair atá foinse aon chineál tonnta ag
druidim </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>chugainn</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
is dóigh linn go bhfuil an tonnfhad níos lú agus an mhinicíocht
níos airde ná mar a shílfeadh an breathnóir atá ag gluaiseacht
in éineacht leis an bhfoinse – agus a mhalairt más ag druidim
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>uainne</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
atá an fhoinse sin.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ba
é an réalteolaí Ostarach Christian Andreas Doppler a mhínigh an
iarmhairt seo in alt faoi dhath na ndéréaltaí thiar sa bhliain
1842. D'aithin sé prionsabal uilechuimsitheach a bhfuil baint aige
leis na fuaimthonnta, na radathonnta agus na tonnta
leictrimhaighnéadacha de gach cineál, an gnáthsholas san áireamh.
Tugtar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>deargaistriú</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ar an dóigh a dtéann aistriú Doppler i bhfeidhm ar sholas na
réaltaí agus na réada réalteolaíocha eile agus iad ag druidim
uainn, agus </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>gormaistriú</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an téarma a thagraíos d'aistriú Doppler ag réaltaí atá ag
gluaiseacht chugainn.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aladáid
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>géag
shnáthaide</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar chlár is féidir a iompú ionas go bhfuil sé ag
pointeáil ar réad ar leith, agus é ag cur ar ár gcumas líne a
tharraingt atá ag dul i dtreo an réada sin. Comhpháirt í an
aladáid den teodailít (gléas an gheodasaí), mar shampla. Cineál
rialóir réalteolaíoch í an aladáid, agus tá an téarma féin
bunaithe ar fhocal Araibise a chiallaíos ”rialóir”.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Albireo</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is é Albireo nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Beta
Cygni </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
cúigiú réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon na hEala. Le fírinne is
déréalta é – nó tríréalta fiú. Is iad na comhréaltaí is
fusa a aithnítear ó chéile ná Albireo A agus Albireo B, ach is
déréalta ann féin é Albireo A – tugtar Albireo Aa agus Albireo
Ac ar an dá réalta sin inniu.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fathachréalta
fhlannbhuí den K-aicme é Albireo Aa. Réaltaí príomhsheichimh iad
an dá cheann eile, Albireo Ac agus Albireo B, agus is B-réaltaí
iad – is é sin, réaltaí teo gorma.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Alcor</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is é Alcor nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>80
Ursae Majoris </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Arundhati</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
leathbhádóir na réalta úd </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Mizar
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Zeta
Ursae Majoris</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Le fírinne is déréalta ann féin é Alcor agus é suite faoi dhá
sholasbhliain is ceithre scór dínn. Is réalta phríomhsheichimh
den chineál A í príomhréalta Alcor – níl sa leathbhádóir ach
abhac fann.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Alcyone</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is í Alcyone nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Eta
Tauri </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
ceann is gile de réaltaí na Pléadaí i réaltbhuíon an Tairbh.
Déanta na fírinne is córas ceithre réalta í Alcyone, agus is
fathachréalta bhánghorm B-aicme í an phríomhréalta. An trí cinn
eile is abhacréaltaí iad agus iad ag dul timpeall na príomhréalta.
</span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aldebaran</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is é Aldebaran nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Tauri </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon an Tairbh, agus é ar réaltaí geala
cuidsúlacha na spéire go léir. Fathach flannbhuí K-aicme é. Níl
sé mórán níos troime ná an Ghrian s'againn cé go bhfuil sé i
bhfad níos mó, i bhfad níos lonrúla – go bunúsach is réalta é
a d'fhorbair ó abhac príomhsheichimh go fathach mar is dual don
Ghrian féin a dhéanamh i gceann na mílte milliún bliain.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Alderamin</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is é Alderamin nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Cephei </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon an Mhíl Mhóir, agus é le feiceáil
gan dul i dtuilleamaí uirlisí cianradhairc. Tá sé suite faoi naoi
solasbhliana is dhá scór dinn. Réalta bhán A-aicme atá ann.
Lonrúil is mar atá sé, ní fathachréalta é ach réalta
phríomhsheichimh.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Alfa-cháithnín
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an núicléas héiliam a bhfuil dhá phrótón agus dhá
neodrón ann, nuair a bhítear ag tagairt do na mílte acu agus iad
ag gluaiseacht leo go tapa in aon treo, ionas gur féidir a rá gur
cineál radaíocht atá i gceist, mar atá, alfa-radaíocht.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">N</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">uair
a thiocfas moill ar an alfa-cháithnín sa damhna, bainfidh sé dhá
leictreon óna thimpeallach</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">t</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
agus iompóidh sé ina adamh héiliam. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Dá
thoradh sin bíonn boilgeoga beaga héiliam le fáil sna mianta
úráiniam.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Alfa-mheath
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">is
cúis leis an alfa-radaíocht a bhíos ag teacht as dúile áirithe
radaighníomhacha. Nuair a thiocfas alfa-mheath ar an núicléas,
astóidh sé alfa-cháithnín, is é sin cáithnín a bhfuil dhá
phrótón agus dhá neodrón ann. Ansin bainfear dhá aonad d'uimhir
adamhach an núicléis, ós ar líon na bprótón a aithnítear an
uimhir adamhach. Mar sin, má thagann alfa-mheath ar núicléas
úráiniam (is é 92 uimhir adamhach an úráiniam), déanfar
núicléas tóiriam de (is é 90 uimhir adamhach an tóiriam).</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ar
dhúile troma radaighníomhacha, cosúil leis an úráiniam, is
tipiciúla a thagas an t-alfa-mheath. Ní bhíonn iseatóip chobhsaí
ar bith ag na dúile is troime amuigh, agus mar sin caithfidh
núicléis na ndúl sin an mhaisuimhir agus an uimhir adamhach araon
a laghdú leis an gcobhsaíocht a bhaint amach. Dealraíonn sé gurb
é an teallúiriam (uimhir adamhach: 52) an dúil is éadroime a
bhfuil iseatóip alfa-ghníomhacha aige.</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Alfa-radaíocht
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
cineál radaíocht atá comhdhéanta as alfa-cháithníní. An
alfa-radaíocht a bhíos ag teacht as na núiclídí radaighníomhacha
ní bhíonn sí saibhir i bhfuinneamh agus is leor duilleog páipéir
le maolú uirthi go substaintiúil.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Na
halfa-cháithníní a bhíos ag bualadh an Domhain ón spás, mar
chuid den radaíocht chosmach, tá siad i bhfad níos fuinniúla agus
dainséar iontu do na neachanna beo dá réir.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Algenib</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an t-ainm a thugtar go traidisiúnta ar dhá réalta:</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gamma
Pegasi. </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
an réalta seo le feiceáil i réaltbhuíon Pheigeasais. Glactar
leis go bhfuil sí suite faoi thrí chéad is nócha solasbhliain
dínn, a bheag nó a mhór. Réalta réasúnta mór atá i nGamma
Pegasi, ach is deacair a rá an féidir fathachréalta a thabhairt
uirthi dáiríribh: tá sí naoi n-oiread chomh trom leis an nGrian,
agus cúig oiread ar trastomhas. Réalta an-lonrúil í áfach –
breis is cúig oiread chomh lonrúil leis an nGrian – agus ní
shamhlófá a mhalairt le réalta B-aicme. Dealraíonn sé go bhfuil
sí le hiompú ina fathach ceart nuair a bheas a cuid hidrigine
spíonta aici.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Malairt
ainm ar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Persei </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
Mirfak. Féach Mirfak.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Algol
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>an
Deamhanréalta </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an réalta úd </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Beta
Persei</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">;
ainm eile as Béarla é </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Winking
Demon</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
is é sin, ”an Deamhan Súilbhobálach”. ”An Deamhan” is brí
leis an ainm Araibise úd </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Al-Ghul,
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus
is ionann sin mar fhocal agus </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>ghoul</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an Bhéarla – ”gúl” an leagan Gaeilge a thugas foclóir mór
Néill Uí Dhónaill. Ba nós leis na hastralaithe anallód a
shíleadh gur tuar tubaiste agus foréigin a bhí ann. Is léir mar
sin gur spreag an réalta seo fantaisíocht na ndaoine le fada, agus
is é is cúis leis sin ná gur déréalta uraitheach í: an dóigh a
mbíonn sí ag ”bobáil súile” shíleadh na daoine gur neach beo
a bhí i gceist.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
é is ciall le ”déréalta uraitheach” ná go dtagann ceann den
dá chomhréalta idir sinn agus an ceann eile ó am go ham, rud a
fhágas go bhfuil lonrachas agus speictream na réalta ag athrú go
tráthrialta. Tá an dá chompánach suite chomh cóngarach dá
chéile is nach raibh na sean-réalteolaithe in ann iad a aithint
thar a chéile ach amháin ar an timthriall seo – le huirlisí
forbartha an lae inniu is féidir an dá réalta a fheiceáil, áfach.
Mar sin féin tugtar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>déréalta
speictreach</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ar Algol, toisc gur</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">b</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ar na hathruithe speictrim is lonrachais a d'aithin na réalteolaithe
an chéad uair gur dhá réalta a bhí ann.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Le
fírinne tá an tríú comhréalta ann freisin, ach ní uraíonn sí
aon cheann den dá réalta eile.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Réaltaí
príomhsheichimh iad comhréaltaí Algol, cé go bhfuil siad níos mó
ná an Ghrian. An réalta is gile den triúr, nó Algol Aa1, is
réalta den B-aicme í. Tá sí trí oiread chomh mór leis an nGrian
de réir an trastomhais agus an téagair, agus beagnach dhá chéad
oiread níos lonrúla. An compánach uraitheach atá ag Algol Aa1,
tugtar Algol Aa2 air. Tá sé beagáinín níos éadroime ná an
Ghrian, agus é trí oiread go leith chomh mór de réir an
trastomhais. Réalta K-aicme é, agus é gan ach seacht n-oiread
chomh lonrúil leis an nGrian. Maidir leis an tríú comhréalta,
baineann sí leis an A-aicme, agus níl sí mórán níos troime, ná
níos mó, ná an Ghrian.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bhí
an-tábhacht leis an réalta seo i stair na réalteolaíochta, ó
chuidigh sí leis na heolaithe tuiscint a fháil ar na déréaltaí
mar rud. Is gnách aicme iomlán de dhéréaltaí a dhealramh le
hAlgol.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Alioth
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Epsilon
Ursae Majoris </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon an Bhéir Mhóir. Tá sí suite
faoi dhá sholasbhliain is ceithre scór dínn, a bheag nó a mhór,
agus í beagnach trí oiread chomh mór leis an nGrian s'againn. Tá
Alioth ceithre oiread chomh mór leis an nGrian de réir an
trastomhais, agus breis is céad oiread chomh lonrúil. Aicmítear
mar A-réalta í. Tagann athruithe aisteacha ar a speictream go
tráthrialta timthriallach, agus ceaptar gurb é réimse maighnéadach
na réalta a mheascas na dúile breise – na truailleáin – i
”mbreosla” hidrigine na réalta ar dhóigh ar leith, ionas go
dtéann siad i bhfeidhm ar an speictream mar sin. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Alkaid
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Benetnasch
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Eta
Ursae Majoris </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an tríú réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon an Bhéir Mhóir.
B-réalta atá ann de réir an speictrim, is é sin, réalta the
bhánghorm. Tá sé sé oiread chomh trom leis an nGrian, trí oiread
go leith chomh mór de réir an trastomhais, agus míle trí chéad
is caoga oiread chomh lonrúil. An chuid is mó de na réaltaí sa
Chamchéachta tá siad ag gluaiseacht leo tríd an spás in éineacht,
in aon treo agus ar aon luas le chéile – tugtar ”grúpa
gluaisteach an Bhéir Mhóir” orthu – ach is eisceacht é Alkaid,
nó ní ball den ghrúpa sin é.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Almach
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gamma
Andromedae </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an ilréalta arb í an tríú réad is gile i réaltbhuíon
Andraiméide í. D'aithin na réalteolaithe faoi dheireadh an ochtú
céad déag gur déréalta a bhí ann. Ceann den dá réalta sin
áfach, is dóigh le lucht na ceirde inniu gur córas trí réalta
ann féin é. Mar sin, is córas ceithre réalta í Almach, agus é
suite faoi trí chéad is caoga solasbhliain dínn. Is iad na ceithre
réaltaí sin ná:</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">γ
Andromedae A. Fathachréalta í seo a áirítear ar an K-aicme:
réalta fhlannbhuí í atá níos fuaire ná an Ghrian.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">γ
Andromedae Ba agus Bb. Dhá réalta phríomhsheichimh den B-aicme
iad, agus iad ag dul timpeall a chéile uair in aghaidh dhá lá is
ocht n-uaire.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">γ
Andromedae C. Réalta phríomhsheichimh den A-aicme í.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Alnair
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(focal
Araibise a chiallaíos ”an ceann geal”)</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar go traidisiúnta ar dhá réalta, mar atá:</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Gruis. </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
an réalta seo ar an gceann is gile i réaltbhuíon na Coirre.
Réalta the ghorm de chuid na B-aicme í agus í trí nó ceithre
oiread níos mó ná an Ghrian s'againn – mar sin, ní
fathachréalta í ach réalta phríomhsheichimh a d'fhéadfá a
dhealramh le Sirius. Tá sí i bhfad níos lonraí ná an Ghrian, is
é sin, dhá chéad is trí scór oiread. Tá sí suite faoi chéad
solasbhliain dínn, a bheag nó a mhór. </span></span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Zeta
Centauri. </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
an réalta seo le feiceáil i réaltbhuíon an Cheinteáir, agus í
ocht n-oiread chomh trom leis an nGrian. Tá sí suite faoi thrí
chéad agus ceithre scór solasbhliain dínn. Réalta the ghorm de
chuid na B-aicme í seo chomh maith le hAlpha Gruis.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Alnilam
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Epsilon
Orionis </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an réalta i lár na hastaireachta ar a dtugtar Crios Oiríon nó
Slat an Bhodaigh, i réaltbhuíon an Bhodaigh. B-réalta atá ann, is
é sin, réalta the ghorm é. Tá sé suite faoi thuairim is dhá
mhíle solasbhliain dínn, agus é tríocha oiread chomh trom leis an
nGrian, nó i bhfad níos troime fós. De réir na lonrúlachta, tá
Alnilam beagnach leathmhilliún oiread níos gile ná ár réalta
féin. Tríd is tríd níl sé as cosán ollfhathach a thabhairt ar
an réalta seo, agus creidtear go bpléascfaidh sí ina hollnóva an
lá is faide anonn.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Alnitak
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Zeta
Orionis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar an gceann is faide thoir de na réaltaí i Slat an
Bhodaigh (Crios Oiríon). Tá sé suite faoi thuairim is ceithre
chéad solasbhliain dínn, agus is tríréalta ann féin é.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Alpha
Centauri</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Toliman
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">nó
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Bungula</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
t</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">hugtar
ar an réalta is cóngaraí dúinn, nó ar an gcóras réaltaí le
bheith beacht. Tá trí réalta ann: </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Centauri A</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">;
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Centauri B</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">;
agus </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Centauri C</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Proxima
Centauri</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Tá an trí cinn suite faoi chorradh is ceithre solasbhliana dínn,
agus mar is léir ón ainm Laidine – </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Proxima,
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">”An
Ceann is Cóngaraí” – tá Alpha Centauri C níos gaire dúinn ná
an dá cheann eile. Tá cuid de na réalteolaithe barúlach, fiú,
nach bhfuil Proxima ach ag dul thar bráid, is é sin nach bhfuil sí
ceangailte den bheirt eile ar aon dóigh.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ba
nós leis na réalteolaithe Muslamacha </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Rijl
al Qanturis </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
”Cos an Cheinteáir” a thabhairt ar Alpha Centauri. Is é </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Rigil
Kentaurus </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
leagan leath-Laidine den ainm chéanna a d'úsáidtí sa Domhan
Thiar. Sa bhliain 2016, áfach, shocraigh Aontas Idirnáisiúnta na
Réalteolaíochta gan ”Rigil Kentaurus” a thabhairt ach ar Alpha
Centauri A.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
Alpha Centauri A ábhairín níos mó ná an Ghrian, agus aon oiread
go leith chomh lonrúil. Aicmítear mar G-réalta í, is é sin, is
réalta bhuí phríomhsheichimh í cosúil leis an nGrian s'againn.
Alpha Centauri B arís, tá sí beagáinín níos lú agus níos
fuaire ná an Ghrian – is réalta fhlannbhuí K-aicme í. Maidir le
Proxima, níl inti siúd ach abhacréalta bheag nach bhfuil de mhais
inti ach 12.3 % de mhais na Gréine. Baineann sí leis an M-aicme, is
é sin, is abhacréalta dhearg í agus í níos fuaire ná an dá
réalta eile sa chóras.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Chomh
gar is atá an dá phríomh-chomhbhall dá chéile, ní féidir iad a
aithint thar a chéile gan dul i dtuilleamaí teileascóip. Dá
mbeadh Proxima ní ba lonrúla d'fhéadfá í a aithint mar réalta
ar leith le súile do chinn féin, ach ós rud é nach bhfuil inti
ach léaró fann i gcomparáid leis an dá réalta eile tá
teileascóp de dhíth le hí a fheiceáil ar aon nós.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mar
is léir ón ainm, tá Alpha Centauri ar an réalta is gile i
réaltbhuíon an Cheinteáir, agus í ar réaltaí geala na spéire
go léir chomh cóngarach dúinn is atá sí. Níl ach Sirius agus
Canopus níos gile ná í. Réalta phríomhsheichimh atá i Sirius
agus í suite i gcóngar dúinn, díreach cosúil le hAlpha Centauri;
fathachréalta atá i gCanopus agus í faoi thrí chéad solasbhliain
dínn.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Alphekka
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alphecca
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gemma
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>An
tSeoid </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Coronae Borealis </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon Choróin an Tuaiscirt.
Réalta phríomhsheichimh den A-aicme í atá suite faoi chúig
ciliméadair déag is trí scór dínn. Tá sí timpeall is trí
oiread chomh trom leis an nGrian, ach ar ndóigh tá sí i bhfad níos
lonrúla ná í – ceithre oiread déag is trí scór. Le fírinne
is déréalta í, nó tá leathbhádóir, Alphekka B nó Alpha
Coronae Borealis B (α CB B) ag an bpríomhréalta. Tá an
leathbhádóir seo ar aon dath agus ar aon mhéid leis an nGrian,
agus tá an Ghrian beagáinín níos lonrúla ná é.</span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
gnách </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alphecca
Meridiana </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thabhairt ar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Coronae Australis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
is é sin, a</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">n
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">réalta
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">is
gile i</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">g</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Coróin
an Deiscirt. Tá an réalta seo dhá oiread agus trí dheichiú cuid
chomh trom leis an nGrian, agus tríocha oiread níos lonrúla.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Alpheratz
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Sirah
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Andromedae </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon Andraiméide. Tá sí
suite in aice le réaltbhuíon Pheigeasais, agus deirtear gurb iad
Alpheratz agus trí réalta de chuid Pheigeasais (Markab, Scheat,
agus Algenib) ”cearnóg mhór Pheigeasais”.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
Alpheratz suite faoi sheacht solasbhliana déag is ceithre scór
dinn, agus is déréalta é. Tá an ceann is mó den dá chomhréalta
ceithre oiread chomh trom leis an nGrian agus trí oiread chomh
leathan (de réir an trastomhais, nó an gha); sáraíonn sí an
Ghrian faoi 240 oiread ar lonrachas. Is B-réalta í, is é sin, is
réalta gheal ghorm í. Tá an leathbhádóir níos lú ná an
phríomhréalta, is é sin, dhá oiread chomh trom leis an nGrian.
Réalta den aicme A é, is é sin, réalta bhánghorm atá ann, agus
é beagáinín níos fuaire ná an phríomhréalta. Tá sé trí
oiread déag chomh lonrúil leis an nGrian.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
roinnt dúl ceimiceach neamhghnách le fáil sa phríomhréalta,
mearcair, mangainéis, agus xeanón go háirithe, agus a lorg le
haithint ar a speictream.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Alphonsus</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
– Cráitéar mór ar an nGealach é Alphonsus, agus é suite taobh
thoir de Mhuir na Scamall, in aice le cráitéir Ptolemaeus agus
Alpitragus. Tá Alphonsus céad is fiche ciliméadar ar trastomhas,
agus é ainmnithe as Alfonso a Deich, rí na Caistíle, a mhair ón
mbliain 1221 go 1284. Bhí suim ag Alfonso sna réaltaí agus sna
heolaíochtaí, agus is iad na leasainmneacha a baisteadh air ná
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Sabio</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó an Fear Críonna, agus </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Astrólogo</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó an tAstralaí.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Altair
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Aquilae </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon an Iolair. Réalta
phríomhsheichimh den A-aicme is ea Altair agus í ar cheann de na
réaltaí is gile ar an spéir, chomh cóngarach is atá sí dúinn –
níl sí ach sé nó seacht solasbhliana déag uainn. Tá Altair ag
dul timpeall ar a hais chomh sciobtha is go gcuireann an rothlú seo
as a riocht í – níl sí sféarúil (níl sí ar dhéanamh na
liathróide) ach sórt leibhéalta sna poil.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Altasamat
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">is
ea an cineál gléasadh nó feistiú a chuireas ar do chumas an
teileascóp a rothlú ar an ais cheartingearach agus ar an ais
chothrománach araon. Tagraíonn tús an fhocail don airde
(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>altitude</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">),
agus is ionann an t-asamat agus an treoshuíomh compáis. Cineál
altasamat é an túirín gunna chomh maith.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Altóir</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an réaltbhuíon idir an Scairp, an Riail, an Teileascóp agus
Triantán an Deiscirt. Tá cuid mhaith réaltbhraislí le feiceáil
san Altóir, agus tá Réaltnéal Roc an Gha Nimhe suite sa
réaltbhuíon seo freisin. Níl an Altóir le feiceáil ach ó
leathsféar theas an Domhain, agus mar sin, níl d'ainmneacha againn
ar a cuid réaltaí ach </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Arae, Beta Arae, Gamma Arae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
agus araile.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Ara
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
t-ainm Laidine ar an Altóir. Tabhair faoi deara go dtagraíonn an
t-ainm Gaeilge ”An tAra” do réaltbhuíon eile ar fad, an ceann
ar a dtugtar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Auriga
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">as
Laidin.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Alúmanam
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar dhúil uimhir a trí déag i dtábla peiriadach na ndúl.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Al
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
tsiombail cheimiceach, agus is í an chumraíocht leictreonach atá
aige ná 1s</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2s</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2p</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">6</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3s</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3p</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">1</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Mar sin, tá trí leictreon ar an sceall is faide amuigh, agus is
dual don alúmanam an trí cinn sin a thabhairt ar iasacht uaidh</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Mar sin,</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
is é +3 an staid ocsaídiúcháin is dual don dúil seo, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
ní féidir +1 ná +2 a aithint ag an alúmanam ach amháin i
gcomhdhúile díomuana</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
an t-alúmanam 26.981 aonad ar mheáchan adamhach, agus ní díol
iontais é mar sin gurb é alúmanam a 27, nó </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">27</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Al,
an t-aon iseatóp nádúrtha amháin atá aige</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Tá an raidiseatóp </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
cobhsaí, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">26</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Al,</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
seacht gcéad míle bliain ar leathré</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
agus is féidir iarsmaí de a aithint sa ghás idir-réaltach, ach
más féidir féin, tá sé sábháilte a rá nach bhfuil a dhath
fágtha de i ndúlra an Domhain</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Na hiseatóip radaighníomhacha eile atá ann, ní mór iad a
tháirgeadh sa tsaotharlann, agus ní </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bhíonn
siad fadsaolach ar aon nós –</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
bíonn siad cúpla nóiméad nó cúpla soicind ar leathré, nó níos
éagobhsaí fós.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Miotal
éadrom é an t-alúmanam. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Seoltóir
maith teasa agus leictreachais atá ann, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
níl nimh ná dochar ann don orgánach dhaonna. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Táthar
buartha faoin mbaint atá ag an alúmanam le galar Alzheimer, ach níl
na saineolaithe ar aon fhocal faoin mbaint sin</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Ocsaídítear </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
t-alúmanam</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
go héasca, agus mar sin bíonn brat ocsaíde ar an miotal a fhágas
liath é –</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ar an dath sin is fusa a aithnítear an t-alúmanam</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Tá an ocsaíd alúmanaim, Al</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">O</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
an-chrua, an-láidir mar shubstaint, agus díonann an brat sin an
miotal ar thuilleadh ocsaídiú. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Deirtear
go n-</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">éighníomhaíonn</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an brat ocsaíde an miotal.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cé
go bhfuil an t-alúmanam ar ceann de na dúile is coitianta i </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">screamh
an domhain, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
aithne ag na daoine ar mhianraí éagsúla alúmanaim (alúm, mar
shampla) ó thús na staire, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">níor
éirigh le</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
an gcine daonna</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
alúmanam a aonrú mar dhúil ach </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sa
naoú haois déag. Ba é an Danmhargach Hans Christian Ørsted a
rinne an t-éacht. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ar
feadh i bhfad, áfach, ní raibh sé furasta an miotal a tháirgeadh,
agus bhíodh sé ní ba dhaoire ná an t-ór féin.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ba
iad an Meiriceánach Charles Martin Hall agus an Francach Paul
Héroult a tháinig ar an modh oibre le halúmanam a tháirgeadh ar
scála tionsclaíoch, i ndeireadh na naoú haoise déag. Is </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">éard
atá i gceist le próiseas Hall-Héroult – mar a thugtar air – ná
leictrealú na hocsaíde alúmanaim go hocsaigin agus alúmanam. Níl
sé praiticiúil an ocsaíd a leá lena leictrealú, áfach, toisc go
dteastaíonn teocht breis is dhá mhíle céim Celsius chuige sin. Ba
é an rud a rith le Hall agus Héroult, beag beann ar a chéile, ná
an ocsaíd a thuaslagadh i gcrióilit leáite. Mianra alúmanaim í
an chrióilit féin – is éard atá inti ná fluairíd potaisiam
agus alúmanaim (K</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">AlF</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">6</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">),
agus í i bhfad níos soleáite ná an ocsaíd alúmanaim.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">An
leagan den ocsaíd alúmanaim a úsáidtear le haghaidh táirgíochta
is é an </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">bháicsít
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">é.
Ocsaíd alúmanaim neamhghlan atá sa bháicsít. Tugtar </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">corandam
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar
na glanchriostail ocsaíde alúmanaim, agus úsáidtear sa
tseod</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">óireacht
iad. Níl dath ar bith sa ghlanchorandam, ach fágann truailleáin
dathanna éagsúla ann. Tugtar </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">rúibín</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ar an gcorandam dearg, agus is é an cróimiam is cúis leis an dath.
Tagraíonn an focal </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">saifír</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
do na cineálacha daite eile den chorandam, go háirithe don
chorandam ghorm.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
a lán mianraí alúmanaim eile sa dúlra chomh maith – na
hiathchlocha, mar shampla, ar sileacáití alúmanaim iad. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">As
an mbáicsít a bhaintear an chuid is mó den alúmanam, áfach.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Níl
léamh ná scríobh ná insint bhéil ar chomh húsáideach is atá
an t-alúmanam, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ós
miotal éadrom é agus an-teacht aniar ann. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Go
coitianta, measctar miotail eile tríd lena dhéanamh níos oiriúnaí
d'úsáid ar leith. Baintear leas as an nglanalúmanam freisin, áfach
– sa leictreonaic, ar a laghad. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Go
bunúsach, is é an glanalúmanam atá de dhíth más í an díontacht
ar an gcreimeadh (ar an ocsaídiú) is mó atá ag teastáil, ach más
í an chruacht agus an díontacht ar </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bhuaillí
nó ar bhrú meicniúil atá de dhíth, is é an cómhiotal – an
miotal measctha – a roghnaítear.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Amalthea
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><b>Amailtia</b></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an leagan Gaelaithe a bhí ag Matt Hussey sa leabhar úd </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Fréamh
an Eolais</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
a thugtar ar shatailít bheag de chuid Iúpatair; </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Iúpatar
a Cúig </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
t-ainm córasach. Ba é an Meiriceánach Edward Emerson Barnard a
chuir an chéad sonrú inti sa bhliain 1892 – an fear céanna a
bhfuair Réalta Barnard a hainm uaidh. Tá sí ag timpeallú Iúpatair
níos gaire ná gealacha aithnidiúla Galileo, agus í níos lú ná
iad: tá déanamh neamhrialta uirthi, is é sin, níl sí ar déanamh
liathróide. Shuigh an scríbhneoir ficsin eolaíochta Arthur C.
Clarke a ghearrscéal </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Jupiter
Five </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ar
Amalthea, mar is léir ón teideal.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Amharcmhéid
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
téarma a thagraíos do mhéid na réalta mar a fheictear dúinn í,
is é sin, de réir ghile a cuid solais.</span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Am
Iarthar na hEorpa</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
an t-am a gcloítear leis in Éirinn, sa Phortaingéil agus sa Ríocht
Aontaithe. Is ionann é go bunúsach agus an tAm Uilíoch, is é sin,
Meán-Am Greenwich, ach amháin go n-aistrítear na cloig uair amháin
ar aghaidh le teacht an Earraigh (am coigilte sholas an lae, is é
sin, an t-am samhraidh) agus ar ais le teacht an Fhómhair.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Am
Lár na hEorpa</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
an t-am a gcloítear leis sa chuid is mó den Eoraip. Tá sé ag dul
uair amháin chun tosaigh ar Am Iarthar na hEorpa.</span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Amóinia
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar hidríd shimplí dhénártha na nítrigine, NH</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Tá an </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">amóinia
ina gás le teocht an tseomra, nó is é an fiuchphointe atá aici ná
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-33</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">°</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Chomh
haraiciseach is atá sí chun imoibriúcháin is gás nimhe í a
dhéanas dochar do chomhdhúile bithcheimiceacha an orgánaigh
dhaonna, ach is furasta an dainséar a aithint </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">r
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rochbholadh
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
gháis</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Oibríonn
sí ar na scamhóga ar nós na ngás tachtach eile, is é sin
tarraingíonn sí éidéime na scamhóg ar an othar – líontar na
scamhóga le huisce a thachtas é.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
amóinia</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sothuaslagtha san uisce, agus í ag imoibriú mar bhun </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">scothláidir
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">leis
na haigéid </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sa
tuaslagán</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
dual don bhun</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de réir theoiric </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Br</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ø</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nsted
agus Lowry, glacann an amóinia le hian hidrigine ón aigéad, ionas
go gcruthaítear ian </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">deimhneach</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
amóiniam, NH</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">+</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ansin
is féidir leis an ian seo dul i gcomhdhúil le hiain d</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">iúlt</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">acha
–</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
salainn amóiniam, mar a thugtar ar na comhdhúile seo</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Samplaí de shalainn den chineál sin iad an chlóiríd amóiniam
NH</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cl
agus an charbónáit amóiniam (NH</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">CO</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">salann
fia-adhairce).</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Maidir
le hamóinia san ollchruinne, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tá
eolaithe áirithe barúlach go bhféadfadh an amóinia gnó an uisce
a dhéanamh do </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bhithsféar
ar phláinéad eile agus do chóras bithcheimiceach de chineál eile</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Tá fadhbanna ag baint leis an hipitéis seo, áfach. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Thar
aon rud ba chóir don phláinéad sin bheith ní b'fhuaire ná an
Domhan, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ionas
go bhfanfadh an amóinia ina leacht, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
ba chóir nach mbeadh ocsaigin le fáil in atmaisféar an phláinéid,
toisc gur substaint sho-adhainte, sho-dhóite í an ghlanamóinia.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
tAm Uilíoch</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
is ionann é agus Meán-Am Greenwich, a bheag nó a mhór. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">s
í an difríocht is mó idir an dá rud ná go bhfuil an tAm Uilíoch
níos cruinne ná rothlú an Domhain féin, toisc go bhfuil sé
bunaithe ar chloig adamhacha. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">L</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">e
fírinne is gnách an tAm Uilíoch a cheartú le soicindí bisigh ó
am go ham le féachaint chuige nach rachaidh an dá am sin ó chéile.
Cloíonn an Íoslainn leis an Am Uilíoch ó thús go deireadh na
bliana, is é sin, níl am samhraidh ar leith (is é sin, am coigilte
sholas an lae) acu.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Anailís
speictreach </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar na modhanna oibre a bhíos ag na réalteolaithe le
hairíonna na réalta a aithint ar a speictream. Ó tá a cuid línte
speictreacha ag gach dúil cheimiceach, is féidir a fheiceáil ar an
speictream cé hiad na dúile atá ar fáil i réalta áirithe.
Thairis sin, thig linn a aithint an bhfuil an réalta ag éalú uainn
nó ag druidim linn. An réalta atá ag éalú uainn, is
dealraitheach dúinn go bhfuil na línte speictreacha go léir
aistrithe i dtreo na deirge (deargaistriú), agus an réalta atá ag
druidim linn, feicimid go bhfuil na línte speictreacha aistrithe i
dtreo na goirme (gormaistriú). Is í iarmhairt Doppler is cúis leis
an dá aistriú seo.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Andraiméide
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">is
ainm don dá rud seo:</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Réaltra
Andraiméide</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>M31</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>NCG
224</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
atá ar an réaltra is mó sa Ghrúpa Áitiúil, is é sin, i
gcomharsanacht Bhealach na Bó Finne. Réaltra bíseach é. Tá sé
suite dhá mhilliún go leith de sholasbhlianta ónár réaltra
féin, agus é tuairim is dhá chéad míle solasbhliain ar
trastomhas. Ba é an réalteolaí Meiriceánach Heber Curtis
(1872-1942) a d'aithin roimh aon duine gur réaltra ar leith a bhí
ann, seachas réaltnéal taobh istigh dár réaltra féin.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Réaltbhuíon
Andraiméide – </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">is
é </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Andromeda
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
leagan Laidine a úsáidtear sa Bhéarla chomh maith. Tá an
réaltnéal le feiceáil sa réaltbhuíon áirithe seo. Tá
Andraiméide suite idir Peirseas, Caiseoipé, an Laghairt,
Peigeasas, na hÉisc, agus an Triantán. Réaltaí aithnidiúla sa
bhuíon seo iad Alpheratz agus Almach. Bíonn dreigechith na
nAndraiméidídí (nó na mBílídí) le feiceáil sa réaltbhuíon
i Mí na Samhna.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Angstram
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
leagan Gaeilge de shloinne an fhisiceora Shualannaigh Anders Jonas
Ångström (1814-1874) – nó den aonad faid a fuair a ainm ón
bhfear seo. Is ionann deich n-angstram agus aon nanaiméadar amháin.
Ar an solas agus ar an speictream ba mhó a dhírigh Ångström ina
chuid taighde, agus dá réir sin is gnách tonnfhaid na gcineálacha
éagsúla radaíochta a thomhas in angstraim. Ba é Ångström a
mhapáil roimh aon duine eile na tonnfhaid a fhreagraíos do
dhathanna éagsúla an tsolais infheicthe.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Anóid
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar leictreoid a bhfuil lucht leictreach deimhneach aici, agus
í ag aomadh iain a bhfuil lucht leictreach diúltach acu – </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>ainiain</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar orthu siúd.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Antamón
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a 51, agus is é </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sb
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
tsiombail cheimiceach (tá an giorrúchán seo bunaithe ar sheanainm
an antamóin, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>stibiam</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">).
Miotalóideach é an t-antamón, agus allatróip éagsúla aige: is é
an t-allatróp miotalach an ceann is cobhsaí acu. Tá an t-antamón
121.76 ar mheáchan adamhach, rud a thugas le tuiscint gurb é
antamón a 122 an t-iseatóp is coitianta, ach ní mar sin atá: le
fírinne is iad antamón a 121 agus antamón a 123 an dá iseatóp
cobhsaí, agus is iseatóp radaighníomhach é antamón a 122 a
dtagann béite-mheath air.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
iad +III (na comhdhúile antamónúla) agus +V (na comhdhúile
antamónacha) na staideanna ocsaídiúcháin is minice a bhíos ag an
antamón ina chuid comhdhúl. Is é an tsuilfíd antamónúil, Sb</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">S</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>stibnít</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
an mhian is tábhachtaí. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Cól
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>kohl</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
a thugtar ar an tsuilfíd chéanna nuair a úsáidtear mar smideadh
í.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Úsáidtear
seisce-ocsaíd an antamóin (trí-ocsaíd dé-antamóin, trí-ocsaíd
antamóin, ocsaíd antamónúil Sb</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">O</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
mar lasairdhíonadh. Maidir leis an dúil féin, úsáidtear i
gcóimhiotalú í – is é sin measctar trí mhiotail éagsúla é
le hiad a dhéanamh níos crua nó níos láidire.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Antares
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Scorpii</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
atá ar an réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon na Scairpe. Ollfhathach
dearg atá ann agus é breis is leathchéad míle oiread níos
lonrúla ná an Ghrian s'againn. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
é is ciall don ainm úd </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Antares
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ná
”frith-Mhars”, rud a thugas le fios go bhfuil Antares cosúil le
Mars chomh dearg is atá </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">sé.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
Dá gcuirfí Antares in áit na Gréine, bheadh fithis Mharsa féin
fágtha taobh istigh den réalta. Tá leathbhádóir beag aige, mar
atá, Antares B –</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
más féidir a rá go bhfuil sé beag, nó tá sé féin i bhfad níos
mó ná an Ghrian</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Réalta
ghorm nó bhánghorm é Antares B, agus mar sin tá sé i bhfad níos
teo ná an phríomhréalta.</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
Tá Antares suite cúig chéad go leith de sholasbhlianta uainn, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus
glactar leis go bhfuil i ndán dó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">pléasc
ollnóva a dhéanamh</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Réalta
athraitheach atá ann.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
Antares le feiceáil ar bhratach na Brasaíle, agus é ag siombalú
stát Piauí in oirthuaisceart na tíre.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
tAoire </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Boötes
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an réaltbhuíon atá suite idir Coróin an Tuaiscirt, Earcail, an
Dragan, an Béar Mór, na Madraí Fiaigh, Folt Bheirnicé, an
Mhaighdean, agus Ceann na Péiste. Arcturus atá ar an réalta is
gile sa réaltbhuíon áirithe seo.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aois
na cruinne</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>aois
na hollchruinne</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
is ionann aois na cruinne agus an t-am a d'imigh ón Ollphléasc.
Creidtear faoi láthair go bhfuil an ollchruinne tuairim is 13.8
billiún bliain d'aois.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I
dtús na fichiú haoise bhí cuid mhór de na fisiceoirí barúlach
gur rud éigríochta neamhathraitheach a bhí san ollchruinne. Ba í
an teirmidinimic a thug an chéad leid nárbh amhlaidh i ndiaidh an
iomláin. Is é dara prionsabal na teirmidinimice ná gur dual
d'eantrópacht na cruinne dul i méadaíocht i ngach próiseas
nádúrtha, is é sin, dá mbeadh an chruinne ann riamh, gan tús gan
deireadh, bheadh sí tar éis uasmhéid na heantrópachta a
shroicheadh cheana féin – bheadh an fuinneamh go léir scaipthe go
cothrom ar fud na cruinne, agus gach cearn den chruinne ar aon teocht
le chéile. Mar sin, tuigeadh go bhfuil aois theoranta ag an
gcruinne, agus go bhfuil an chruinne ag athrú – go bhfuil a stair
féin aici.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aomadh
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>aomachán
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar fhórsa atá ag tarraingt cáithníní, reanna neimhe nó
réadanna eile – imtharraingt, aomadh maighnéadach nó pé cineál
eile. (Focal é ”aomadh” ar tháinig an Duinníneach air i
nGaeilge Oirthear Uladh, agus mar sin, níl leithscéal ná siocair
ag bunadh an Tuaiscirt gan úsáid a bhaint as.) Is féidir a rá go
n-</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>aomann</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an Domhan sinn go léir, toisc go bhfuil imtharraingt
(domhantarraingt) ag an Domhan. Cosúil leis sin, aomann an lucht
leictreach deimhneach agus an lucht leictreach diúltach a chéile.
Aomann pol thuaidh agus pol theas an mhaighnéid a chéile freisin.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aonad
réalteolaíoch </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar mheánfhad an Domhain ón nGrian. Inniu, tá luach an
aonaid réalteolaíoch socraithe go hoifigiúil ar 149,597,870.7
ciliméadar (céad agus naoi milliún déag is ceithre scór, cúig
chéad agus seacht míle déag is ceithre scór, ocht gcéad agus
deich gciliméadar is trí scór, agus seacht gcéad méadar) – is
é sin, cé go mbítear ag mioncheartú an mheánfhaid de réir na
mbreathnuithe is úire, ní athraítear sainmhíniú an aonaid
réalteolaíoch dá réir a thuilleadh.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
tAonbheannach </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Monoceros
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an réaltbhuíon idir an Cúpla, an Madra Beag, an Phéist Uisce,
Deireadh na Loinge, an Madra Mór, an Giorria, agus an Bodach.
Ritheann an meánchiorcal neamhaí tríd an Aonbheannach. Níl an
tAonbheannach ró-chuidsúlach ó thaobh na réaltaí de, ach tá
roinnt réaltbhraislí agus réaltnéalta le feiceáil sa réaltbhuíon
seo, ar nós Réaltnéal an Róiséid, Réaltbhraisle Chrann na
Nollag, Réaltnéal na Coirceoige, agus Réaltnéal Athraitheach
Hubble.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
tAontas Réalteolaíoch Idirnáisiúnta </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugaimid ar eagraíocht idirnáisiúnta na réalteolaithe
proifisiúnta. Bunaíodh sa bhliain 1919 é, agus i bPáras atá
ceanncheathrú an Aontais. Is é an tAontas, nó foireann ar leith
taobh istigh den Aontas, a shocraíos na hainmneacha réalteolaíocha
a bhaistear ar reanna neimhe agus ar réadanna spéire, nó a
bhronnas stádas oifigiúil ar leagan áirithe de sheanainm.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Apafócas</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
malairt ainm ar an gcianphointe (apalár).</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Apaigí
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
téarma a thagraíos do chianphointe na satailíte </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(na
Gealaí, cuir i gcás)</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ar a fithis timpeall an Domhain.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Apaihéilean</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
(nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>aiféilean</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
a thugtar ar chianphointe an phláinéid, an chóiméid nó an
astaróidigh ar a fhithis timpeall na Gréine.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Apairéaltracan
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">is
ea cianphointe na Gréine ar a fithis timpeall lárphointe Bhealach
na Bó Finne.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Apalár
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar chianphointe na rinne neimhe ar a fithis – is é sin, an
pointe is faide ón bpríomhúlach (ón rinn neimhe eile a bhfuil sí
ag dul ina timpeall). Samplaí den apalár iad an t-apaigí, an
t-apaihéilean, an t-apastrón agus an t-apairéaltracan.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Apalló</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an t-ainm Gaeilge ar astaróideach uimhir a 1862. Tá grúpa iomlán
d'astaróidigh ainmnithe as Apalló: trasnaíonn siad fithis an
Domhain ar a gcamchuairt timpeall na Gréine, agus dainséar i gcuid
mhaith acu (Apalló féin san áireamh) don Domhan, mar is eagal leis
na réalteolaithe.</span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Apastrón
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar chianphointe an phláinéid, an astaróidigh nó an
chóiméid ar a fhithis timpeall na réalta.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
tAra </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Auriga
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an réaltbhuíon idir an Lincse, an Cúpla agus Peirséas. Is í
Capella an réalta is gile sa réaltbhuíon seo, agus í ar na
réaltaí is lonrúla amuigh. Le fírinne is córas ceithre réalta
í, agus an dá cheann is gile acu is fathachréaltaí buí iad.
Déréalta uraitheach í an dara réalta is gile san Ara, mar atá,
Menkalinan; réalta athraitheach ar déanamh Algol í. Díol suime í
Almaaz (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Epsilon
Aurigae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
freisin mar ilréalta athraitheach. Tá roinnt réaltbhraislí
oscailte san Ara fosta agus iad ina n-ábhar spéise ag na
réalteolaithe amaitéaracha.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tabhair
faoi deara fosta gurb é </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Ara
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ainm
Laidine na hAltóra freisin. Ainmneacha Laidine cosúil le </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Arae, Beta Arae </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus
araile, níl siad ag tagairt do réaltaí an Ara, ach don Altóir.
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Auriga
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
t-ainm Laidine ar an Ara.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Arcturus</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Boötis </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon an Aoire. Fathachréalta
fhlannbhuí den aicme speictreach K é, agus é ar aon mhais leis an
nGrian s'againn, cé go bhfuil sé i bhfad níos mó ná í – cúig
oiread is fiche ar trastomhas – agus i bhfad bhfad níos lonrúla,
is é sin, céad is seachtó oiread. Mar sin, cé gur fathachréalta
é anois, is dócha go raibh sé ina réalta phríomhsheichimh tráth
den tsaol. Tá Arcturus ar réaltaí geala na spéire, agus ba é an
chéad réalta riamh ar a ndearnadh breathnuithe teileascóip de lá.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Argóint
an pheirihéilin </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an uillinn idir an nód éiritheach agus an peirihéilean.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Argón
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar dhúil uimhir a hocht déag, agus is é </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ar
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
tsiombail cheimiceach. Is triathghás é, is é sin, tá ochtréad
iomlán ar an leictreonsceall is faide amuigh aige – ocht leictreon
ar fad. Is í an chumraíocht leictreonach atá aige ná
1s</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2s</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2p</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">6</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3s</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3p</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">6</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Struchtúr an-chobhsaí é an t-ochtréad nach gceadaíonn don argón
dul i gcomhdhúile le dúile ceimiceacha eile ach ar éigean. Le
comhdhúile argóin a chruthú tá imthoscaí neamhghnácha agus
ocsaídeoirí láidire (fluairín ach go háirithe) ag teastáil,
agus ní bhíonn na comhdhúile argóin fadsaolach ná úsáideach –
sórt éachtóireachta é ag na ceimiceoirí argón a nascadh de
dhúile eile. Scéal eile é go bhfuil na réalteolaithe tar éis
sonrú a chur i gcomhdhúile argóin sa spáis: d'aithin siad iain
argóiniam ArH</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">+</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ar speictream an ábhair idir-réaltaigh thart ar Réaltnéal an
Phortáin.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
trí iseatóp cobhsaí ag an argón, mar atá, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">36</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ar,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">38</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ar,
agus </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">40</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ar.
Is é </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">40</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ar
an ceann is coitianta, mar is léir ó mheáchan adamhach an argóin,
39.948. Is é is cúis leis seo go bhfuil iseatóp radaighníomhach
ag an bpotaisiam, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">40</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">K,
atá cuíosach flúirseach sa dúlra, agus nuair a thiocfas
béite-mheath ar adamh den chineál seo, is é an t-argón úd </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">40</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ar
a gheofar mar thoradh.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
é an t-argón an triathghás is flúirsí in atmaisféar an Domhain,
agus dá réir sin </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="ga-IE">ba</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
é an chéad triathghás a d'aithin na heolaithe. Ba iad John William
Strutt (Tiarna Rayleigh) agus William Ramsay a d'aonraigh an chéad
eiseamal argóin sa bhliain 1894, éacht a thabhaigh Duais Nobel
dóibh. Nuair a bhítear ag dealú nítrigine ón aer go crióigineach
(is é sin, nuair a bhítear ag reo an aeir leis na gáis éagsúla a
aonrú de réir a bhfiuchphointe), faightear argón mar sheachthoradh
nádúrtha. Mar sin bíonn argón ar fáil réasúnta saor </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(i
bhfarradh is na triathgháis eile ar a laghad, nó níl siad leath
chomh flúirseach </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">céanna
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">san
atmaisféar)</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
agus leas á bhaint as nuair a bhíos gás támh ag teastáil.
Astaíonn an t-argón solas corcra nuair a leictrítear é, agus mar
sin is féidir é a úsáid i soilse daite cosúil leis an neon.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ariel
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an gceathrú satailít is mó atá ag Úránas. Ba é an
réalteolaí Sasanach William Lassell a chuir an chéad sonrú in
Ariel thiar sa naoú haois déag. Satailít sféarúil é – is é
sin tá sé ar dhéanamh liathróide, a bheag nó a mhór – agus is
é an tsatailít is lú den chineál seo sa Ghrianchóras. Tá fithis
Ariel suite beagnach in aon leibhéal le meánchiorcal Úránais.
Creidtear go bhfuil Ariel comhdhéanta as oighear agus as cloch
araon: is dócha go bhfuil croí cloiche ann agus maintlín oighir
ina thimpeall. Níl ach cuid de dhromchla Ariel léarscáilithe, ach
is féidir a rá go bhfuil sé breac ar fad le cainneoin agus le
cráitéir.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Aristarchus</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
atá ar an gcráitéar is mó ailbéideacht ar an taobh den Ghealach
atá iompaithe linn. Chomh geal is atá sé i gcomparáid leis an
timpeallacht is féidir é a aithint le súile do chinn féin faoi
imthoscaí fabhracha. Tá sé suite in Ardchlár Aristarchus, in
Aigéan na Stoirmeacha, agus é daichead ciliméadar ar trastomhas.
Ba é an réalteolaí Iodálach Giovanni Riccioli a d'ainmnigh sa
bhliain 1651 é as an réalteolaí Aristarchus ó Samos a mhair sna
blianta 310-230 roimh Chríost. Ceannródaí héilealárnachais a bhí
ann </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">mar
Aristarchus </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">–
is é sin bhí sé ar na heolaithe is moiche a thuig gurb í an
Ghrian lárphointe an ghrianchórais.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Arsanaic
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a 33. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>As
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
tsiombail cheimiceach sna foirmlí. Tá sí in aon ghrúpa leis an
nítrigin agus leis an bhfosfar i dtábla peiriadach na ndúl, agus
cúig leictreon ar an sceall is faide amuigh aici. Miotalóideach í
an arsanaic, is é sin tá sí idir eatarthu idir na miotail agus na
dúile neamh-mhiotalacha ar a lán dóigheanna. Tá allatróip
éagsúla ag an arsanaic, cosúil leis an bhfosfar – is é sin, an
arsanaic liath mhiotalach, an arsanaic bhuí, agus an arsanaic dhubh.
Níl ach aon iseatóp cobhsaí amháin aici, agus is é an t-aon
iseatóp arsanaice atá le fáil sa dúlra.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
iad na staideanna ocsaídiúcháin is tábhachtaí ná +3 agus +5,
mar is léir ón dá ocsaíd, mar atá, an trí-ocsaíd dé-arsanaice
As</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">O</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
(”an arsanaic bhán”) agus an peantocsaid dé-arsanaice As</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">O</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">5</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Comhdhúile nádúrtha arsanaice iad an tríshuilfíd dé-arsanaice
As</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">S</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
(an óirpimint) agus an teitreashuilfíd teatrarsanaice As</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">4</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">S</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">4</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
(an rialgar). Tá dath dearg sa rialgar, agus dath órbhuí san
óirpimint, agus mar sin d'úsáidtí sa dathadóireacht iad ar feadh
i bhfad, go dtí gur chuir ábhair dhatha eile – cinn nach bhfuil
arsanaic iontu – an ruaig orthu.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nimh
í an arsanaic, an dúil féin chomh maith leis na comhdhúile. Go
bunúsach, is é is cúis le nimhiúlacht na harsanaice ná go bhfuil
sí chomh cosúil leis an bhfosfar is gur féidir léi dul in áit an
fhosfair i mbeothach an duine, ach san am chéanna </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">chomh
difriúil is nach</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
féidir léi gnó an fhosfair a dhéanamh sna próisis
bhithcheimeacha. Thar aon rud eile cuireann sí táirgíocht na
trífhosfáite adanaisín ó mhaith. Is éard atá i gceist leis an
trífhosfáit adanaisín ná comhdhúil a iompraíos fuinneamh sa
cholainn – cineál ”airgeadra fuinnimh” sna teagmhálacha idir
na cealla – agus mar is léir ón ainm tá trí adamh fosfair </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">de
dhíth le</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
móilín trífhosfáite adanaisín </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
chur i dtoll le chéile</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Sna
scéalta bleachtaireachta is minic a mharaítear daoine le harsanaic,
ach déanta na fírinne ní bheadh sé praiticiúil ag aon
dúnmharfóir arsanaic a úsáid </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ar
na saolta seo</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
ós dúil cheimiceach ar leith í a</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">gus
í</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
so-aitheanta ag na saineolaithe.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fadhb
thromchúiseach é an truailliú arsanaice sa screamhuisce. Truailliú
nádúrtha ón úir é go coitianta, is é sin, ní hí tionsclaíocht
an duine is cúis leis. Tá an truailliú seo as pabhar dona in
Iarthar na Stát Aontaithe, sa Bhanglaidéis, san Airgintín agus sa
Mhongóil, mar shampla.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Asamat
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
uillinn a thugas treoshuíomh na réalta ar an gcompás. Céim stua
(céim uillinne) an t-aonad a úsáidtear leis an asamat a thomhas,
agus is é an tuaisceart an nialas.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Astaireacht
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>réaltlach
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar ghrúpa suntasach réaltaí a gcoinnítear cuimhne ar
leith air cé nach réaltbhuíon é. Astaireachtaí aithnidiúla iad
an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Camchéachta</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
(Merak, Dubhe, Phecda/Phad, Megrez, Alioth, Mizar-Alcor, agus
Alkaid), </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Triantán
an tSamhraidh</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
(Altair, Deneb, agus Vega), </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Triantán
an Gheimhridh</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
(Betelgeuse, Sirius, agus Procyon), an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Muileata
Mór</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
(Croí Shéarlais, Spica, Denebola, agus Arcturus), </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Heicseagán
an Gheimhridh</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
(Pollux, Procyon, Capella, Aldebaran, Sirius, agus Rigel), agus </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Slat
an Bhodaigh</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Crios
Oiríon</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
(Alnitak, Mintaka, agus Alnilam).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
féidir a rá gur astaireacht agus réaltbhuíon araon í Cros an
Deiscirt, nó fuair an réaltbhuíon a hainm ó astaireacht na
gceithre réaltaí is gile inti.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Astaitín
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a 85. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>At</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an tsiombail cheimiceach. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
is léir ó ainm na dúile, a chiallaíos ”éagobhsaí”, is dúil
an-radaighníomhach é a dtagann meath uirthi chomh sciobtha is nach
féidir mórán a fháil amach faoina hairíonna ceimiceacha –</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
tá an t-astaitín suite faoin iaidín i dtábla peiriadach na ndúl,
rud a thugas le fios gur dócha go bhfuil sé cosúil leis an iaidín</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
í an chumraíocht leictreonach atá aici ná
1s</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2s</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2p</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">6</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3s</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3p</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">6</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3d</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">10</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4s</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4p</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">6</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4d</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">10</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">5s</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">5p</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">6</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4f</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">14</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">5d</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">10</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">6s</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">6p</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">5</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Mar sin, tá seacht leictreon (dhá s-leictreon agus cúig
p-leictreon) ar an sceall is faide amuigh, mar is dual do na
halaiginí go léir. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
é an t-iseatóp is cobhsaí atá ag an astaitín ná </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">astaitín
a 210 (nó</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">210</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">At</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
atá tuairim is ocht n-uaire ar leathré. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
idirchéim nádúrtha é an t-astaitín i meathshlabhra
radaighníomhach an úráiniam, ach is dócha nach bhfuil ach cúpla
dosaen gram de ar fáil i screamh an Domhain ar fad –</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-chorr</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">adamh
anseo agus ansiúd go bunúsach</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Astaróid</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>igh
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(uatha:
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">astaróideach</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar reanna neimhe atá ag fithisiú na Gréine, agus iad níos
lú ná na pláinéid. Ní astaróidigh iad na cóiméid, áfach. Sa
chiall is cúinge, is astaróidigh iad na cinn atá suite idir Mars
agus Iúpatar, san áit a bhfuil crios na n-astaróideach, ach tá
grúpaí eile astaróideach ann, cosúil leis na Traígh agus na
Gréagaigh (na hastaróidigh a leanas Iúpatar nó a ghabhas roimhe),
nó na hastaróidigh neas-Domhain (na cinn a thagas i gcóngar dár
bpláinéad féin).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Athshondas
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar (i gcoimhthéacs na réalteolaíochta) ar an tionchar
tráthrialta a imríos reanna neimhe ar a chéile lena
n-imtharraingt, go háirithe más é is toradh don idirghníomhú seo
ná go bhfuil a dtréimhsí imrothluithe i gcoibhneas simplí a
chéile. Sampla den athshondas é go gcríochnaíonn Neiptiún trí
imrothlú timpeall na Gréine san am chéanna a thógas sé ar
Phlútón dhá imrothlú a chur de.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Taobh
amuigh den réalteolaíocht, tugann lucht na fisice athshondas ar an
dóigh a bhfuil dhá thonnchrith ag dul i bhfeidhm ar a chéile, agus
tonnchrith nua á chruthú mar chomhthoradh.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><b>Aurora
borealis </b></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><b>aurora
australis</b></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar na gealáin a fheictear timpeall an dá phol agus an
ghrianghaoth ag bualadh faoi mhaighnéadsféar an Domhain. Is cuid
súl iad na gealáin seo go minic, agus iad ag cur na n</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">-il</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">dathanna
díobh. Seasann </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>aurora
borealis </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">do
na gealáin a bhíos le feiceáil timpeall an phoil thuaidh – </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>an
chaor aduaidh</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
– agus is ionann </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>aurora
australis </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>an
chaor aneas</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Bíonn gealáin chosúla le feiceáil ar na pláinéid eile freisin.
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Saighneáin</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar na gealáin freisin.</span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bairiam
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach a 56. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ba
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
tsiombail cheimiceach. Ceann de na miotail chré-alcaileacha é an
bairiam, cosúil leis an maignéisiam, an cailciam, agus an
strointiam: tá dhá leictreon ar an sceall is faide amuigh aige,
agus ochtréad ar an dara ceann, agus mar sin is dual dó an dá
leictreon sin a thabhairt ar iasacht uaidh, ionas go gcruthófar ian
bairiam Ba</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2+</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
í an t-aon staid ocsaídiúcháin a bhíos ag an mbairiam ina chuid
comhdhúl ná +2. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Miotal
airgeadgheal é an bairiam, ach nuair a oibreos an t-aer air, ní
bheidh an loinnir sin i bhfad ag imeacht: chomh haraiciseach is atá
an bairiam chun imoibriúcháin, is dual dó </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dul
i gcomhdhúil le hocsaigin an aeir agus brat liath ocsaíde a
tharraingt. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
féidir an bairiam a aithint ar an dath uaine a chuireas sé leis an
tine, agus úsáidtear comhdhúile bairiam sna roicéid tine ealaíne
ar an gcúis seo. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nimh
é an bairiam, nó oibríonn na hiain bhairiam ar na néaróga.</span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Balla Díreach </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an ngág nó an scairp is suntasaí ar an nGealach. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Rupes
Recta </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
t-ainm Laidine. Tá an Balla Díreach suite in aice le Muir na
Scamall, agus é tuairim is céad ciliméadar ar fad.</span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Balla Mór</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
– Sa réalteolaíocht, tugtar ”An Balla Mór” ar struchtúir
áirithe mhórscála a aithnítear ar an ollchruinne, mar atá:</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Balla
Mór an Tuaiscirt</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Is é seo an rud is réidhe a bhíos i gceist ag na réalteolaithe
agus iad ag trácht ar ”an mBalla Mór”. Sreang nó ”filiméad”
de réaltraí atá ann agus í leathmhíle milliún solasbhliain ar
fad, nó níos faide fós. Cuireadh an chéad sonrú sa Bhalla Mhór
seo thiar sa bhliain 1989.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Balla
Mór Sloan</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
hAithníodh an filiméad seo an chéad uair sa bhliain 2003, agus
fuair sé a ainm ón scéim suirbhéireachta spéire ar a dtugtar
Suirbhé Digiteach Spéire Sloan, ó ba iad torthaí na scéime sin
a chuidigh leis na saineolaithe fionnachtain an Bhalla seo a
dhéanamh. Fuair an suirbhé maoiniú ó Fhondúireacht Alfred P.
Sloan, agus as an bhfondúireacht sin a hainmníodh an tionscadal.
Innealtóir agus fear gnó a bhí in Alfred P. Sloan a bhí i
gceannas ar an ngnólacht úd </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>General
Motors</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ar feadh i bhfad, agus bhunaigh sé an Fhondúireacht sa bhliain
1934 le taighde agus teicneolaíocht a mhaoiniú. Tá Balla Mór
Sloan i bhfad níos faide fós ná Balla Mór an Tuaiscirt.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bá
na mBoghanna Báistí </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Sinus
Iridum</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar an ”mbá” in iarthuaisceart Mhuir na Báistí ar an
nGealach.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bandaí
cianaigine</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
is iad seo na bandaí i speictream na réalta ar a n-aithnítear go
bhfuil cianaigin ar fáil sa réalta. Comhdhúil charbóin agus
nítrigine í an chianaigin, C</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">N</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
iad</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an dá thonnfhad úd 389 agus 422 nanaiméadar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">na
bandaí cianaigine is tábhachtaí</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Tugtar CN-réaltaí ar na réaltaí le bandaí cianaigine.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bandaí
ocsaíde tíotáiniam</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
is iad seo na bandaí i speictream na réalta ar a n-aithnítear go
bhfuil (aon)ocsaíd tíotáiniam, TiO, ar fáil sa réalta. I
speictream na bhfathachréaltaí ”fuara” (K-aicme agus M-aicme)
is tipiciúla a fheictear na bandaí ocsaíde tíotáiniam.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bandaspeictream</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar speictream ina bhfeictear grúpaí tiubha (bandaí) de
línte speictreacha.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Banda
stoidiacach </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
banda solais ar an spéir a cheanglaíos an solas stoidiacach den
fhrithloinnir. Ní bhíonn an banda stoidiacach le feiceáil ach faoi
imthoscaí eisceachtúla, nuair a bhíos oíche an-dorcha agus spéir
gheal ann.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Bhanlámh –</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ceann de na hainmneacha atá ag na Gaeil ar Chrios Oiríon nó Slat
an Bhodaigh, is é sin an trí réalta úd Alnitak, Alnilam, agus
Mintaka i réaltbhuíon an Bhodaigh.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Baralár
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar mheáchanlár nó lár</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">phointe
maise</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an chórais imtharraingthe </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(tagraíonn
an réimír sin </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>bara-</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
don fhocal Gréigise a chiallaíos ”trom”)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Nuair a deir muid go bhfuil satailít áirithe ag fithisiú pláinéad
áirithe, mar shampla, is ráiteas cineál míchruinn é – b'fhearr
a rá go bhfuil an pláinéad agus an tsatailít araon ag dul
timpeall ar bharalár an chórais imtharraingthe arbh é an pláinéad
an rinn is mó ann. Mar shampla, tá an Domhan agus an Ghealach ag
fithisiú a gcomh-bharaláir, ach ar ndóigh tá an pointe sin suite
taobh istigh den Domhan cé nach ionann é agus lárphointe an
Domhain. Scéal eile é scéal Phlútóin agus a chuid satailítí,
nó tá baralár an chórais sin suite taobh amuigh de Phlútón.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Barón
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
téarma a thagraíos do bhuncháithníní troma, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">go
háirithe</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">do</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n
p</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rótón
agus </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">do</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n
neodrón. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Glactar
leis go bhfuil gach barón comhdhéanta as trí chuarc éagsúla.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bealach
na Bó Finne </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>an
Láir Bhán </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Claí
Mór na Réaltaí</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar an réaltra ina bhfuil cónaí orainn féin – sa
chiall chúng is é Bealach na Bó Finne an crioslach bán a ritheas
trasna na spéire áit a bhfuil na réaltaí chomh tiubh le chéile
is nach dtig le súil an duine iad a aithint thar a chéile. Is
ionann an crioslach sin go bunúsach agus diosca an réaltra mar a
fheictear dúinn inár dtimpeall é, ó tá muid féin suite sa
diosca sin. Is é Bealach na Bó Finne an dara réaltra is mó sa
Ghrúpa Áitiúil, nó is é réaltra Andraiméide an ceann is mó.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Réaltra
bíseach barrach é Bealach na Bó Finne. Is iad géaga ár réaltra
– nó na cinn is tábhachtaí acu – ná Géag Pheirséis, Géag
Chóngarach an Trí Chileaparsoic, Géag Chianmhar an Trí
Chileaparsoic, Géag na Rialach, an Ghéag Lasmuigh, an Nua-Ghéag
Lasmuigh, Géag na Scéithe is an Cheinteáir, Géag na Cíle is an
tSaighdeora, agus Géag an Bhodaigh is na hEala. Is féidir gur
codanna d'aon ghéag amháin iad Géag Pheirséis agus an dá Ghéag
Trí Chileaparsoic; ar an dóigh chéanna, is dócha nach bhfuil sa
dá Ghéag Lasmuigh ach fairsingiú ar Ghéag na Rialach. Is í Géag
an Bhodaigh is na hEala ár ngéag dhúchais féin.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Béar Beag </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Ursa
Minor </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an réaltbhuíon arb í an Réalta Pholach an réalta is
gile inti. Níl sí róchosúil le haon bhéar, ach tá sí cosúil
leis an gCamchéachta, ós rud é go bhfuil ”bosca” ceithre
réalta ann chomh maith le ”cos” trí réalta. Tá an Réalta
Pholach, nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Ursae Minoris</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
suite i ndeireadh na ”coise”. Tá an dara réalta is gile sa
réaltbhuíon, Kochab nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Beta
Ursae Minoris</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "palatino linotype" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
ar cheann de réaltaí an ”bhosca”. Déréalta is ea an Réalta
Pholach, agus is ollfhathachréalta bhuí í an phríomhréalta.
Fathach é Kochab chomh maith, agus é ag dul in aois cheana:
K-réalta atá ann, is é sin, réalta atá níos fuaire agus níos
deirge ná an Ghrian s'againn.</span></span></span></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-54731993774173367082019-01-05T06:16:00.003-08:002019-01-05T06:16:48.610-08:00Ciclipéid na Réalteolaíochta: Chiron - Córas Cassegrain<br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Chiron</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar mhionphláinéad (astaróideach) uimhir 2060, ar chuir
an réalteolaí Charles Kowal an chéad sonrú ann sa bhliain 1977.
Ní bhaineann Chiron le crios Kuiper ar imeall an ghrianchórais ná
le crios na n-astaróideach idir Mars agus Iúpatar, agus mar sin
fuair na réalteolaithe riachtanach aicme nua a bhunú dá leithéidí
– na ”ceinteáir”. Dá réir sin d'ainmnigh siad as ceann de
cheinteáir na miotaseolaíochta Gréagaí é. Tá garphointe a
fhithise don Ghrian (an peirihéilean) suite taobh istigh d'fhithis
Iúpatair, agus an cianphointe (an t-aiféilean) taobh amuigh
d'fhithis Úránais.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ciantréimhseach</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is é an t-athrú ciantréimhseach an t-athrú nach bhfuil
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">tréimhsiúil
nó peiriadach</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
(Athruithe</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
tréimhsiúla nó</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
peiriadacha iad na hathruithe a chuirtear ar ceal go tráthrialta
agus an peiriad, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
tréimhse</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nó an timthriall ag tosú arís.) Claonadh mall fadtéarmach atá i
gceist leis an athrú ciantréimhseach, mar sin. Is gá a admháil,
áfach, go bhfuil an duine daonna chomh gearrshaolach i gcomparáid
le himeachtaí na spéire is gur féidir gur athrú peiriadach nó
timthriallach atá i gceist lena lán forbairtí ciantréimhseacha,
a</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ch
amháin go bhfuil si</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ad
chomh mall ag teacht i gcrann nach féidir leis an duine fad an
timthrialla a thomhas.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
é an focal Béarla ar ”ciantréimhseach” ná </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>secular</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Sa ghnáthchiall is mar ”saolta” a aistrítear é, agus tá sé
tábhachtach aird a thabhairt air nach é sin an téarma
réalteolaíochta sa Ghaeilge.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cignídí:
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">dreigechith
iad na Cignídí a bhíos le feiceáil i réaltbhuíon na hEala
(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Cygnus</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
i Mí Lúnasa.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Chíle </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(ainm
Laidine: </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Carina</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
ginideach: </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Carinae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
atá ar an réaltbhuíon idir Deireadh na Loinge, na Seolta, Compás
an Mhairnéalaigh, an Péintéir, an tIasc Eitilte, an Caimileon, an
Chuileog, agus an Ceinteár. Cosúil lena lán de na réaltbhuíonta
ina timpeall, ba chuid den Long (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Argo
Navis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
í ar dtús.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
é Canopus, nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Carinae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
an réalta is gile sa Chíle. Ollfhathachréalta bhán atá ann, agus
é ar an dara réalta is gile ar an spéir (níl ach Sirius níos
gile, agus ní fathach é Sirius, ach réalta phríomhsheichimh atá
cóngarach dúinn).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Maidir
le </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Beta
Carinae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nó Miaplacidus, tá sé ar réaltaí geala na spéire chomh maith.
Ainm aisteach é Miaplacidus, ós rud é go bhfuil sé curtha i dtoll
le chéile as focal Araibise a chiallaíos ”na huiscí” agus
focal Laidine a chiallaíos ”mín, moiglí, séimh” (cf. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>placid
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
Bhéarla). Pé scéal é tá an réalta seo trí oiread go leith
chomh trom leis an nGrian, beagnach seacht n-oiread chomh leathan,
agus dhá chéad ocht n-oiread is ceithre scór chomh lonrúil.
A-réalta is ea Miaplacidus, cosúil le Sirius.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Níl
a leithéid de réalta ann agus ”Gamma Carinae”. Nuair a
scoilteadh an Long ina réaltbhuíonta éagsúla, choinnigh gach
réalta an litir Ghréagach a bhí mar ainm uirthi in ainmníocht
Bayer, ionas nár hathraíodh ach ainm Laidine na réaltbhuíne i
ndiaidh na litreach. Ba leis na Seolta a thit </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gamma
Argus Navis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
agus baisteadh </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gamma
Velorum </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ar
an réalta sin (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Vela
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
t-ainm Laidine ar na Seolta).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Eta
Carinae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ar réaltaí móra na spéire, agus í suite faoi sheacht míle go
leith de sholasbhlianta dínn. Déréalta nó ilréalta í agus í na
milliúin oiread níos gile ná an Ghrian s'againn. Tagann athruithe
móra ar a méid dhealraitheach, agus an dá phríomhbhall den chóras
ag dul i bhfeidhm ar a chéile. Bhí Eta Carinae ina réalta mhór
fheiceálach sna 1830idí agus sna 1840idí (”an Brúchtadh Mór”
a thugas na réalteolaithe ar an tréimhse inniu), agus í ní ba
ghile ná Canopus féin tráth, ach ina dhiaidh sin mhaolaigh uirthi
arís. Glactar leis anois go mbíonn gile na réalta seo ag athrú go
timthriallach, agus an dá chomhbhall den déréalta ag timpeallú a
chéile – tógann sé cúig bliana go leith ar an dá réalta
timthriall amháin a chríochnú. Ní ar an timthriall amhán a
bhraitheas na hathruithe a thagas ar ghile na réalta seo, áfach –
mar shampla bíonn sé éagsúil go leor cé acu mar sholas
infheicthe nó mar radaíocht de chineál eile a astaíos Eta Carinae
a cuid fuinnimh.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Chomh
mór millteanach is atá Eta Carinae, creideann na réalteolaithe go
bhfuil ollnóva i ndán di, agus go n-iompóidh sí ina dúpholl ina
dhiaidh sin. Le fírinne chuirfeadh na pléasca is na brúchta ar Eta
Carinae ollnóvaí i gcuimhne duit, ach ní ollnóvaí iad i gciall
cheart an fhocail, nó fanann an réalta ina réalta i ndiaidh na
n-imeachtaí seo, is é sin ní dhéantar neodrónréalta ná dúpholl
di. Nóvaí ateagmhasacha atá i gceist mar sin ach is ábhar iontais
é an fás a thagas ar ghile na réalta le linn na mbrúchta seo. Is
féidir ollnóvaí bréige a thabhairt orthu, nó ”ollnóvaí den
chineál V”; nuair a bhíos brúchta cosúla le haithint ar réaltaí
eile, is minic a dhealraítear le hEta Carinae iad (”imeachtaí i
stíl Eta Carinae”).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cill
fhótaileictreach</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
is éard atá i gceist lena leithéid ná gléas a tháirgeas
leictreachas nuair a bhuaileas an solas é, ionas go dtugann
athruithe ar an leictreachas sin de réir athruithe an tsolais. Tá
an chill fhótaileictreach bunaithe ar an bhfeiniméan fisice a
dtugtar iarmhairt fhótaileictreach air.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cineálacha
lonrachais</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is éard atá i gceist leis na cineálacha lonrachais ná aicmiú na
réaltaí de réir chomh lonrúil is atá siad. Sa chéad leagan den
rangú seo ní raibh ach cúig aicme, is é sin, I, II, III, IV agus
V – na huimhreacha Rómhánacha óna haon go dtí a cúig. Sa
chóras seo, bhí I ag seasamh do na hollfhathachréaltaí, agus V ag
tagairt do réaltaí an phríomhsheichimh, cosúil leis an nGrian
s'againn. Ina dhiaidh sin, rinneadh athruithe agus fairsingiú ar an
gcóras: mar sin, tá aicme na n-ollfhathach roinnte ina lán
fochatagóirí (0, Ia, Iab, Ib) agus cúpla catagóir nua curtha leis
an gcóras do na habhaic is lú freisin (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>sd
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">=
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>sub-dwarf
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
Bhéarla, nó fo-abhac, agus </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>D
= dwarf </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
Bhéarla, is é sin abhacréalta bhán).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ba
iad na réalteolaithe William Morgan, Philip Keenan agus Edith
Kellman a d'oibrigh amach an córas aicmiúcháin seo i dtús na
1940idí, agus dá réir sin is gnách ”córas Morgan-Keenan” nó
”córas MKK” a thabhairt air. Bhí siad ag obair i Réadlann
Yerkes – tá an réadlann seo suite i Wisconsin, ach is cuid
d'Ollscoil Chicago í. An leagan den rangú atá in úsáid inniu
téann sé siar go dtí na caogaidí.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ciogal
Mheatóin</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is ionann ”ciogal Mheatóin” agus 235 mhí gealaí. D'aithin an
réalteolaí sean-Ghréagach Meatón gurb ionann, beagnach, naoi
mbliana déag agus 235 mhí gealaí (níl de dhifríocht ach dhá
uair an chloig, má ghlactar leis gurb ionann an ”bhliain” agus
bliain na gréine (an bhliain thrópaiceach). Bhí tábhacht nár
bheag ag baint le ciogal Mheatóin i bhféilireacht na
seanársaíochta.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ciogal
na ngrianspotaí</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
peiriad na n-athruithe a thagas ar ghníomhaíocht mhaighdéanach na
Gréine agus ar na grianspotaí, ar toradh don ghníomhaíocht sin
iad. Tógann sé tuairim is aon bhliain amháin ar an nGrian ciogal
den chineál seo a chur di.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ciogal
Sótach</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Má chloítear leis gurb ionann bliain amháin agus trí chéad cúig
lá is trí scór </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(365
lá)</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
beidh an féilire chun deiridh ar shéasúir na bliana. Tógfaidh sé
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">aon
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">c</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">h</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">iogal
Sótach amháin go mbeidh an féilire cothrom leis an mbliain arís.
Is ionann aon chiogal amháin agus míle ceithre chéad is trí scór
bliain (1460 bliain) de réir fhéilire Iúil, nó bliain amháin
thar an méid sin (1461 bhliain) de réir fhéilire na
sean-Éigipteach (is ionann bliain sean-Éigipteach agus 365 lá go
cothrom). Tá an aidiacht sin </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Sótach</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
bunaithe ar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Sotis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
arbh é ainm na nÉigipteach ar an réalta úd Sirius (le fírinne,
is leagan Gréigise é den ainm Éigiptise </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Sopdet</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">),
nó ba nós leis na hÉigiptigh a shíleadh gurb é éirí héiliacach
na réalta sin tús na bliana. (An bhliain a shainmhínítear de réir
éirí héiliacach na réalta seo, tugtar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>bliain
Shótach</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
uirthi, agus í tuairim is aon nóiméad amháin níos faide ná an
bhliain thrópaiceach, is é sin, bliain na Gréine.)</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ciorcal
an diallais</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
an ciorcal i ngléasadh meánchiorclach an teileascóip ar a
socraítear an diallas, is é ciorcal an diallais é.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ciorcal
comhlárnach</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Ciorcail chomhlárnacha iad na ciorcail arb ionann a lárphointe. Dhá
chiorcal comhlárnacha nach ionann a nga, tugtar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>fáinne
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ar
an réigiún eatarthu.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ciorcal
éalárnach</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Ciorcail a bhfuil ceann acu go hiomlán taobh istigh den cheann eile,
agus nach ionann a lárphointe, is ciorcail éalárnacha iad.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ciorcal
polach</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Ciorcail pholacha iad an ciorcal Artach agus an ciorcal Antartach.
Taobh istigh den chiorcal pholach caitheann an Ghrian tréimhse níos
faide ná lá is oíche amháin os cionn na léaslíne uair amháin
in aghaidh na bliana (grian an mheán oíche, mar a déarfá), agus
tréimhse níos faide ná sin taobh thíos den léaslíne uair amháin
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">in
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">aghaidh
na bliana chomh maith.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ciseal
cúlaithe</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is é an ciseal cúlaithe an ciseal i gcrómaisféar na Gréine,
díreach os cionn an fhótaisféir. Is ansin a fhágtar na línte
ionsúcháin ar speictream na Gréine.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ciseal
Kennelly-Heaviside</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Cuid d'ianaisféar an Domhain é ciseal Kennelly-Heaviside, nó an
tE-chiseal, nó an tE-réigiún. Gás ianaithe atá sa chiseal seo,
agus é suite 90-150 ciliméadar os ár gcionn. Frithchaitheann
ciseal Kennelly-Heaviside radathonnta meánmhinicíochta, rud a
chiallaíos gur féidir leis iad a iompar thar an léaslíne.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fuair
an ciseal a ainm ó Arthur Edwin Kennelly, innealtóir leictreach
Gael-Mheiriceánach, agus ón bhfisiceoir féinteagasctha Sasanach
Oliver Heaviside.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ciseal
vialait</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is éard atá i gceist leis an gciseal vialait ná ciseal cáithníní
sa chuid is airde thuas d'atmaisféar Mharsa, agus é ag stopadh an
tsolais chorcra, an tsolais vialait agus an tsolais ultraivialait.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cisghealaí</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
An réigiún den spás atá suite idir atmaisféar an Domhain agus
fithis na Gealaí, deirtear gurb é an spás cisghealaí é, is é
sin, an spás ar ár dtaobh féin </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>cis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
den Ghealach. An spás taobh amuigh den spás cisghealaí, arís, is
é an cianspás é. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Gineadach
baininscneach é an focal sin </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>cisghealaí
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">go
foirmiúil, ach ní úsáidfeá an fhoirm </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>cisghealach</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">D'fhéadfá
”an spás trasghealaí” a thabhairt ar an gcianspás </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">chomh
maith</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Claíomh
Oiríon</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Astaireacht, nó grúpa réaltaí, é Claíomh Oiríon atá le
feiceáil i réaltbhuíon an Bhodaigh (Oiríon) taobh thíos de Shlat
an Bhodaigh (Crios Oiríon, an Fhearsaid). Tá Claíomh Oiríon
comhdhéanta as </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>42
Orionis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Theta
Orionis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
agus </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Iota
Orionis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
chomh maith le Réaltnéal an Bhodaigh, nó Réaltnéal Oiríon, arb
é réad uimhir a 42 i gcatalóg Messier agus réad uimhir a 1976 sa
Nua-Chatalóg Ghinearálta é (M42, NCG1976).</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Clann
chóiméad</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Bíonn na cóiméid ghearrthréimhseacha ag fithisiú na Gréine ar
fhithisí fadaithe, agus go tipiciúil tá cianphointe (apaihéilean)
an chineál sin cóiméid suite sa réigiún den ghrianchóras ina
bhfuil na pláinéid mhóra le fáil. An pláinéad a bhfuil
cianphointe an chóiméid suite in aice lena fhithis, deirtear gur de
chlann an phláinéid sin an cóiméad. Clann chóiméad thábhachtach
í clann Iúpatair, cuir i gcás.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Claonadh
fithise</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Is é</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ard
atá i gceist le</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
claonadh na fithise ná an ghualainn idir fithis an phláinéid (nó
a leithéide de réad) agus plána (leibhéal) tagartha éigin. Más
ag trácht ar fhithisí na bpláinéad timpeall na Gréine atáimid,
is iad na gnáthphlánaí tagartha ná an t-éiclipteach (an leibhéal
a ritheann fithis an Domhain tríd), an plána a ritheann
meánchiorcal na Gréine tríd, agus an plána do-athraitheach, nó
plána Laplace (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">leibhéal
a bhfuil baralár, nó meáchanlár, an Ghrianchórais suite ann).</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Clóirín</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
Is é an clóirín dúil cheimiceach uimhir a 17, agus is é </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cl
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
tsiombail a sheasas dó sna foirmlí. Ceann de na halaiginí é an
clóirín, cosúil leis an bhfluairín, an bróimín, an t-iaidín
agus an t-astaitín, agus mar sin, tá aon leictreon amháin de dhíth
air leis an ochtréad iomlán a bhaint amach. Is gás uaine nó
buí-uaine é an clóirín le teocht an tseomra, agus é comhdhéanta
as móilíní dhá adamh, Cl</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fuair
an clóirín a ainm ó dhath an gháis, nó is é is brí leis an
bhfocal Gréigise úd </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">khloros
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ná
”bánuaine”. </span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
an clóirín 35.45 aonad ar mheáchan adamhach. Is iad na hiseatóip
chobhsaí ná </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">35</span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cl
(trí cheathrú cuid de chlóirín an dúlra) agus </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">37</span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cl
(aon cheathrú cuid amháin de chlóirín an dúlra). Tá a leithéid
d'iseatóp ann agus </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">36</span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cl
freisin, ach is radanúiclíd é nach bhfuil ach rianta di le fáil
sa dúlra.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
í an chomhdhúil is simplí dá bhfuil ag an gclóirín ná an
chlóiríd hidrigine, HCl. Má thuaslagtar san uisce é, gheofar
aigéad hidreaclórach. Aigéad láidir é an t-aigéad
hidreaclórach, agus mar sin, is gás nimhe í an chlóiríd
hidrigine. Tagann an t-aigéad seo isteach úsáideach sa
tionsclaíocht, áfach, agus mar sin is ceimiceán é a tháirgtear
go forleathan ar fud an domhain. </span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tugtar
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">aqua
regia </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
”uisce an rí” ar thuaslagán measctha an aigéid nítrigh agus
an aigéid hidreaclóraigh. Creimeann an tuaslagán seo ”rí na
miotal”, is é sin, an t-ór. Is í an tríchlóiríd óir, AuCl</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
is toradh don imoibriú sin. </span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ocsaídeoir
láidir é an clóirín agus é araiciseach chun imoibriúcháin. Mar
sin is nimh </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dhainséarach</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
é an gás clóirín, agus le fírinne ba é an chéad ghás nimhe ar
baineadh triail as i machaire áir an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mar
arm ceimiceach ollscriosta</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Aon
duine a léigh, abair, an dán </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dulce
et Decorum Est </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
Wilfred Owen, tá a fhios aige nach ábhar magaidh é an t-ionsaí
clóirín. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">D'éirigh
an dá thaobh as an gclóirín go sciobtha, áfach, nuair a tháinig
gáis ab fhearr ná é chun úsáide: an fhoisgéin (an chlóiríd
charbóinile), ach go háirithe – tá dhá adamh clóirín i móilín
na foisgéine chomh maith le hadamh amháin carbóin agus ceann
amháin ocsaigine, is é sin, Cl</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">CO
an fhoirmle. Cosúil leis an gclóirín, oibríonn an fhoisgéin ar
na scamhóga, ionas go líontar le leacht iad – mar a bheadh an
duine á bhá ar talamh tirim. Níl boladh chomh láidir as an
bhfoisgéin agus atá as an gclóirín, áfach – chuirfeadh boladh
na foisgéine féar tirim i gcuimhne duit. Mar sin is féidir leis an
bhfoisgéin dochar tromchúiseach a dhéanamh do na scamhóga i
nganfhios don tsaighdiúir – scéal eile é an clóirín, nó
d'aithneodh an saighdiúir a bholadh </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
rachadh sé ar lorg a </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ghásphúicín
in am.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nuair
a rachas an clóirín i gcomhdhúile le miotail, iompóidh sé ina
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ian
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">clóiríd</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
Cl</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Tá an t-ian clóiríde breá cobhsaí, agus níl sé nimhiúil ann
féin. Clóirídí tábhachtacha iad an chlóiríd sóidiam NaCl, nó
gnáthshalann, agus an chlóiríd amóiniam NH</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cl,
a úsáidtear le tuilleadh blas a chur le milseáin liocrais. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cineál
salann é an chlóiríd chailciam freisin, CaCl</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Is dual don chlóiríd chailciam uisce a ól chuici óna timpeallacht
– is substaint </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">thais-scópach
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">í
mar </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">eir
an téarmaíocht</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– agus mar sin scaiptear ar na bóithre í le hiad a choinneáil
tirim. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">An
chuid is mó de na salainn chlóiríde tá siad so-thuaslagtha san
uisce, ach is í an chlóiríd airgid AgCl an eisceacht mhór. Sin é
an tuige go n-úsáidtear an níotráit airgid AgNO</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
mar imoibrí leis na hiain chlóiríde a aithint: má chuirtear
níotráit airgid le tuaslagán a bhfuil iain chlóiríde ann,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rachaidh
na hiain airgid agus na hiain chlóiríde le chéile </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">le
criostail a dhéanamh, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">beidh
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">deascadh
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">clóiríde
airgid </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ann
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar
an toirt</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
aithne ag an gcine daonna ar chomhdhúile clóirín cosúil leis an
ngnáthshalann ón réamhstair anuas, a</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ch
ba é Carl Wilhelm Scheele an chéad cheimiceoir a d'aonraigh gás
clóirín agus a rinne taighde ceart ar airíonna na substainte seo</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sna
1770idí. Shíl sé, áfach, gur comhdhúil de shórt éigin a bhí
ann.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Ba é an ceimiceoir Humphry Davy ó Chorn na Breataine a d'aithin, sa
bhliain 1810, gur dúil cheimiceach a bhí i gceist, agus ba eisean a
bhaist an dúil sin.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
sraith iomlán ocsaigéad ag an gclóirín: an t-aigéad hipeaclórúil
HClO (nó HOCl, de réir an fhíorstruchtúir), an t-aigéad clórúil
HClO</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(nó HOClO), an t-aigéad clórach HClO</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(nó HOClO</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
agus an t-aigéad </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sárchlórach
HClO</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(HOClO</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ní
féidir ach an ceann deireanach acu a aonrú ón uisce; an trí cinn
eile is comhdhúile éagobhsaí iad nach maireann taobh amuigh den
tuaslagán uisce. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
féidir leo salainn a dhéanamh le hiain mhiotail, áfach –</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
hipeaclóirítí, clóirítí agus clóráití. Ocsaídeoirí láidire
iad, agus is mar ocsaídeoirí a úsáidtear iad – bléitseálann
an hipeaclóirít sóidiam NaOCl teicstilí, mar shampla.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Maidir
leis an aigéad sárchlórach, tá sé i bhfad níos cobhsaí ná
ocsaigéid eile an chlóirín. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Aigéad
thar a bheith láidir é, níos láidire ná an t-aigéad </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nítreach
féin. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
féidir é a aonrú ón uisce, ach is ábhar sophléasctha é, chomh
maith lena chuid salann – na sárchlóráití. Ocsaídeoir láidir
é freisin, ar ndóigh. Is é an bhaint atá ag an aigéad
sárchlórach le cúrsaí an spáis ná go n-úsáidtear an
tsárchlóráit amóiniam mar bhreosla sna roicéid; </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">thairis
sin d'aithin gléasra an spástaiscéalaí úd </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Phoenix
Mars Lander </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sa
bhliain 2008 go raibh sárchlóráit mhaignéisiam agus sárchlóráit
chailciam le fáil in úir Mharsa</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bíonn
salainn an aigéid shárchlóraigh an-sothuaslagtha san uisce, de
ghnáth. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
an tsárchlóráit airgid féin sothuaslagtha san uisce agus ina lán
tuaslagóirí eile.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Scéal eile é áfach go bhfuil an tsárchlóráit photaisiam
dothuaslagtha, agus mar sin úsáidtear an t-aigéad sa cheimic
anailiseach </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mar
imoibr</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">í</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
leis na hiain photaisiam, K</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">+</span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
a aithint.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
a lán ocsaídí ag an gclóirín freisin: an aonocsaíd déchlóirín
Cl</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">O,
an dé-ocsaíd chlóirín ClO</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
an heacsocsaíd déchlóirín Cl</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">O</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">6</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
an trí-ocsaíd déchlóirín Cl</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">O</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
an heaptocsaíd déchlóirín Cl</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">O</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">7</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
agus roinnt eile. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Maidir
leis an heaptocsaíd déchlóirín, is a</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">inhidríd
í don aigéad sárchlórach – is é sin má thagann sí i
dteagmháin le huisce imoibreoidh sí leis an uisce le h</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aigead
sárchlórach</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a dhéanamh. </span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cóiméad
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>réalta
scuaibe, réalta eireabaill, réalta mhongach </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>scuabréalta
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar réad beag a thagas ó imeall an Ghrianchórais i dtreo na
Gréine, ionas go bhfeictear radaíocht na Gréine ag baint damhna
den réad, agus an damhna sin ag lasadh suas mar a bheadh eireaball
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">solais
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ag
an réad.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Go
bunúsach, ní bhíonn i gceist le cóiméad ach leac oighir den
chineál atá flúirseach i scamall Oort agus i gcrios Kuiper, ar
imeall an ghrianchórais. An dóigh a dtéann imtharraingt na réaltaí
is gaire dúinn i bhfeidhm ar an scamall sin, bíonn corraíl ann,
agus de thoradh na corraíola sin a fhágas na cóiméid an scamall
le bealach a dhéanamh i dtreo na Gréine.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tugtar
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>núicléas
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ar
an gcnap oighir féin. Timpeall an núicléis atá an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>cóma</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
is é sin, an t-atmaisféar tanaí agus é comhdhéanta as móilíní
uisce agus pé cineál damhna eile atá sa núicléas féin. As an
gcóma a dhéantar eireaball an chóiméid.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
é an t-eireaball nó an scuab an ghné is feiceálaí den chóiméad.
Is éard atá ann ná ábhar a bhaintear de dhromchla an chóiméid
faoi bhrú na radaíochta ón nGrian </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus
na grianghaoithe</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Le fírinne áfach is minic is féidir dhá eireaball éagsúla a
aithint ag an gcóiméad – an t-eireaball dusta agus an t-eireaball
gáis – ós rud é </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">go
bhfuil ábhar eile ann – dusta </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">cloiche
(sileacáití) </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">–
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">i
mbreis ar an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">oighear</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Tá an dá eireaball ag iompú ón nGrian, ach ní hionann luas a
ngluaiseachta.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bíonn
na cóiméid ag dul timpeall na Gréine ar fhithisí fadaithe, agus
is gnách iad a aicmiú ina dhá ngrúpa, mar atá, na cóiméid
ghearrthréimhseacha agus na cóiméid fhadtréimhseacha. Is as
scamall Oort taobh thiar de Neiptiún a thagas na cinn
ghearrthréimhseacha, agus is as crios Kuiper, an t-imeallbhord is
faide ón nGrian, do na cóiméid fhadtréimhseacha. Is iad na
cóiméid ghearrthréimhseacha na cinn a chríochnaíos turas amháin
timpeall na Gréine in aghaidh an dá chéad bliain, nó níos
minice, agus is iad na cinn fhadtréimhseacha na cinn a dtógann sé
níos mó ama orthu. Tá cóiméid neamhthréimhsiúla ann fosta, is
é sin cóiméid nach bhfanann sa Ghrianchóras tar éis an chéad
turas a thabhairt i dtreo na Gréine.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Téann
imtharraingt na réad mór – imtharraingt na bpláinéad, cuir i
gcás – i bhfeidhm ar na cóiméid ó am go ham, agus tarlaíonn sé
go mbuaileann cóiméad faoi phláinéad. Sampla clúiteach de seo is
ea cóiméad Shoemaker-Levy a bhuail Iúpatar sa bhliain 1994: ar
dtús thit an cóiméad seo as a chéile, agus ansin bhuail na
hiarsmaí an pláinéad. Ba mhillteanach an phléasc a bhí ann, agus
ar ndóigh bhí an t-imbhualadh seo tábhachtach do na réalteolaithe
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus
iad ag baint a gcuid tátal féin as</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Threisigh sé leis an tuairim atá ag cuid mhór acu gur sciath
chosanta é Iúpatar atá ag dul idir an Domhan agus dreigeoidigh nó
cóiméid ó imeall an ghrianchórais.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cóiméad
Arend-Roland</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar an gcóiméad a d'aithin na réalteolaithe Sylvain Arend
agus Georges Roland thiar sa bhliain 1956. Bhí sé geal as an ngnáth
nuair a tháinig sé i ngar don Domhan, agus mar sin áirítear ar na
cóiméid mhóra i stair na réalteolaíochta é. Cóiméad
neamhthréimhsiúil a bhí ann, is é sin, d'imigh sé as an
nGrianchóras tar éis dó a pheirihéilean (a gharphointe don
Ghrian) a fhágáil ina dhiaidh.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cóiméad
Biela</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Fuair an cóiméad seo a ainm ó Wilhelm von Biela, oifigeach
Ostarach de phór na Gearmáine a raibh suim aige sa réalteolaíocht.
Ba iad Jacques Montaigne agus Charles Messier (an fear céanna a
chuir i dtoll le chéile catalóg na réaltnéal</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ta</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">!),
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">roimh
aon eolaí eile, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">d'</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">aithin
an cóiméad seo </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">beag
beann</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ar a chéile sna 1770idí, ach ba é Biela a d'oibrigh amach, sa
bhliain 1826, mionsonraí matamaitice na fithise agus a dheimhnigh
tréimhse imrothlaithe an chóiméid – tuairim is 6.6 bliain.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Sa
bhliain 1845, chonaic na réalteolaithe go raibh dhá leath déanta
den chóiméad, agus ina dhiaidh sin, thit Cóiméad Biela as a
chéile. Níor fágadh ach dreigechith de – na hAndraiméidídí nó
na Bílídí – agus níl an dreigechith sin féin le feiceáil a
thuilleadh inniu.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cóiméad
Donati</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Ba é an réalteolaí Iodálach Giovanni Battista Donati a chuir an
chéad sonrú sa chóiméad seo thiar sa bhliain 1858. Bhí cóiméad
Donati ar an gcéad chóiméad ar tógadh grianghraf de riamh. Ceann
de chóiméid mhóra na staire é chomh feiceálach is a bhí sé,
agus deireadh lucht na comhaimsire gurbh é an cóiméad ab áille a
chonacthas riamh – ar a laghad chuaigh sé go mór mór i bhfeidhm
ar a lán ealaíontóirí mar inspioráid. Glactar leis gur cóiméad
fadtréimhs</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">each</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
é nach bhfillfidh ach sa cheathrú mílaois.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cóiméad
Encke</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Cóiméad gearrthréimhseach é Cóiméad Encke nach dtógann sé ach
tuairim is trí bliana air turas a thabhairt timpeall na Gréine.
Cuireadh sonrú sa chóiméad seo san ochtú haois déag, ach is é
an t-ainm a fuair sé ná sloinne an réalteolaí a d'oibrigh amach
mionsonraí a fhithise sa bhliain 1819, mar atá, Johann Franz Encke.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cóiméad
Halley</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Ceann de chóiméid mhóra na staire é an cóiméad seo. Tógann sé
cúig bliana déag is trí scór air imrothlú amháin timpeall na
Gréine a chríochnú. Bíonn sé le feiceáil go soiléir ón Domhan
nuair a thagas sé i ngar don Ghrian, agus na teoiricí atá ag na
réalteolaithe i dtaobh na gcóiméad tá siad, cuid mhór, bunaithe
ar na breathnuithe a rinneadh ar an gcóiméad áirithe seo. Cosúil
le Cóiméad Encke, tá an cóiméad seo ainmnithe as an
matamaiticeoir a d'oibrigh amach airíonna a fhithise, seachas as an
duine a chuir an chéad sonrú ann. Edmund Halley a bhí ar an eolaí
sin, agus rinne sé an t-éacht i dtús na hochtú haoise déag.
Chonaic Halley an cóiméad le súile a chinn féin sa bhliain 1682,
agus bhí sé in ann filleadh an chóiméid a thairngreacht sách
cruinn, ach fuair sé féin bás breis is deich mbliana sula
bhfacthas a chóiméad arís.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cóiméad
Holmes</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Ba é an réalteolaí Sasanach Edwin Holmes a chuir an chéad sonrú
sa chóiméad áirithe seo sa bhliain 1892. Tógann sé sé bliana
agus deich mí, a bheag nó a mhór, ar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">chóiméad
Holmes</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
turas amháin timpeall na Gréine a chríochnú, ach de ghnáth ní
bhíonn mórán cuid súl ann.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cóiméad
Ikeya-Seki</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Cóiméad fadtréimhseach é an cóiméad seo ar chuir na
réalteolaithe Seapánacha Kaoru Ikeya agus Tsutomu Seki sonrú ann
sa bhliain 1965. Tháinig cóiméad Ikeya-Seki an-chóngarach don
Ghrian agus rinneadh trí chuid de, ach má rinneadh, chloígh na
codanna sin lena seanruthag ina dhiaidh sin féin. Nuair a d'imigh an
cóiméad ó lár an ghrianchórais, ní fhacthas arís é.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cóiméad
Kohoutek</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Ba é an réalteolaí Seiceach Luboš Kohoutek a chuir an chéad
sonrú sa chóiméad áirithe seo. Chonacthas sa bhliain 1973 é,
agus bhain sé amach a gharphointe don Ghrian faoi dheireadh na
bliana. Cóiméad fadtréimhseach é nach bhfeicfear arís ach i
gceann seachtó is cúig mhíle bliain. Ba é an chéad chóiméad
riamh a ndearnadh breathnuithe air ó spásbháid – ba iad an
spás</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">bhád</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
Sóivéadach Soyuz a </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Trí
Dhéag</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
agus an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">spás-stáisiún</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
Meiriceánach Skylab a </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ceathair</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a bhí i gceist.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cóiméad
Pons-Winnecke</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Seo cóiméad ar chuir an réalteolaí Francach Jean-Louis Pons an
chéad sonrú ann sa bhliain 1819. Chuaigh an cóiméad seo as
radharc ar na réalteolaithe idir an dá linn, ach ansin rinne an
Gearmánach Friedrich August Theodor Winnecke a athfhionnachtain sa
bhliain 1858. Cóiméad gearrthréimhseach é nach dtógann sé ach
corradh is sé bliana air turas a thabhairt timpeall na Gréine.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Coimhdire
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an gcomhbhall is lú i </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nd</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">éréalta
– is coimhdire é Sirius B, mar shampla.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cóimheas
Pogson</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Ar scála logartamach na gile, tá réalta na séú méide céad
oiread níos gile ná réalta na chéad mhéide. Is é is impleacht
dó sin ná, más ionann gile na réalta seo agus </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>m</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
agus más í gile na réalta úd eile agus </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>m
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">+
1, de réir an scála, is é is brí leis sin ná go bhfuil an réalta
úd eile timpeall is 2.512 oiread níos gile ná an réalta seo. Is í
an uimhir sin cóimheas Pogson. Le bheith beacht, is ionann cóimheas
Pogson agus an cúigiú fréamh as céad, is é sin, más ionann </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>x</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">5</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(cúigiú
cumhacht an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>x</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">agus</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
100, is ionann </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>x
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus
cóimheas Pogson. Ba é an réalteolaí Sasanach Norman Robert Pogson
a d'oibrigh amach an córas seo faoi lár na naoú haoise déag.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Coindrít</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar dhreigít atá fáiscthe as dusta agus mionábhar eile
spáis, agus cáithníní an mhionábhair seo le haithint i gcónaí
mar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>choindriúil</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
sa chloch. Deoirín damhna é an coindriúl a ghreamaigh den
dreigeoideach amuigh sa spás.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Choirceog </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
t-ainm Gaeilge ar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Praesepe
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
réad uimhir a 44 i gcatalóg Messier (M44). Réaltbhraisle oscailte
í atá le feiceáil i réaltbhuíon an Phortáin, agus í ar na
braislí oscailte is cóngaraí dúinn. Tá réaltaí na Coirceoige
suite faoi chúig nó sé chéad solasbhliain dínn, a bheag nó a
mhór, agus is léir óna ndualghluaisne go bhfuil baint éigin ag an
gCoirceog le braisle Hyades. Tá timpeall ar mhíle réalta sa
Choirceog agus iad nasctha dá chéile ag an imtharraingt; an chuid
is mó acu tá siad sách beag, ach d'aithin na réalteolaithe cúig
fhathachréalta ansin chomh maith. Ba é Galileo Galilei, roimh aon
duine eile, a rinne breathnuithe teileascóip ar an gCoirceog, agus é
in ann dhá scór réalta a aithint thar a chéile ansin.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Colgán </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Dorado
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
réaltbhuíon atá suite idir an Siséal, an Clog, an Líontán, an
Phéist Bheag, an Tábla, an tIasc Eitilte, agus an Péintéir. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ba
é an réalteolaí Ollannach Petrus Plancius a shainigh an
réaltbhuíon seo sa tseachtú haois déag. Ar feadh i bhfad áfach
ní raibh na réalteolaithe ar aon tuairim faoi ainm ceart na
réaltbhuíne seo, nó is iomaí duine acu a thugadh </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Xiphias
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">uirthi</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
– ainm Laidine nó Gréigise ar an gcolgán. Ainm Portaingéilise é
Dorado, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">áfach</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Doradus
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">an
ginideach Laidine de Dorado a úsáidtear in éineacht le hainmneacha
na litreach Gréagach i gcóras ainmníochta Bayer: </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Doradus, Beta Doradus, Gamma Doradus...</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
í an réalta is gile sa Cholgán ná Alpha Doradus, ar déréalta í:
réaltaí teo bánghorma iad an dá chomhbhall, agus iad cúpla
oiread níos troime, níos mó ná an Ghrian. Tá siad chomh lonrúil
áfach is go n-aicmítear mar fhathachréaltaí iad. Le bheith
beacht, fo-fhathach atá i gceann acu, agus fíorfhathach sa cheann
eile. A-réalta é an fathach, agus is B-réalta é an fo-fhathach,
de réir an speictrim.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
an chuid is mó de Scamall Mór Magellan le feiceáil sa Cholgán.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Colm </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Columba
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an réaltbhuíon idir an Madra Mór, an Giorria, an
Siséal, an Péintéir, agus Deireadh na Loinge. Is gnách glacadh
leis gurbh é an réalteolaí Ollannach Petrus Plancius a cheap an
réaltbhuíon seo is a d’ainmnigh í i ndeireadh na séú haoise
déag, cé go bhfuil leideanna ann gur réaltbhuíon thraidisiúnta a
bhí ann i ndáiríribh. Is ar éigean is féidir a rá go mbeadh
cuid súl sa Cholm. Phact, nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Columbae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
an réalta is gile sa réaltbhuíon: fo-fhathach B-aicme atá i
gceist, agus é suite faoi 260 solasbhliain dínn. Wazn an seanainm
atá ar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Beta
Columbae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
an dara réalta is gile. Réalta fhlannbhuí K-aicme í, agus í
suite faoi 87 solasbhliana dínn.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Colúr
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar cheann de dhá phríomh-fhadlíne an sféir neamhaí. Is é
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>colúr
an ghrianstad </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
colúr a ritheas tríd an dá phol neamhaí agus an dá ghrianstad
(is é sin, túsphointe </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Cancer</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
agus túsphointe </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Capricornus</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">).
Is é an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>colúr
cónochta</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an colúr a ritheas tríd an dá phol neamhaí agus an dá chónocht
(is é sin, túsphointe </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Aries</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
agus túsphointe </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Libra</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cóma</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an focal is bunús le ”cóiméad”: is éard atá sa chóma ná
”atmaisféar” an chóiméid. Móilíní uisce agus dusta is mó a
bhíos ann. Thairis sin aithnítear comhdhúile </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ceimiceacha
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">simplí
eile seachas uisce i gcóma na gcóiméad: dé-ocsaíd charbóin
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(CO</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
aonocsaíd charbóin </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(CO)</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
suilfíd hidrigine </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(H</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">S)</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
ciainíd hidrigine </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(HCN)</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
agus formaildéad </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(HCHO),</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
mar shampla.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Comharthaí
an Stoidiaca </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar na teascóga den </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">éiclipteach</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a chomhionannaítear le réaltbhuíonta an Stoidiaca san
astralaíocht. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sainmhínítear
na comharthaí seo de réir réalteolaíocht na sean-Bhablóine, rud
a chiallaíos nach bhfuil na réaltbhuíonta agus na comharthaí ag
freagairt dá chéile a thuilleadh, nó tháinig athrú áirithe ar
an spéir </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">idir
an dá linn, chomh sean is atá na réaltchatalóga Bablónacha –</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
is í luainíocht na gcónocht is cúis leis an athrú seo</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Thairis
sin is ionann gach teascóg agus aon dóú cuid déag den
éiclipteach, ach ar ndóigh tá réaltbhuíonta an Stoidiaca éagsúil
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">maidir
leis an gcuid den éiclipteach atá fúthu. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Scéal
eile fós go bhfuil réaltbhuíon Fhear na bPéisteanna dingthe idir
an Scairp agus an Saighdeoir, agus an t-éiclipteach ag rith tríthi,
ach ina dhiaidh sin féin ní </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">thugann
lucht na hastralaíochta aitheantas dá leithéid de chomhartha
stoidiaca.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
iad </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comharthaí</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an Stoidiaca ná an Reithe, an Tarbh, an Cúpla, an Portán, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
Leon, an Mhaighdean, an Mheá, an Scairp, an Saighdeoir, an Gabhar,
an tUisceadóir, agus na hÉisc. ”An tUisceadóir” an t-ainm
Gaeilge a bhíos ag lucht scríofa na dtuismeánna ar an gcomhartha
úd </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Aquarius</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ach is é ”Iompróir an Uisce” an t-ainm a mholas an Foclóir
Réalteolaíochta </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">don
réaltbhuíon</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Comhathrú
an domhanleithid</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
nó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">guagadh
Chandler</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar ar ghné áirithe de nútú an Domhain, is é sin, ar an
athrú a thagas ar an mbaint atá ag ais rothlúcháin an Domhain
lenár bpláinéad féin mar chorp soladach. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Athrú
tréimhsiúil é guagadh Chandler. Ba é an geolaí Meiriceánach
Seth Chandler a d'aithin comhathrú an domhanleithid sa bhliain 1891.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Comhbhaill
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar na réaltaí a bhfuil córas </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">déréaltach
nó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ilréaltach
comhdhéanta </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">astu</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Comhdhlúthuithe
corónacha</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar limistéir </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">áirithe
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i
gcoróin na Gréine atá níos teo agus níos gile ná a bhfuil ina
dtimpeall. Tá baint acu le gníomhaíocht mhaighnéadach na Gréine.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Comhéifeacht
athraonta</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an uimhir a thugas coibhneas luas an tsolais san fholús agus luas an
tsolais i meán áirithe. Mar shampla, tá an t-uisce 1.333 ar
chomhéifeacht athraonta, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">rud
a chiallaíos go bhfuil an solas aon tríú cuid níos sciobtha san
fholús ná san uisce.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ní
mór aird a thabhairt air go bhfuil an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chomhéifeacht
athraonta bunaithe ar luas na dtonnta solais. Mar sin, is féidir di
bheith beagáinín níos ísle ná a haon. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sa
chás sin féin áfach ní bhristear an dlí nádúrtha a deir nach
dtig luas an tsolais a shárú, nó ní iompraíonn na tonnta </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">féin
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aon
chineál eolais ná damhna. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Má
thagann athrú ar mhinicíocht an tsolais, áfach, ní </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sháróidh
luas forleata an athraithe sin luas an tsolais, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ós
iompróir eolais, nó fiú giota eolais ann féin, atá san athrú
sin.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Comhiompar
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
focal a thagraíos d'aistriú an teasa trí aistriú na móilíní </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
na n-adamh –</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
is é sin, nuair a bhíos na móilíní nó na hadaimh ag
gluaiseacht, bíonn siad ag iompar an teasa agus an fhuinnimh </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">leo</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
é an comhiompar is cúis le haistriú an teasa sa chuid eachtrach
den Ghrian, a dtugtar </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">crios
an chomhiompair </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">uirthi;
taobh istigh de chrios an chomhiompair atá crios na radaíochta, áit
a bhfuil an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fuinneamh</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
á iompar ag an radaíocht, seachas ag na móilíní </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
na hadaimh.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Comhlínitheoir</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar ar ghléas a úsáidtear le solas nó radaíocht a
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">chomhlíniú</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– is é sin, leis na gathanna a stopadh ó spré agus a choinneáil
go tiubh in aice le chéile. Solas an-chomhlínithe atá i gceist
leis an solas léasair, agus d'fhéadfá a rá go bhfuil an léasar
ar an gcomhlínitheoir is láidire amuigh.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Comhlionsa
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">atá
i gceist le lionsa atá curtha i dtoll le chéile as lionsaí éagsúla
agus iad déanta as cineálacha éagsúla gloine.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Úsáidtear comhlionsaí le</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
na hiomraill optúla sna lionsaí a íosmhéidiú. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sampla
tábhachtach de seo is ea an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">comhlionsa
neamhchrómatach</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Go bunúsach, ní hionann an fócas do na tonnfhaid éagsúla i
lionsa aonair, rud a tharraingíos iomra</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ll
crómatach (iomrall datha)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ionas go bhfeictear, abair, sórt ”bogha báistí” de dhathanna
timpeall ar an réalta sa teileascóp. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Comhlionsaí
neamhchrómatacha iad na comhlionsaí atá ceaptha go speisialta le
baint den iomrall chrómatach.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Comhordanáidí
neamhaí</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar ar na comhordanáidí a úsáideas na réalteolaithe le
háit na rinne neimhe ar an spéir a shocrú is a shainmhíniú.
Bíonn córais éagsúla chomhordanáidí acu le haghaidh cuspóirí
éagsúla:</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Córas
na léaslíne</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Tá an córas seo bunaithe ar an áit a bhfuil an breathnóir féin
suite ar dhroim an Domhain. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
í an léaslíne a shocraíos bunphlána an chórais agus nialas an
leithid </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(is
é sin, nialas na hairde)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
iad poil an chórais seo ná an forar (an pointe os cionn an
bhreathnóra) agus an nadair (an pointe taobh thíos den
bhreathnóir). </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tugtar
airde </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(leithead)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
agus asamat </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(fad)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ar na comhordanáidí. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
féidir tuaisceart nó deisceart na léaslíne a úsáid mar nialas
don fhad (don asamat).</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Córas
an mheánchiorcail</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Is féidir an córas seo a bhunú ar lárphointe an Domhain (an
leagan geolárnach den chóras, mar a déarfá) nó ar lárphointe
na Gréine (an leagan héilealárnach den chóras). Is é an
meánchiorcal neamhaí nialas an leithid, agus is é cónocht an
Earraigh nialas an fhaid. Diallas a thugtar ar an leithead sa chóras
seo, agus tá dhá fhad éagsúla ann: an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cheartairde</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(an ceart</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">éirí</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
an dronéirí, an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dronairde</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
agus an uair-uillinn. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cheartairde</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ag dul i méadaíocht soir, a</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">gus</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an uair-uillinn ag dul i méadaíocht siar. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cé
gur uaillinn atá i gceist leis an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">gceart</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">airde
chomh maith leis an uair-uillinn, tugtar an dá rud in aonaid ama
seachas in aonaid stua, ionas gurb ionann an ciorcal iomlán agus
ceithre huaire is fiche </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar
an gclog.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Córas
an éicliptigh</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Tá an leagan geolárnac</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
agus an leagan héilealárnach ann. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
é an t-éiclipteach is nialas don leithead, agus is é cónocht an
Earraigh is nialas don fhad. Tugtar fad éicliptigh agus leithead
éicliptigh ar an bhfad agus ar an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">leithead</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sa chóras seo.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<li>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Córas
na gcomhordanáidí réaltracha</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Is é lárphointe na Gréine bunphointe na gcomhordanáidí. Is é
plána an réaltra is nialas don leithead, agus is é lárphointe an
réaltra is nialas don fhad. Tá an pol thuaidh suite i bhFolt
Bheirnicé, agus an pol theas sa Dealbhóir.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
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</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Compánach
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
féidir a thabhairt ar cheann de na réaltaí sa déréalta. Is gnách
compánach nó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">coimhdire
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thabhairt ar an gcomhbhall is laige: mar shampla, is ionann
”compánach Sirius” agus Sirius B.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Comparadóir
caochaíola </b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n
gléas</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
d'úsáidtí sna laethanta a bhí le dhá ghrianghraf réalteolaíoch</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
den limistéar chéanna den spéir a chur i gcomparáid le chéile.
D'fhéadfadh an réalteolaí dul ó ghrianghraf amháin go grianghraf
eile go sciobtha agus é in ann na difríochtaí a aithint – sonrú
a chur i gcóiméad, abair, nó i réad eile a bhí ag gluaiseacht go
luath i gcomparáid le cúlra s</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">uaimhneach</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
na réaltaí i gcéin. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Le
gléas den chineál seo a d'aithin Clyde Tombaugh Plútón sa bhliain
1930, mar shampla. Ba é an fisiceoir Gearmánach Carl Pulfrich a
chéadcheap an comparadóir caochaíola sa bhliain 1904.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Inniu,
is fearr leis na réalteolaithe ríomhairí a úsáid le haghaidh
comparáidí mar seo, agus is gnách na grianghrafanna réalteolaíocha
féin a choinneáil i dtaisce i bhfoirm leictreach ar dhioscaí
ríomhaire.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>An
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>C</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>ompás</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ar
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n
réaltbhuíon </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">atá
suite idir an Riail, an Faolchú, an Ceinteár, Cros an Deiscirt, an
Chuileog, agus Triantán an Deiscirt. Ba é </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nicolas
Louis de Lacaille a shainigh is a d'ainmnigh an Compás (</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Circinus
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">as
Laidin) t</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">hiar
san ochtú haois déag. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Níl
an Compás ar réaltbhuíonta feiceálacha na spéire; an réalta is
gile atá ann, is é sin Alpha Circini, i</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
réalta phríomhsheichimh í a dtagann athruithe (ascaluithe) ar a
gile go tiubh – réalta mhearascalach a thugtar ar a leithéid. Níl
Alpha Circini suite ac</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">faoi
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">leathchéad
solasbhliain dínn.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Compás
an Mhairnéalaigh</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
nó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pyxis
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pyxis
Nautica </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">réaltbhuíon
a</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">tá
suite idir na Seolta, an Phéist Uisce, Deireadh na Loinge, agus an
tAerchaidéal. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Réaltbhuíon
fhann é Compás an Mhairnéalaigh; is fathachréalta B-aicme í an
réalta is gile i gCompás an Mhairnéalaigh (</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Alpha
Pyxidis</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
agus í suite faoi naoi gcéad solasbhliain dínn, a bheag nó a
mhór. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ritheann
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">plána</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Bhealach na Bó Finne trí Chompás an Mhairnéalaigh.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Compás
diallais </b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">méadar
diallais </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">uirlis
a úsáidtear le</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
an diallas maighnéadach (an difríocht idir tuaisceart an mhaighnéid
agus an fíorthuaisceart) a thomhas.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Conair
an lándorchadais</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
Má théann an Ghealach idir an Ghrian agus an Domhan, caithfidh sí
a scáil ar an Domhan, rud ar a dtugtar urú gréine </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(nó
éiclips gréine)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
an Domhan agus an Ghrian araon níos mó ná an Ghealach, rud a
chiallaíos nach féidir leis an nGealach iomlán an Domhain a
fhágáil i ndorchadas. Ní bhíonn ach réigiún áirithe de dhroim
ár bpláinéid faoi lánscáil na Gealaí, agus ar ndóigh tá an
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">réigiún</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sin ag </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">athrú</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
de réir is mar atá an Domhan féin ag déanamh bulla báisín.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tugtar
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">conair
an lándorchadais </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">r
an mbealach a leanas an lánscáil le linn an uraithe.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Cónasc
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">atá
i gceist má tá dhá rinn neimhe le feiceáil in aice a chéile –
go bunúsach, más ionann an dronairde (an ceartéirí, an
cheartairde) don dá réad, nó más ionann an diallas don dá réad.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">An
pláinéad atá ag fithisiú na Gréine taobh istigh d'fhithis an
Domhain, má tá sé i gcónasc agus é ar an taobh thall den Ghrian,
deirimid gur </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">cónasc
uachtair </span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">atá
i gceist. Más ar an taobh abhus den Ghrian atá sé, is éard atá i
gceist ná </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">cónasc
íochtair</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Cónocht</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– Sa ghnáthchaint, is ionann an cónocht agus an lá atá ar aon
fhad leis an oíche: cónocht an fhómhair agus cónocht an earraigh.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Maidir
leis na réalteolaithe, tugann siadsan cónocht ar phointe teagmhála
an mheánchiorcail neamhaí agus an éicliptigh. Tá dhá phointe den
chineál sin </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ann</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
cónocht an fhómhair (túsphointe Libra) agus cónocht an earraigh
(túsphointe Aries). </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ainmneacha
stairiúla iad ”túsphointe Libra” agus ”túsphointe Aries”,
nó, de thoradh luainíocht na gcónochtaí, tá na pointí sin suite
i réaltbhuíonta eile ar fad inniu, seachas na cinn óna bhfuair
siad a n-ainm. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">R</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">éalteolaí
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sean-Ghréagach
a bhaist mar sin iad, sé scór bliain roimh Chríost. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Aries</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an t-ainm Laidine ar an Reithe, agus </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Libra</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar ar an Meá.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Copairniciam
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">atá
ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a 112, agus is é </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Cn
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
giorrúchán. Mar dhúil throm thrasúránach, tá an copairniciam
an-radaighníomhach, agus mar sin is deacair a dhath a fháil amach
faoina airíonna ceimiceacha. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fuair
an dúil a hainm ó Nioclás Copernicus (Polainnis: Miko</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">łaj
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Kopernik),
an réalteolaí Polannach. </span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Copernicus
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
leagan Laidine </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">de</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
shloinne an réalteolaí Pholannaigh </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nioclás
Copernicus</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Miko</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="pl-PL"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ł</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">aj
Kopernik</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ach thar aon rud eile, is cráitéar millteanach ar an nGealach é
Copernicus a fuair a ainm ón réalteolaí. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
Copernicus timpeall ar dheich gciliméadar is ceithre scór ar
trastomhas, agus </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">é
suite ar an taobh den Ghealach atá iompaithe inár dtreo. Is féidir
é a fheiceáil gan dul ach i dtuilleamaí na ndéshúileach.
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cráitéar
réasúnta óg é Copernicus, agus le fírinne tugtar ”tréimhse
Copernicus” ar an tréimhse is deireanaí i ngeolaíocht stairiúil
na Gealaí.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cráitéar
ar Mhars freisin a bhfuil an t-ainm céanna air, agus é thart ar
thrí chéad ciliméadar ar trastomhas – i bhfad níos mó ná an
ceann ar an nGealach.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Córas
Cassegrain</b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– Is éard atá i gceist leis seo ná dearadh teileascóip a
chuireas ar ár gcumas frithchaiteoir (teileascóp scáthánbhunaithe,
teileascóp frithchaiteach) a thógáil a bhfuil a </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fhad
fócasach níos mó ná fad an ghléis féin. </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
é is bunsmaoineamh do chóras Cassegrain ná go bhfuil </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">scáthán
mór cuasach ann agus poll ina lár. Frithchaithfidh an scáthán seo
an solas ar scáthán beag dronnach atá suite os comhair an phoill.
Ansin rachaidh an solas isteach sa pholl a bhfuil an fócas </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">taobh
thiar de. </span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
gnách glacadh leis gurbh é </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
sagart agus an t-optaiceoir féinteagasctha </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Laurent
Cassegrain a chéadcheap an dearadh seo sna 1870idí, ach is féidir
gur rith an smaoineamh le </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="sv-FI"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">hoptaiceoirí
eile faoin am chéanna.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-2843309186934605612019-01-05T06:15:00.002-08:002019-01-05T06:15:22.287-08:00Ciclipéid na Réalteolaíochta: An Béar Mór - Ceres<br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Béar Mór </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Ursa
Major </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an réaltbhuíon a bhfuil an Camchéachta (an tSeisreach)
suite taobh istigh di. Is iad na réaltbhuíonta timpeall an Bhéir
Mhóir ná na Madraí Fiaigh, Folt Bheirnicé, an Leon, an Leon Beag,
an Portán, an Lincse, an Sioráf, an Dragan, agus an tAoire. Is iad
réaltaí an Chamchéachta na cinn is gile agus is feiceálaí sa
Bhéar Mhór: Alkaid (Benetnasch, Eta Ursae Majoris), Mizar (Zeta
Ursae Majoris), Alioth (Epsilon Ursae Majoris), Megrez (Kaffa, Delta
Ursae Majoris), Phekda (Phecda, Phad, Gamma Ursae Majoris), Merak
(Beta Ursae Majoris), agus Dubhe (Ak, Alpha Ursae Majoris). Tá
roinnt réaltraí le feiceáil sa réaltbhuíon seo chomh maith.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bearna
Cassini </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an mbearna idir A-fháinne agus B-fháinne Shatarn. Fuair
sí a hainm ón réalteolaí Francach-Iodálach Giovanni Domenico (nó
Jean Dominique) Cassini, a chuir an chéad sonrú inti sa bhliain
1675.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bearna
Encke</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
– is bearna í taobh istigh d'A-fháinne Shatarn. Fuair an bhearna
seo a hainm ón réalteolaí Gearmánach Johann Encke. Tá Pan, ceann
de ghealaí beaga Shatarn, ag fithisiú an phláinéid sa bhearna
seo.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bearna
Hertzsprung –</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
is éard atá i gceist léi ná réigiún i léaráid
Hertzsprung-Russell nach bhfuil ach dornán beag réaltaí le fáil
ann. Tá an bhearna seo suite os cionn an phríomhsheichimh, ón
A-aicme go dtí an F-aicme. Fuair an bhearna a hainm ón réalteolaí
Danmhargach Ejnar Hertzsprung, duine acu siúd a bhfuil an léaráid
féin ainmnithe astu. Ní fhanann ach beagán réaltaí sa bhearna
seo ar feadh i bhfad, agus is dual do na cinn eile í a fhágáil ina
ndiaidh i rith a bhforbartha. Faoi láthair, tá Capella Aa – an
comhbhall is mó d'ilréalta Capella – suite i mbearna Hertzsprung.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bearnaí
Kirkwood –</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
Sa bhliain 1866 d'aithin an réalteolaí Meiriceánach Daniel
Kirkwood bearnaí áirithe i scaipeachán na n-astaróideach sa
Ghrianchóras. Go bunúsach ní cheadaítear do na hastaróidigh
bheith in athshondas le hIúpatar, is é sin cúrsa amháin timpeall
na Gréine a thabhairt in am a bheadh i gcoibhneas simplí an ama a
thógas sé ar Iúpatar imrothlú amháin a chur de, agus is iad
bearnaí Kirkwood is toradh don chosc seo.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Beirilliam</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– Is é an beirilliam dúil cheimiceach uimhir a ceathair, agus é
ar an gceann is éadroime de na miotail chré-alcaileacha. Is í an
tsiombail a sheasas dó sna foirmlí ná </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Be</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
agus is í an chumraíocht leictreonach atá aige ná 1s</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2s</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
an beirilliam 9.012 aonad ar mheáchan adamhach, agus is é
beirilliam a naoi, nó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">9</span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Be,
an t-aon iseatóp cobhsaí amháin. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
beirilliam a deich, nó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">10</span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Be,
réasúnta fadsaolach, agus é breis is milliún bliain ar leathré.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cruthaítear
beirilliam a deich san atmaisféar de thoradh an phróisis ar a
dtugtar spallúchán nó spallú: is iad na gathanna cosmacha is cúis
leis an bpróiseas seo. An beirilliam radaighníomhach a ghintear ar
an dóigh seo carntar in uachtar na hithreach é, agus is féidir
leis na geolaithe tátail a bhaint i dtaobh ghníomhaíocht na Gréine
as athruithe an chineál áirithe seo radaighníomhaíochta i gcisil
na hithreach: go bunúsach, nuair a bhíos an ghrianghaoth láidir,
bíonn an radaíocht chosmach lag, agus nuair a bhíos an radaíocht
chosmach lag, ní tháirgtear mórán den </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">iseatóp</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
seo san atmaisféar.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Miotal
liath sobhriste é an beirilliam le teocht an tseomra. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Má
thagann sé i dteagmháil leis an aer, fágfar brat ocsaigine air. Is
féidir beirilliam a chur trí thine fosta, agus ar ndóigh is í an
ocsaíd chéanna, BeO, is toradh don imoibriú seo.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Siúd
is gur miotal atá ann, mar bheirilliam, ní bhíonn sé chomh
haraiciseach chun iain a dhéanamh agus a shamhlófá le miotal
cré-alcaileach – le fírinne tá sé níos cosúla leis an
alúmanam ó thaobh na ceimice de, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
é ag ceangal naisc chomhfhiúsacha lena lán dúl</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
í an bheiril – sileacáit an bheirilliam agus an alúmanaim
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Be</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></span></sub></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Al</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></span></sub></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(SiO</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></span></sub></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-variant: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">6</span></span></span></span></span></sub></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– an mianra is tábhachtaí beirilliam, agus aithne ag an gcine
daonna uirthi ó thús na staire. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
féidir beirilliam a dhéanamh as beiril, ach baintear úsáid na
seoide aisti chomh maith. Níl dath ar bith sa ghlanbheiril, ach is
minic a fhágas truailleáin éagsúla dath éigin ann. Tugtar
smaragaid ar an mbeiril uaine, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
is éard atá i gceist leis an gcloch mhuirghorm ná beiril ghorm. Tá
an bheiril órga buí, agus </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
é an héileadór an leagan buí-uaine.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
mór </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
t-éacht</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
miotalóireachta é beirilliam a aonrú mar dhúil, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
níor éirigh an t-éacht sin le haon duine </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">roimh
an naoú haois déag. Bhí an ceimiceoir </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">clúiteach
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Gearmánach
Friedrich Wöhler ar an gcéad duine, thiar sa bhliain 1827, a
d'aonraigh beirilliam. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Eisean
a bhaist an dúil fosta, ach ina dhiaidh sin thug ceimiceoirí eile
taitneamh don ainm </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">glúiciniam</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
atá bunaithe ar an bhfocal Gréigise a chiallaíos ”milis”, ó
tá blas milis sna salainn bheirilliam. Níl sé ciallmhar bheith ag
baint an iomarca suilt as an mblas sin </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">áfach</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ós rud é gur nimh atá sa bheirilliam. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
an beirilliam cosúil leis an maignéisiam ó thaobh na ceimice de,
ach ar ndóigh níl sé in ann gnó an mhaignéisiam a dhéanamh in
orgánach an duine. Mar sin, tá dochar sna comhdhúile beirilliam;
thairis sin tá an miotal glan féin dainséarach go leor má
análaítear isteach mar dhusta é, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">spreagann
sé ailléirge agus ailse </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">scamhóg</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
iomaí úsáid a bhaintear as beirilliam sa teicneolaíocht. Ligeann
an miotal seo an chuid is mó de na x-ghathanna tríd, agus mar sin,
úsáidtear é i </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bhfuinneoga
radaíochta na bhfeadán x-ghathach. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ní
athraíonn toirt an bheirilliam mórán leis an teocht – ní
fhorbraíonn an beirilliam mórán, mar a déarfá – agus mar sin
is minic a úsáidtear páirteanna beaga beirilliam sa
spásteicneolaíocht, mar shampla.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bellatrix
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gamma
Orionis </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an tríú réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon an Bhodaigh.
B-réalta í, is é sin réalta the bhánghorm, agus í suite dhá
chéad go leith de sholasbhlianta uainn. Tá sí ocht n-oiread chomh
téagartha (ó thaobh na maise de) leis an nGrian, agus naoi míle is
dhá chéad oiread níos lonrúla. Bhaintí úsáid aisti mar thomhas
caighdeánach ar ghile agus ar speictream na réaltaí eile tráth,
ach d'éirigh lucht na ceirde as sin le fada, ós rud é gur réalta
réasúnta athraitheach í.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Betelgeuse</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Orionis </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
dara réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon an Bhodaigh (is ea, an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>dara
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ceann
is gile acu, cé gurb é </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Orionis
ainm na réalta de réir ainmníocht Bayer). Tá Betelgeuse ar
réaltaí móra na spéire: ollfhathach dearg den M-aicme atá ann,
agus é suite faoi shé chéad go leith de sholasbhlianta dínn, ach
bíonn na réalteolaithe an-easaontach faoi chomh fada ar shiúl is
atá an réalta seo dáiríre, agus na meastacháin an-difriúil le
chéile. Tá sé timpeall ar dhá oiread déag chomh trom leis an
nGrian, agus céad míle oiread níos lonrúla – is gá cuimhne a
choinneáil air, áfach, go bhfuil sé athraitheach go leor ó thaobh
an lonrachais de. Táthar ag déanamh go bhfuil sé i ndán do
Bhetelgeuse pléasc ollnóva a dhéanamh sa deireadh.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Na
Bílidí –</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
malairt ainm ar an dreigechith ar a dtugtar na hAndraiméididí. Is
éard atá i gceist leis an dreigechith seo ná iarsmaí an chóiméid
úd Biela, ar stróic imtharraingt Iúpatair as a chéile é thiar sa
bhliain 1842. Fuair an cóiméad a ainm ón réalteolaí Gearmánach
Wilhelm von Biela a d'aithin gur cóiméad </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">tréimhse</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ach
a bhí ann. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Cuid
súl a bhí sna Bílídí faoi dheireadh na naoú haoise déag, ach
is ar éigean a d'aithneofá inniu iad gan dul i dtuilleamaí
teileascóip nó gléasra cianradhairc eile.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Biosmat
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a trí is ceithre scór sa Tábla
Peiriadach. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bi
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
giorrúchán a úsáidtear sna foirmlí ceimiceacha. Miotal geal
sobhriste é an biosmat ach </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">éireoidh
sé</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
pinc </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">má</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
oibrío</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nn</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ocsaigin an aeir air. Níl ach aon iseatóp amháin ar fáil i
mbiosmat nádúrtha, mar atá, biosmat a 209. Iseatóp
radaighníomhach é an ceann sin féin, nó tagann alfa-mheath air,
ach tá leathré an iseatóip sin chomh fada (níos faide ná aois
mheasúnaithe na hollchruinne) is nach bhfuil cúis imní sa
radaighníomhaíocht sin. Le fírinne níl an biosmat leath chomh
dainséarach </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ná
díobhálach</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
leis na trom-mhiotail eile, an luaidhe ach go háirithe.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
biosmat ar fáil mar mhiotal sa dúlra, ach is iad an bhiosmaitinít
agus an bhismít na mianta is tábhachtaí. Suilfíd bhiosmait
(Bi</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">S</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
í an bhiosmaitinít, agus ocsaíd (Bi</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">O</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
í an bhismít.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Baintear
úsáid as biosmat agus as comhdhúile biosmait sa tionsclaíocht,
ach ní féidir a rá go mbeadh an-ráchairt air. Dealraíonn sé
áfach go bhfuil biosmat le dul in áit na luaidhe ina lán
feidhmeanna, ó táthar ag iarraidh éirí as an luaidhe scun scan
chomh nimhiúil is atá sí. Ní féidir a rá nach mbeadh
nimhiúlacht éigin ag baint leis an mbiosmat féin ach níl sé in
aon chóngar do bheith chomh dainséarach leis an luaidhe.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bís
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar réaltraí agus réaltnéalta ar déanamh bíse. Réaltra
bíseach é Bealach na Bó Finne féin, ach mar a fuair na
réalteolaithe amach le déanaí is bís bharrach é dháiríre.
Réaltraí bíseacha eile iad Réaltra Andraiméide agus Réaltra an
Triantáin.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bís
bharrach </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar réaltra a bhfuil barra thart ar a lárphointe, agus géaga
bíseacha an réaltra ag teacht as an mbarra.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bladhm
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar bhrúchtadh tobann a aithnítear mar laom láidir gile in
aice le dromchla na réalta. Tugtar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>bladhmréaltaí</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ar réaltaí ar féidir bladhmanna tobanna a aithint orthu gan
choinne. Abhaic dhearga iad an chuid is mó de na bladhmréaltaí.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bíonn
bladhmanna le haithint ar an nGrian s'againn freisin, ó am go ham –
<i>grianbhladhmanna </i><span style="font-style: normal;">mar a
thugtar orthu. </span><span style="font-style: normal;">Bíonn siad
an-éagsúil ó thaobh an fhuinnimh de, agus </span><span style="font-style: normal;">is
minic a</span><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span><span style="font-style: normal;">scaoiltear
saor damhna as coróin na Gréine de thoradh bladhma (rud ar a
dtugtar </span><i>mais-eisteilgean corónach</i><span style="font-style: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bliain
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar imrothlú an Domhain timpeall na Gréine. Is féidir an
coincheap a thuiscint is a shainmhíniú ar go leor bealaí éagsúla,
áfach.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nuair
a bhímid ag trácht ar an mbliain sa ghnáthchaint, is í </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>an
bhliain ghréine</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>an
bhliain thrópaiceach</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
a bhíos i gceist againn. Is ionann sin agus timthriall na Gréine ar
an éiclipteach, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">mar
a fheictear dúinn</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Tá cineálacha eile bliana ann, áfach.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
í </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>an
réaltbhliain</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an tomhas is fearr ar imrothlú an Domhain. Ar ghluaiseacht
bhliantúil na réaltaí a aithnítear í (is ionann anseo ”na
réaltaí” agus an sféar neamhaí, is é sin cúlra dobhogtha na
réaltaí cianmhara a bhfuil a ndualghluaisne chomh beag is gur
féidir neamhshuim a dhéanamh di). Tá an réaltbhliain tuairim is
fiche nóiméad níos faide ná an bhliain thrópaiceach. Is é an
feiniméan ar a dtugtar luainíocht na haise is cúis leis an
difríocht seo.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Bliain
aimhrialta</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar an am a chaitheas an Domhan ag dul ó pheirihéilean go
peirihéilean (is é an peirihéilean garphointe an Domhain don
Ghrian, is é sin an pointe is cóngaraí don Ghrian ar fhithis an
Domhain).</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Bliain
Iúlach</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar mheánfhad na bliana de réir fhéilire Iúil. San
fhéilire sin tá an ghnáthbhliain 365 lá ar fad, agus an bhliain
bhisigh lá amháin níos faide, agus bliain amháin as gach ceithre
cinn is bliain bhisigh í. Mar sin, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">tá
an bhliain</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
365.25 lá </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ar
fad</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
go beacht, de réir an fhéilire seo. Úsáidtear an bhliain Iúlach
seo sa réalteolaíocht i gcónaí. Mar shampla is í is bunús leis
an tsolasbhliain – an fad a chuireas an solas de in aghaidh na
bliana Iúlaí. Seanghnás is mó is cúis leis seo.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
í </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>an
bhliain Ghréagórach</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
meánfhad na bliana de réir fhéilire Ghréagóra, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">arb
é </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
féilire a úsáidimid i láthair na huaire. Blianta bisigh iad 97
mbliana as gach 400 ceann san fhéilire sin, agus mar sin is ionann
an bhliain Ghréagórach agus 365.2425 lá.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
ionann aon </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>bhliain
ghealaí </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">amháin
agus dhá mhí déag den chineál shionadach – is é sin míonna de
réir chéimeanna na Gealaí. Tá an bhliain ghealaí tuairim is aon
lá déag níos giorra ná an bhliain Ghréagórach. Tá an féilire
Ioslamach agus an féilire Giúdach bunaithe ar an mbliain ghealaí.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bliain
bhisigh </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar bhliain féilire atá 366 lá ar fad. I bhféilire Iúil,
is bliain bhisigh í gach bliain atá inroinnte ar a ceathair. I
bhféilire Ghréagóra, má tá an bhliain inroinnte ar chéad, ní
bliain bhisigh í mura bhfuil sí inroinnte ar cheithre chéad
freisin. Mar sin, ní blianta bisigh iad na blianta úd 1900 ná
2100, ach is bliain bhisigh í an bhliain úd 2000, de réir fhéilire
Ghréagóra.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Bodach </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
t-ainm Gaeilge ar Oiríon nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Orion</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
ar ceann de na réaltbhuíonta is aithnidiúla amuigh é. Tá an
Bodach le feiceáil go soiléir ó Éirinn, agus is cinnte go
n-aithníonn gach duine de mhuintir an oileáin é, iad siúd san
áireamh nach bhfuil a fhios acu a ainm. Le fírinne tá an Bodach
suite in aice le meánchiorcal an sféir neamhaí, rud a chiallaíos
go bhfuil aithne ag an gcuid is mó de mhuintir ár bpláinéid air,
agus chomh feiceálach is atá sé, bíonn páirt éigin aige i
miotaseolaíochtaí ar fud an uile Dhomhain. Tá an Bodach dingthe
idir an Madra Mór, an Abhainn, an tAonbheannach, an Cúpla, an tAra,
an Tarbh agus an Giorria, agus is iomaí réalta gheal atá suite sa
réaltbhuíon áirithe seo: Betelgeuse, Bellatrix, Rigel, Saiph agus
an triúr ar a dtugtar Crios Oiríon, Slat an Bhodaigh, Slat an
Cheannaí, Slat an Rí, an Bhanlámh, nó an Fhearsaid, mar atá,
Alnilam, Alnitak agus Mintaka.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ollfhathach
dearg atá in Betelgeuse; fathachréaltaí gorma nó bánghorma iad
Rigel, Saiph, Bellatrix agus réaltaí Shlat an Bhodaigh.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bóilíd</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar chaor thine thuas sa spéir, go háirithe ar dhreige
mhór agus í ag pléascadh san atmaisféar.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Boilsciú
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar, i gcúrsaí réalteolaíochta nó cosmeolaíochta, ar an
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">dóigh
a ndeachaigh</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an Ollchruinne </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">i
bhfairsinge </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">go
gairid i ndiaidh na hOllphléisce, i rith na tréimhse boilscithe
(10</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">-36</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
go 10</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">-32</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
soicind i ndiaidh na hOllphléisce).</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bóiriam
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a 107, agus is é </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bh
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
giorrúchán ceimiceach. Cosúil leis na dúile troma trasúránacha
eile is dúil ghearrshaolach é an bóiriam a dtagann meath
radaighníomhach air go sciobtha, ionas nach furasta mórán a fháil
amach faoina airíonna ceimiceacha. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Níl
an t-iseatóp is cobhsaí, bóiriam 270, ach nóiméad agus soicind
ar leathré. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fuair
an dúil a hainm ón Danmhargach Niels Bohr a bhain amach Duais Nobel
san fhisic sa bhliain 1922. </span></span></span></span>
</div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bólaiméadar
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar ghléas ar féidir leat gach cineál radaíocht
leictreamhaighnéadach a thomhas leis, idir sholas, radaíocht
ultravialait, radaíocht infridhearg, radaíocht ianaitheach,
x-ghathanna agus eile. Ón taobh eile de ní féidir leis an
mbólaiméadar go bunúsach ach iomlán an fhuinnimh i bhfoirm
radaíochta a aithint – is é sin, ní aithníonn sé na cineálacha
éagsúla radaíochta thar a chéile. Go bunúsach is brathadóir
teirmeach (teasbhunaithe) é an bólaiméadar – is é sin tá
eilimint ann agus í ag dul i dteocht le gach candam radaíochta a
bhuaileas í, agus is ar an téamh seo </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(nó
ar an sruth leictreach is toradh don téamh) </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
aithnítear fuinneamh na radaíochta.</span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tagraíonn
na foca</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">i</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">l
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>bólaiméadracht
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>bólaiméadrach
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">do
bhreathnuithe réalteolaíocha atá bunaithe ar gach cineál
radaíochta </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">in
éineacht</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
– le hiad a dhealú, abair, ó amharcbhreathnuithe (nach gcuireann
san áireamh ach an solas infheicthe). Mar shampla, aithnítear méid
bhólaiméadrach na réalta thar a hamharcmhéid: is ionann an mhéid
bhólaiméadrach agus méid (nó gile) na réalta mar a fheictear
dúinn í de réir na gcineálacha éagsúla radaíochta </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">in
éineacht</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
agus is ionann an amharcmhéid agus chomh mór nó geal a fhaighimid
an réalta de réir is mar atá sí ag tabhairt solais infheicthe
uaithi.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bolcán
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugadh na réalteolaithe fadó ar an bpláinéad a cheap siad a
bheith a</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nn
taobh istigh d'fhithis Mhearcair</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Ba é an réalteolaí Francach Urbain Le Verrier a bhaist Bolcán,
thiar sna 1840idí. Ba é ba chúis leis an hipitéis faoi Bholcán
ná go bhfuil peirihéilean Mhearcair (is é sin, garphointe
Mhearcair don Ghrian, an pointe is cóngaraí don Ghrian ar fhithis
an phláinéid) ag bogadh traidhfilín níos gasta ná mar ba chóir,
de réir na fisice clasaicí, agus ba é tuairim Le Verrier agus
lucht a chomhaimsire go míneodh imtharraingt Bholcáin an difríocht
seo. Ba í teoiric coibhneasaíochta Albert Einstein a chuir deireadh
leis an tuairimíocht faoi Bholcán, nó tá an aimhrialtacht sin i
luainíocht pheirihéilean Mhearcair inmhínithe ar fad de réir na
teoirice sin.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><b>Bonner
Durchmusterung</b></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(tabhair
faoi deara nach bhfuil ...</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Dürchmusterung</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ceart ar aon nós, nó níl umlabht ar bith sa réimír úd </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>durch-</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
nó BD a thugtar ar an tsuirbhéireacht chórasach a rinne Réadlann
Ollscoil Bhonn in Iarthar na Gearmáine ar an spéir i rith an dara
leath den naoú haois déag. Inniu féin tá tábhacht nach beag ag
roinnt leis an réaltchatalóg ba thoradh don obair fhadaraíonach
seo, nó luaitear breis is trí chéad míle de réaltaí ansin. Ba é
an réalteolaí Gearmánach de phór na Fionlainne Friedrich Wilhelm
Argelander (1799-1875) a chuir tús leis an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Durchmusterung
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus
a bhí i gceannas ar an obair go lá a bháis.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bórón</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a cúig, agus is é </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>B
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
tsiombail a sheasas dó sna foirmlí. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
í an chumraíocht leictreonach atá aige ná </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">1s</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2s</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2p</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">1</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
is é sin, tá trí leictreon ar an dara l</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">eictreonsceall.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
sin, ní féidir leis an mbórón an t-ochtréad iomlán a bhaint
amach ar an leictreonsceall is faide amuigh: </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ní
bheadh sé réadúil cúig leictreon a fháil ar iasacht ó dhúile
eile</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ina
dhiaidh</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sin féin, is miotalóideach é </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
bórón</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
dhá iseatóp cobhsaí nádúrtha ag an mbórón, mar atá, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">10</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">B
agus </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">11</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">B
(bórón a deich agus bórón a haon déag). </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Go
bunúsach, tá an dara ceann acu ceithre oiread chomh coitianta sa
dúlra leis an gcéad cheann, ach bíonn an coibhneas seo ag luainiú
go mór, agus mar sin is deacair meáchan adamhach an bhóróin a
áireamh go cruinn. Tá an meáchan </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sin</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
socraithe go hoifigiúil ar 10.81. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Na
raidiseatóip atá ag an mbórón, tiocfaidh meath radaighníomhach
orthu go tapa: </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">níl
an ceann is fadsaolaí féin acu oiread is aon soicind amháin ar
leath</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ré</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
allatróip éagsúla ag an mbórón: bórón dímhorfach agus
cineálacha éagsúla de bhórón chriostalda (</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dhá
chineál de </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">b</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">h</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">órón
rombaihéidreach </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chomh
maith le</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
bórón ortarombach </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
bórón teitreagánach). </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
na hallatróip go léir timpeall ar 2.3 go 2.5 g/cm</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ar tiús; </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
é an bórón rombaihéidreach den </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">alpha</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-chineál
an t-allatróp is troime.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
í an uimhir ocsaídiúcháin is minice a bhíos ag an mbórón sna
dúile ceimiceacha ná +3. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Comhdhúile
coitianta de chuid an bhóróin iad an t-aigéad bórach, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
ocsaíd bhóróin (an trí-ocsaíd débhóróin), an </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nítríd
bhóróin</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
an bórás.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
í an fhoirmle atá ag an aigéad bórach ná H</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">BO</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Tá trí hiodrocsalghrúpa (OH) timpeall ar an adamh bóróin sa
mhóilín, agus </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dá
réir</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
sin thig linn an fhoirmle a scríobh mar B(OH)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
chomh maith. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Substaint
sholadach é an t-airgéad bórach, ach tá sé sothuaslagtha san
uisce, agus ar ndóigh, is aigéad sách lag é. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
sé ar fáil sa dúlra </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">mar
mhianra</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">sasóilít
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar an aigéad bórach nádúrtha.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
iomaí </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sain</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">úsáid
a bhaintear as an aigéad bórach </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sa
tionsclaíocht. Maraíonn sé baictéir chomh maith, agus </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
féidir an fhluairíd hidrigine a thabhairt chun neodrachta leis an
aigéad bórach, nó ceapfar na hiain fhluairíde i gcomhdhúile
casta san imoibriú.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Maidir
lei</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
an ocsaíd bhóróin, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ubstaint
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dhímhorfach
í de ghnáth, ach is féidir í a iompú ina criostail lei</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">s
an modh oibre ar a dtugtar </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">ainéaladh</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Úsáidtear an ocsaí</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">d
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i
ndéantús cineálacha áirithe gloine, mar shampla.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Comhdhúil
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">shuimiúil</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
í an nítríd bhóróin. Tá adamh amháin bóróin sa nítríd
bhóróin in aghaidh gach adamh nítrigíne, agus mar sin is í an
fhoirmle cheimiceach atá aici ná BN. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
eol do chách, beagnach, go bhfuil dhá allatróp ag an gcarbón: an
diamant agus an ghraifít. Thairis sin tá allatróp is annaimhe ná
iad siúd ann, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cosúil
leis an lonsdaeilít, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
an ”diamant heicseagánach”. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Anois,
tá sé tábhachtach a thuiscint go bhfuil cúig leictreon ar an
leictreonsceall is fada amuigh ag an nítrigín, agus trí leictreon
ag an mbórón – agus ceithre cinn ag an gcarbón. Mar sin, má tá
na hadaimh bóróin agus charbóin scaipthe go cothrom ar fud an
chriostail, is </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ionann
a struchtúr agus struchtúr an charbóin –</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
d'fhéadfá a rá go bhfuil siad ag déanamh aithrise ar an gcarbón</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Dá réir sin, tá fáil ar </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fhoirmeacha
éagsúla den nítríd bhóróin: ceann a bhfuil struchtúr
criostalda an diamaint aige, ceann a bhfuil struchtúr criostalda na
graifíte aige, agus ceann a bhfuil struchtúr criostalda na
lonsdaeilíte aige.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">An
bórás arís, is éard atá ann ná teitreabóráit désh</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ó</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">idiam.
Bóráití a thugtar ar shalainn an aigéid bhóraigh, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ach
má pholaiméirítear ceithre mhóilín den aigéad seo, gheofar
aigéad teitreabórach nó aigéad pireabórach H</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">B</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">O</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">7</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
é an bórás salann sóidiam an aigéid seo,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Na</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">B</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">O</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">7</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">De
ghnáth bíonn deich móilín uisce i struchtúr criostalda an
bhóráis in aon aonad foirmle amháin, agus mar sin, is féidir
deiceahiodráit na teitreabóráite (pireabóráite) sóidiam a
thabhairt ar an mbórás. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
an bórás ar fáil go nádúrtha sa dúlra agus is iomaí úsáid a
bhaintear as. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Amhábhar
is ea an bórás do na comhdhúile bóróin a bhíos ag teastáil sa
tionsclaíocht.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Grúpa
suimiúil comhdhúl iad na </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bóráin,
is é sin, hidrídí an bhóróin, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">comhdhúile
an bhóróin agus na hidrigine. Shílfeá nach mbeadh ach aon
chomhdhúil amháin den chineál seo ann, is é sin an tríhidríd
bhóróin nó </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">BH</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Ní mar a shíltear a bhítear áfach, nó tá an bórán simplí seo
éagobhsaí, agus is dual dó démhéiriú a dhéanamh, is é sin
rachaidh dhá mhóilín tríhidríde le chéile le séhidríd
débhóróin B</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">H</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">6</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a dhéanamh. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">De
réir na tuisceana traidisiúnta ar na naisc cheimiceacha idir na
hadaimh, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ní
raibh an bórón in ann ach trí nasc a cheangal, agus ní raibh ach
aon nasc amháin ag an hidrigin. Mar sin, fuair na ceimiceoirí
an-deacair struchtúr na séhidríde sin a mhíniú, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
b'éigean dóibh teoiricí nua a cheapadh dá réir. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
a lán hidrídí bóróin eile ann a bhfuil struchtúr neamhghnách
acu ó thaobh na nasc de.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
na bóráin araiciseach chun imoibriúcháin, agus nimh iontu don
duine dá réir. Bhí suim ag na hinnealtóirí a</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">er-
agus spástaistil</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
iontu tráth den tsaol mar bhreosla, ach n</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">í
dhearnadh forbairt cheart ar na scéimeanna sin riamh.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Bosca Seod </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar NCG 4755 nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>réaltbhraisle
Kappa Crucis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
is é sin an réaltbhraisle </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">oscailte
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
le feiceáil i réaltbhuíon Chros an Deiscirt, timpeall ar an réalta
úd Kappa Crucis, agus í ar na réaltaí is gile sa bhraisle.
Ollfhathachréalta ghorm B-aicme í Kappa Crucis. Ba é an réalteolaí
Francach Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille a chuir an chéad sonrú sa
bhraisle seo thiar i dtús na 1750idí, ach ba é John Herschel a
d'ainmnigh í.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bósón
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar bhuncháithnín nach fearmón é. Bósóin iad </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">na
fótóin, mar shampla. Is féidir leis na bósóin an áit chéanna
sa spás a ghlacadh, agus mar sin, is dual dóibh fuinneamh a iompar.
Dá réir sin is leis an radaíocht is mó a shamhlaítear na bósóin,
agus is leis </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
damhna</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a shamhlaítear na fearmóin.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
iad na bósóin is tábhachtaí ná:</span></span></span></span></div>
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<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>fótón</b></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">na
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>glúóin
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">éagsúla
a choinníos na cuarcanna le chéile</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">na
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>bósóin
laga</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(W</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">+</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
W</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
Z)</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>bósón
Higgs</b></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Níor
éirigh leis na heolaithe an </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">graibheatón</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– an buncháithnín arb é iompóir na himtharraingthe é – a
aithint go fóill, is é sin níl ann ach coincheap teoiriciúil, ach
is éard a thugas a lán teoiricí candambhunaithe faoi nádúr na
himtharraingthe le fios gur bósón é an graibheatón chomh maith.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
bósóin ilchodacha ann chomh maith, is é sin, cáithníní atá
comhdhéanta as cáithníní eile agus a bhfuil saintréithe na
mbósón acu. Samplaí de seo is ea na measóin, núicléas an
ghnáth-héiliam (héiliam a ceathair), núicléas an ghnáth-charbóin
(carbón a dó déag), </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
an deoitéarón (núicléas na tromhidrigine). </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Na
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">feiniméin</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
aisteacha a bhaineas leis an héiliam, cosúil leis an dóigh a
n-iompaíonn sé ina fhorshreabh agus é á shioc i dtreo an
dearbhnialais, glactar leis g</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ur
dual don núicléas mar bhósón iad</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fuair
na bósóin a n-ainm ó</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n
bhfisiceoir Indiach Satyendra Nath Bose.</span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Braisle
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">is
féidir a thabhairt ar bhraisle réaltaí (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>réaltbhraisle</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
nó ar bhraisle réaltraí.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
éard atá i gceist le </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>braisle
réaltaí </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>réaltbhraisle
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ná
grúpa réaltaí taobh istigh den réaltra agus iad ceangailte dá
chéile ag an gcomh-imtharraingt. Aithnítear dhá phríomhchineál
réaltbhraislí: an bhraisle oscailte agus an bhraisle
chruinneogach. Réaltaí óga iad na cinn sa bhraisle oscailte, agus
ní bhíonn ach cúpla céad réalta i mbraisle thipiciúil den
chineál seo; na braislí cruinneogacha áfach bíonn siad i bhfad
níos sine, agus i bhfad níos saibhre i réaltaí. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Grúpa
gluaisteach </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>réaltghaolmhaireacht
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar réaltbhraisle scaoilte nach féidir a aithint ach ar
ghluaiseacht na réaltaí: ní fheictear mar bhraisle dhlúth iad,
ach ós rud é go bhfuil siad ag gluaiseacht in aon treo agus ar aon
lua</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">s,</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
is léir gur réaltbhraisle a bhí iontu ó thús. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">D'fhéadfá
a rá go bhfuil siad ”gaolmhar” le chéile ar dhóigh ar leith,
agus sin é an tuige go dtugtar ”réaltghaolmhaireacht” orthu,
nó ar an mbaint atá acu le chéile.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Braisle
réaltraí </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar ghrúpa réaltraí agus iad ceangailte dá chéile ag an
gcomh-imtharraingt. Samplaí iad Braisle Virgo, atá le feiceáil i
réaltbhuíon na Maighdine, agus Braisle Bheirnicé i réaltbhuíon
Fholt Bheirnicé.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Bhrasaíl</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
– An tír is mó i Meiriceá Theas, an tír is mó ina labhraítear
Portaingéilis mar phríomhtheanga, agus an tír is mó a gcuirfeadh
réalteolaí amaitéarach suim ina bratach náisiúnta. Taispeánann
bratach na Brasaíle an spéir os cionn Rio de Janeiro ag a leathuair
tar éis a hocht ar maidin ar an cúigiú lá déag de Mhí na Samhna</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
sa bhliain 1889</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nuair a gaireadh poblacht den tír. Seasann na réaltaí éagsúla do
stáit éagsúla an stáit fheidearálaigh, mar seo:</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
í Spica, nó Alpha Virginis, an t-aon réalta amháin a fheictear os
cionn an chreasa bháin a ritheas trasna an sféir neamhaí i lár na
brataí. (Is iad na focail Phortaingéilise </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Orden
e progresso</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
is é sin, ”Ordú agus forás”, nó b'fhéidir ”Síocháin sa
tsochaí agus dul chun cinn”, atá le léamh ar an gcrios sin.) Tá
na réaltaí eile go léir suite taobh thíos den chrios.
Siombalaíonn Spica stát Pará i dtuaisceart na tíre. Is í Belém
príomhchathair an stáit.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ar
chlé taobh thíos den chrios a fheictear Procyon, nó Alpha Canis
Minoris. Seasann an réalta seo do stát Amazonas atá suite in
iarthuaisceart na tíre, agus é ar an stát is mó sa Bhrasaíl.
Manaus an phríomhchathair.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Síos
ar dheis ó Procyon a fheictear cúig réalta an Mhadra Mhóir, mar
atá, Sirius (Alpha Canis Majoris), Mirzam (Beta Canis Majoris),
Muliphen (Gamma Canis Majoris), Wezen (Delta Canis Majoris), agus
Adhara (Epsilon Canis Majoris).</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seasann
Sirius do Mato Grosso, an tríú stát is mó sa tír, agus é suite
in Iarthar na Brasaíle.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seasann
Mirzam d'Amapá, stát beag i dtuaisceart na tíre. Ní dhearnadh
stát d'Amapá ach i ndeireadh na n-ochtóidí, nó ní raibh ann
roimhe sin ach ”críoch”, agus ní bhfuair sé a réalta i
mbratach na tíre ach i dtús na nóchaidí.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seasann
Muliphen do Rondônia in iarthar na tíre, in aice leis an mBolaiv.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seasann
Wezen do Roraima i dtuaisceart na tíre.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seasann
Adhara do Tocantins, stát beag nár dealaíodh ó stát Goiás ach
sa bhliain 1988.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In
aice le réaltaí an Mhadra Mhóir a fheictear Canopus (Alpha
Carinae), mar shiombal do Goiás in Iarthar Lár na Brasaíle.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ar
dheis ón Madra Mór atá Cros an Deiscirt, cúig réalta ar fad.</span></span></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seasann
Alpha Crucis (nó Acrux, réalta ar a dtugann lucht labhartha na
Portaingéilise </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Estrela
de Magalhães</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nó Réalta Magellan freisin) do São Paulo i ndeisceart na tíre.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seasann
Beta Crucis (Becrux nó Mimosa) do Rio de Janeiro.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seasann
Gamma Crucis (Gacrux, nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Rubídea</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
– an réalta ar dhath an rúibín – </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">mar
a thugas</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
lucht labhartha na Portaingéilise </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">uirthi</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
do Bahia in oirthear na tíre.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seasann
Delta Crucis (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Pálida</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar an réalta seo as Portaingéilis) do Minas Gerais, stát
atá suite in oirthear na tíre, agus é scartha ó chósta an
Atlantaigh ag stiall chúng talún – is éard atá sa stiall sin
ná an dá stát úd Rio de Janeiro agus Espírito Santo.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seasann
Epsilon Crucis do stát Espírito Santo. Giota beag cósta atá ann
mar stát, agus é suite idir Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, agus Minas
Gerais. Is í Vitória an phríomhchathair, ach tá Vila Velha (”an
tseanchathair” is ciall don ainm Portaingéilise seo) níos mó ná
Vitória ar na saolta seo.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
réalta pholach an Deiscirt, Sigma Octantis, nó Polaris Australis,
le feiceáil thíos ina haonar. Ar ndóigh seasann an réalta seo do
Distrito Federal – ceantar a gearradh ó stát Rio de Janeiro le
haghaidh phríomhchathair nua na Brasaíle, Brasília, sa bhliain
1960.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ar
dheis ó Sigma Octantis a fheictear Triantán an Deiscirt, trí
réalta ar fad.</span></span></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seasann
Alpha Trianguli Australis do Rio Grande do Sul i ndeisceart na tíre,
in aice le hUragua. (”Abhainn Mhór an Deiscirt” is ciall d'ainm
an stáit.)</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seasann
Beta Trianguli Australis do Santa Catarina, stát beag i ndeisceart
na tíre in aice le Rio Grande do Sul. Is í Florianópolis
príomhchathair an stáit, ach is í Joinville an chathair is mó.
D'fhág an lucht inimirce ón nGearmáin agus ón Ostair blas láidir
a ndúchais ar chultúr an stáit.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seasann
Gamma Trianguli Australis do Paraná, stát eile i ndeisceart na
tíre. Curitiba atá ar phríomhchathair an stáit seo.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
í an Scairp an réaltbhuíon is faide ar dheis ar bhratach na
Brasaíle, ocht réalta ar fad.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seasann
Alpha Scorpii, nó Antares, do Piauí in Oirthuaisceart na Brasaíle.
Is í Teresina an phríomhchathair. Tá a lán iarsmaí tábhachtacha
seandálaíochta ó ré na sibhialtachtaí </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">bundúchasacha</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
le feiceáil i stát Piauí, go háirithe i bPáirc Náisiúnta
Serra da Capivara.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seasann
Beta Scorpii (Graffias, Acrab) do Maranhão in Oirthuaisceart na
Brasaíle. São Luis atá ar an bpríomhchathair.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">An
chéad réalta eile de chuid na Scairpe a fheictear ar an mbratach,
is í Epsilon Scorpii í, agus í ag seasamh do stát Ceará. Tá an
stát seo suite san Oirthuaisceart chomh maith, agus is í Fortaleza
an phríomhchathair.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seasann
Theta Scorpii (nó Sargas) d'Alagoas, stát beag in oirthear na
tíre. Is í Maceio príomhchathair an stáit.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Siombalaíonn
Iota Scorpii stát Sergipe, stát beag eile in oirthear na tíre –
le fírinne is é an stát is lú sa Bhrasaíl ar fad. Aracaju an
phríomhchathair.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
í Kappa Scorpii, nó Girtab, is siombail do stát Paraíba. Is í
João Pessoa an phríomhchathair. Stát beag eile in oirthear na
tíre atá ann, ach tá Paraíba ar na stáit is tibhe daonra sa
Bhrasaíl.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Aisteach
go leor tá Lambda Scorpii ar réaltaí geala na Scairpe, ar an dara
réalta is gile b'fhéidir, cé gurb é ”lambda” an litir
Ghréagach a thagraíos di i gcóras ainmníochta Bayer. Ainm eile
ar an réalta é Shaula. Seasann sí do Rio Grande do Norte
(”Abhainn Mhór an Tuaiscirt”), agus is í Natal príomhchathair
an stáit. Deirtear go bhfuil Rio Grande do Norte ar na réigiúin
is glaine aer i Meiriceá Theas ar fad. Stát beag eile in oirthear
na tíre cois farraige é Rio Grande do Norte.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mu
Scorpii an ceann deireanach de réaltaí na Scairpe a shiombalaíos
stát i mbratach na Brasaíle. Is é Pernambuco an stát sin, agus
is í Recife an phríomhchathair. Ba iad na hOllannaigh ba thúisce
a tháinig i seilbh an cheantair, rud a chuaigh i bhfeidhm ar an
gcultúr, go háirithe ar chuma na tithíochta, i bPernambuco.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Feictear
dhá réalta de chuid na Péiste Uisce taobh thíos den chrios a
ritheas trasna na liathróide, mar atá, Alphard (Alpha Hydrae) agus
Gamma Hydrae.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seasann
Alphard do Mato Grosso do Sul, stát beag i ndeisceart na tíre a
dealaíodh ó Mato Grosso sna seachtóidí. Campo Grande an
phríomhchathair.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seasann
Gamma Hydrae d'Acre, stát beag in iarthar na tíre in aice le
Peiriú agus an Bholaiv. Rio Branco atá ar an bpríomhchathair. Bhí
an ceantar ina chnámh spairne idir an Bholaiv agus an Bhrasaíl
timpeall ar an mbliain 1900, agus ghair muintir an cheantair
poblacht neamhspleách d'Acre faoin am sin, chomh maith. Cúpla uair
d'ionsaigh na Bolavaigh an phoblacht le seilbh a ghlacadh uirthi
arís, ach sa bhliain 1903 ba iad na Brasaíligh a rinne a gcuid di.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Maidir
le stair na réalteolaíochta sa Bhrasaíl, is deacair a rá cathain
a thosaigh sí. Ba iad na hOllannaigh a thóg an chéad réadlann i
Recife nuair a bhí siad i seilbh na háite, thiar sa bhliain 1639,
ach ansin, cúig bliana déag ina dhiaidh sin, d'athghabh na
Portaingéalaigh an ceantar, agus chuaigh an réadlann de dhroim an
domhain sa teagmháil. Sa bhliain 1845, cuireadh an Réadlann
Impiriúil ar bun i Morro do Castelo, Rio de Janeiro, agus sa bhliain
1906, fuair an réadlann ainm nua, an Réadlann Náisiúnta.
hAistríodh go dtí São Cristóvão i gcathair Rio de Janeiro í sa
bhliain 1922. Ba é Henrique Morize a bhí i gceannas ar an Réadlann
go dtí an bhliain 1930, agus sa bhliain 1919 chuidigh sé le
réalteolaithe Sasanacha turas a eagrú go Sobral i stát Ceará le
breathnuithe a dhéanamh ar urú iomlán na Gréine – breathnuithe
a theastaigh le teoiric na coibhneasachta (an teoiric chéanna a
thuill a chlú d'Einstein) a chruthú.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ní
mór scéilín áirithe magaidh a insint anseo a bhfuil baint aige
leis an mBrasaíl agus leis an réalteolaíocht araon: an scéal faoi
”phróiseas Urca”. Is éard atá i gceist le próiseas Urca ná
an dóigh a gcailleann neodrónréaltaí agus abhacréaltaí bána
fuinneamh agus iad ag fuarú – ina neoidríonónna a imíos an
fuinneamh sa phróiseas seo. Bhí George Gamow (nó Georgii Gamov),
réalteolaí Meiriceánach de phór na Rúise, i Rio de Janeiro ar
cuairt ag Mário Schönberg, a bhí ar an réaltfhisiceoir is mó le
rá sa Bhrasaíl san fhichiú haois, agus an bheirt acu ag forbairt a
dteoirice ar an bhfuarú seo. Ba nós leis an mbeirt seo scíth a
fháil ó obair throm na teoiriceoireachta i dteach cearrbhachais –
Urca a bhí ar an gceantar den chathair ina raibh an áit aeraíochta
sin suite. Dúirt fear acu leis an bhfear eile go raibh an fuinneamh
ag imeacht leis na neoidríonónna chomh tiubh is a bhíodh a gcuid
airgid ag imeacht sa teach cearrbhachais in Urca. Mar sin a baisteadh
an próiseas.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Breacsholas
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an tréimhse idir solas an lae agus dorchadas na hoíche.
Aithnítear cineálacha éagsúla breacsholais: an breacsholas
oifigiúil, an muir-bhreacsholas agus an breacsholas réalteolaíoch.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nuair
atá lárphointe na gréine sé chéim stua nó níos lú faoin
léaslíne, deirtear go bhfuil </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>breacsholas
oifigiúil</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ann. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ina
lán teangacha tugtar ”breacsholas buirgéiseach” ar an
mbreacsholas oifigiúil, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">toisc
go bhfuil sé chomh geal amuigh, le linn an chineál seo
breacsholais, is gur féidir ”ceirdeanna buirgéiseacha” a
chleachtadh i gcónaí.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nuair
atá lárphointe na gréine níos mó ná sé chéim stua, níos lú
ná dhá chéim stua déag faoin léaslíne, tá </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>muir-bhreacsholas</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ann. Le linn an mhuir-bhreacsholais, tá an léaslíne sách
sofheicthe, sách inaitheanta is gur féidir leis an mairnéalach áit
na loinge a oibriú amach agus é i muinín an tseicheamháin.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Nuair
atá lárphointe na gréine níos mó ná dhá chéim stua déag,
níos lú ná ocht gcéim stua déag faoin léaslíne, tá
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>breacsholas
réalteolaíoch</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ann. Ansin is féidir leis na réalteolaithe breathnuithe a dhéanamh,
cé go bhfuil loinnir ón nGrian le haithint ar an spéir go fóill.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><b>Bremsstrahlung
</b></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an radaíocht a ghinfear má chailleann cáithnín
luchtaithe amháin (leictreon, cuir i gcás) fuinneamh gluaiseachta
agus réimse leictreach timpeall ar cháithnín eile (núicléas
adaimh, mar shampla) ag dul i bhfeidhm air. Deir dlí imchoimeádta
an fhuinnimh nach féidir fuinneamh a chur ar neamhní, agus mar sin,
an fuinneamh gluaiseachta a chaillfeas an cáithnín, claochlófar go
radaíocht é. ”Radaíocht choscáin” is ciall leis an bhfocal
Gearmáinise </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Bremsstrahlung.</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Bróimín
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar dhúil uimhir a 35, arb é </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>Br
</b></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
tsiombail a sheasas di sna foirmlí ceimiceacha. Le teocht an tseomra
is leacht </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dearg</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
é, ach </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
dual dó galú go réidh. Ceann de na halaiginí é </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bróimín,
cosúil leis an gclóirín, agus mar sin, tá seacht leictreon ar an
sceall is faide amuigh aige – níl ach aon leictreon amháin de
dhíth le hochtréad iomlán a fháil. Cosúil leis an gclóirín, tá
an bróimín araiciseach chun imoibriúcháin leis an leictreon
deireanach </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sin</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a fháil ar iasacht ó dhúile eile.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
sin, is nimh láidir é an bróimín agus é aonraithe ina dhúil. </span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">An
t-ian bróimín áfach, Br</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-</span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
a bhfuil ochtréad aige, tá sé sách cobhsaí, agus dealraíonn sé
g</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ur
riandúil é an bróimín san fhoirm ianach seo – is é sin, go
dteastaíonn rianta beaga bróimín ó orgánach an duine le hoibriú
go maith. Baintear úsáid áirithe as bróimídí (comhdhúile
bróimín a bhfuil an t-ian seo iontu) mar chógais</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">í</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
in aghaidh an titimis.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
na bróimídí cosúil leis na clóirídí ó thaobh na ceimice de:
is comhdhúil chobhsaí ianach í bróimíd an tsóidiam, NaBr, a
chuirfeadh clóiríd an tsóidiam (an gnáthshalann, NaCl) i gcuimhne
duit. Sa chiall cheimiceach, is salainn iad na bróimídí miotail –
salainn de chuid an aigéid hiodrabrómaigh. Is éard atá san aigéad
hiodrabrómach ná tuaslagán uisce na bróimíde hidrigine, HBr.
Aigéad láidir é an t-aigéad hiodrabrómach, díreach cosúil leis
an aigéad hiodraclórach, HCl. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Gás
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">í</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an bhróimíd hidrigine.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
ocsaigéid ag an mbróimín chomh maith: </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
t-aigéad hipeabrómúil (HBrO, nó HOBr, de réir an
fhíorstruchtúir), an t-aigéad brómúil (HBrO</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
nó HOBrO), an t-aigéad brómach (HBrO</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
nó HOBrO</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
agus an t-aigéad sárbhrómach (HBrO</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
nó HOBrO</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ní
féidir aon cheann de na hocsaigéid seo a aonrú ón uisce gan na
móilíní a bhriseadh, ach is féidir taighde a dhéanamh ar a
n-airíonna san uisce. Chreidtí ar feadh i bhfad nach raibh san
aigéad sárbhrómach ach comhdhúil theoiriciúil nárbh fhéidir a
tháirgeadh ar aon nós; sa bhliain 1968, d'éirigh leis na heolaithe
an chéad eiseamal d'iain sárbhrómáite BrO</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-</span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a chruthú, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ach
ina dhiaidh sin féin dealraíonn sé nach féidir úsáid ar bith a
bhaint as an aigéad sárbhrómach ná as na sárbhrómáití sa
tionsclaíocht, chomh deacair is atá sé comhdhúile sárbhrómacha
a tháirgeadh. (Na comhdhúile sárchlóracha, cosúil leis an aigéad
sárchlórach HClO</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
is scéal eile ar fad iad.)</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Níl
na hipeabróimítí ná na bróimítí (salainn an aigéid
hipeabrómúil agus an aigéid bhrómúil) cobhsaí ar aon nós, agus
ní thig mórán leas a bhaint astu. Tá an t-ian brómáite BrO</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-</span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
cobhsaí go maith, áfach, agus tá tábhacht éigin ag baint le
brómáit an tsóidiam NaBrO</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
mar ocsaídeoir </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">i
ruaimniú na dteicstílí. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Truailleáin
iad na brómáití freisin:</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
is dual do na hiain bhróimíde ocsaídiú go brómáití le solas na
gréine </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
an t-uisce óil a chur ó mhaith</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
dochar sa bhróimín do </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chiseal
an ózóin</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
chomh maith, cosúil leis na halaiginí eile.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
bróimín ar fáil san áit a mbíonn clóirín ar fáil </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chomh
cosúil is atá an dá dhúil le chéile ó thaobh na ceimice de</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
agus is gnách </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bróimín
a bhaint as salann na farraig</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
ó tá iain bhróimíde measctha tríd na hiain chlóiríde.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bruthcharraig
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar charraig a foirmíodh nuair a chuaigh magma (laibhe, cloch
leáite) i bhfuacht. Is é an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>basalt
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
cineál bruthcharraige is coitianta ar an Domhan.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Buaile
an Bhodaigh </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
t-ainm Gaeilge ar réaltnéal Oiríon (M42 i gCatalóg Messier, NCG
1976 sa Nua-Chatalog Ghinearálta).</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bun-fhadlíne
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an bhfadlíne a shainmhínítear mar nialas do chóras na
bhfadlínte. Mar is eol do chách is í fadlíne Greenwich
bun-fhadlíne an Domhain. Ritheann bun-fhadlíne na Gealaí trasna an
leathsféir den Ghealach atá le feiceáil ón Domhan. Is é cráitéar
Airy (ainmnithe as an réalteolaí Sasanach George Biddell Airy) a
dhéanas gnó Greenwich ar Mhars – sin é an tuige go dtugtar
”Airy-0” air freisin. Ritheann bun-fhadlíne Mhearcair fiche céim
stua soir ó chráitéar Hun Kal – is é sin, tá sainmhíniú na
bun-fhadlíne bunaithe ar an gcráitéar sin, ach ní hé an cráitéar
an nialas. Maidir le Véineas, is í an bhun-fhadlíne ansin an ceann
a ritheas trí lárphointe chráitéar Ariadne.</span></span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bunghluaisne</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Ba é tuiscint na seanársaíochta ar struchtúr na hOllchruinne go
raibh na réaltaí feistithe de sféar criostail a bhí ag iompú ar
a ais aon uair amháin in aghaidh an lae. Bunghluaisne a thugtar ar
an iompú seo agus ar an tsamhail seo den ollchruinne </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">araon</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Buningear
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an gciorcal samhlaíoch a ritheas tríd an bhforar, trí
phointe an oirthir, trí phointe an iarthair, agus tríd an nadair.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Caidhpeanna
polacha</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar an leac oighir timpeall ar na poil ar phláinéid
áirithe. Tá caidhpeanna polacha ar an Domhan agus ar Mhars. Oighear
sa chiall chúng, is é sin uisce reoite, atá i gcaidhpeanna polacha
an Domhain, ach bhí sé ina chúis amhrais ar feadh i bhfad, cé acu
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">gnáthoighear
(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">uisce
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">reoite)</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">oighear
tirim</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">dé-ocsaíd
charbóin</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a bhí timpeall ar phoil Mharsa. Mar a thuigtear inniu, tá an dá
rud fíor: uisce reoite atá sa chuid is mó de chaidhpeanna an
phláinéid sin, ach is dual do na caidhpeanna dul i bhfairsinge sa
gheimhreadh, agus dé-ocsaíd charbóin ag sioc sa mhullach ar an
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">oighear
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">uisce.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Caidmiam</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a hocht is dhá fhichid. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cd
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
tsiombail cheimiceach. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fuair
an dúil seo a hainm ó Cadmus nó Kadmos, an </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">prionsa</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">seanársa</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a chuir an aibítir </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fhéiníceach</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
in oiriúint don Ghréigis </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
a chuir tús le scríobh na teanga </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sin</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
mar a deir seanchas na Gréige (sa Ghaeilge féin </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">chloisfeá
nó léifeá tagairtí </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">don
”aibítir a rinne Cadmus”).</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Miotal é atá in aon ghrúpa leis an tsinc agus leis an mearcair,
agus cosúil leis an mearcair, is nimh dhainséarach é a áirítear
ar na trom-mhiotail.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Miotal
insínte é an caidmiam, agus leáphointe níos ísle aige ná ag an
gcuid is mó de na miotail trasdultacha, mar atá, 321 </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">°</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C.
Is í an uimhir ocsaídiúcháin is coitianta dá bhfuil aige </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ina
chuid comhdhúl </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ná
+2. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
féidir leis an gcaidmiam, áfach, iain a dhéanamh a bhfuil dhá
adamh iontu, is é sin, (Cd</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2+</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
agus is í an uimhir ocsaídiúcháin atá ag an gcaidmiam sna hiain
seo ná +1. Tá iain dé-adamhacha den chineál seo ag an mearcair
freisin.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
an caidmiam sách tearc i screamh an Domhain. An chuid is mó de tá
sé ar fáil mar thruailliú i suilfíd nádúrtha na since, ZnS, ar
a dtugtar sfalairít, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">seac
dubh</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
sincbhleind</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
sin is mar sheachthoradh is mó a fhaightear caidmiam, nuair a
bhítear ag aonrú since.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
an caidmiam nádúrtha comhdhéanta as seacht n-iseatóp: </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">106</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cd
(1.25 % de chaidmiam an dúlra), </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">108</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cd
(0.9 %), </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">110</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cd
(12.5 %), </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">111</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cd
(12.8 %), </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">112</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cd
(24.1 %), </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">113</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cd
(12.2 %), </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">114</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cd
(28.75 %) agus </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">116</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cd
(17.5 %). </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dhá</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
c</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">hea</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nn
de na hiseatóip sin is núiclídí radaighníomhacha iad, ach le
fírinne is féidir neamhshuim a dhéanamh de sin, toisc go bhfuil
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">leathré
an-fhada acu </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(na
billiúin blianta)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
é an meáchan adamhach atá ag an gcaidmiam ná</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
112.4 aonad.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cé
gur nimh é an caidmiam, is iomaí cineál úsáid a bhaintear as sa
teicneolaíocht, go háirithe i mbatairí leictreachais agus sa
leictreaplátáil (is é sin, mar chosaint ar an </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">meirg</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cailciam</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir fiche, agus is é </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ca
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
tsiombail cheimiceach. Miotal cré-alcaileach é an cailciam, agus is
dual dó dhá leictreon a thabhairt uaidh le caitian défhiúsach,
Ca</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2+</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
a dhéanamh. Tá an cailciam 40.078 ar mheáchan adamhach, agus mar
sin, is é an t-iseatóp is tábhachtaí ná </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">40</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ca,
cé go bhfuil roinnt iseatóp cobhsaí eile ann. Tá raidiseatóp
nádúrtha ann freisin, mar atá, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">48</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ca.
Tá sé chomh fadsaolach is gur féidir dearmad a dhéanamh den
radaighníomhaíocht a bhaineas leis, áfach – ní féidir a rá
gur truailleán dainséarach a bheadh ann.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ceann
de na miotail cré-alcaileacha é an cailciam, is é sin, tá sé in
aon ghrúpa leis an maignéisiam, an strointiam, an beirilliam agus
an bairiam. Cosúil leis na dúile eile sa ghrúpa tá dhá leictreon
ar an sceall is faide amuigh ag an adamh cailciam, agus ochtréad
iomlán taobh istigh den sceall sin. Mar sin is dual dó an dá
leictreon a thabhairt ar iasacht agus ian </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">cailciam,
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ca</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2+</span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
a dhéanamh.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Miotal
bog é an cailciam agus é araiciseach chun imoibriú</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">cháin</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
leis an uisce agus le hocsaigin an aeir, rud a fhágas nach furasta é
a choinneáil i dtaisce mar dhúil ghlan aonraithe. Seoltóir maith
leictreachais é, ach ní féidir úsáid a bhaint as sa
leictreoireacht chomh himoibríoch is atá sé. Scéal eile é scéal
an spáis áfach, ós rud é nach bhfuil ocsaigin amuigh ansin –
mar is dóigh le hinnealtóirí áirithe. Dá réir sin is féidir go
bhfeicfidh muid gléasra leictreachais fós atá ceaptha don úsáid
sa spás, agus é bunaithe ar an gcailciam mar ábhar seoltóireachta.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
iad na mianta cailciam is tábhachtaí ná an chailcít (carbónáit
an chailciam, CaCO</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">),
an dolaimít (carbónáit mheasctha an mhaignéisiam agus an
chailciam, CaMg(CO</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">),
an gipseam (déhiodráit shulfáit an chailciam, CaSO</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">4
</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
+ 2H</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">O),
an ainhidrít (an tsulfáit </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">thirim</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nó CaSO</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">4</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">),
an fhluairít (fluairíd an chailciam, CaF</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)
agus an apaitít nó Ca</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">5</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(PO</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">4</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">)</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3</span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">X,
inarb ionann X agus ceann den triúr seo a leanas: Cl (clórapaitít),
OH (hiodracsalapaitít) nó F (fluarapaitít). Is iad an tSín, an
Rúis agus na Stáit Aontaithe na tíortha is mó a tháirgeas
cailciam.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Teastaíonn
iain chailciam ón duine le haghaidh a chuid cnámh, agus mar sin is
minic a chuirtear salainn chailciam le bia mar fhorlíonadh
cothaitheach. Is iomaí úsáid a bhaintear as na comhdhúile éagsúla
cailciam sa teicneolaíocht freisin. Maidir leis an miotal féin,
úsáidtear mar chómhiotal é.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Caimileon </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Chamaeleon
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an réaltbhuíon atá dingthe idir an Chuileog, an Chíle,
an tIasc Eitilte, an Tábla, an tOchtamhán agus Éan Parthais. Níl
d'ainmneacha ar na réaltaí is gile sa Chaimileon ach litreacha
Bayer: </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Chamaeleontis, Beta Chamaeleontis, Gamma Chamaeleontis </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Delta
Chamaeleontis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ba
é an réalteolaí Pléimeannach Petrus Plancius (nó Pieter
Platevoet, mar ab ainm dó ina theanga dhúchais féin) a shainigh
agus a d'ainmnigh an Caimileon i ndeireadh na séú haoise déag. Ní
raibh Plancius ina réalteolaí go díreach: ba í an tíreolaíocht
an chloch ba mhó ar a phaidrín, agus é ag tarraingt mapaí do
lucht na loingseoireachta, ach ar ndóigh bhí na réaltaí thar a
bheith tábhachtach ag na mairnéalaigh san am sin leis an mbealach
ceart a aimsiú amuigh ar an teiscinn mhór i bhfad ón talamh slán,
rud a thuig Plancius go maith. Mar sin bhí suim aige i mapáil na
spéire chomh maith le mapáil an Domhain.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bhí
Plancius i dtuilleamaí na mbreathnuithe a rinne an loingseoir Pieter
Dirkszoon Keyser sna farraigí theas – taiscéalaí a bhí in
Keyser agus aithne ag Plancius air. Fuair Keyser bás in oileán Iáva
sa bhliain 1596, ach má fuair, seachadadh torthaí a chuid
breathnuithe chuig Plancius de réir mar a bhí socraithe acu roimhe
sin.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Réalta
phríomhsheichimh F-aicme í </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Chamaeleontis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
agus í beagáinín níos troime ná an Ghrian. Tá sí ocht n-oiread
chomh lonrúil, áfach. Tá sí suite réasúnta cóngarach dúinn –
is é sin níl sí ach trí solasbhliana is trí scór uainn.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Maidir
le </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Beta
Chamaeleontis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
tá an ceann sin trí chéad solasbhliain uainn. Aicmítear mar
B-réalta í, agus í cúig oiread chomh trom leis an nGrian, breis
is dhá chéad oiread níos lonrúla ná í. Réalta phríomhsheichimh
í.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gamma
Chamaeleontis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
arís, tá sí suite faoi cheithre chéad is fiche solasbhliain dínn.
An cineál fathachréalta atá inti ná an cineál fathachréalta a
bheas sa Ghrian féin i ndeireadh ama, agus mar sin is dócha nach
bhfuil sí mórán níos troime ná an Ghrian. Tá sí seacht
n-oiread is trí scór chomh fairsing leis an nGrian, agus ocht gcéad
is trí scór oiread chomh lonrúil. Réalta K-aicme í, is é sin,
is réalta fhlannbhuí í, agus í traidhfilín níos fuaire ná an
Ghrian.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Maidir
le </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Delta
Chamaeleontis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
seasann an t-ainm sin do dhá réaltchóras, Delta a hAon agus Delta
a Dó. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Déréalta
atá in Delta a hAon, agus an dá chomhréalta suite chomh cóngarach
dá chéile is gur deacair iad a aithint thar a chéile.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Fathachréaltaí
K-aicme iad. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Réalta
aonair atá in Delta a Dó, agus speictream B-aicme aici. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Réalta
phríomhsheichimh í, agus í ceithre oiread chomh téagartha leis an
nGrian; san am chéanna tá sí i bhfad níos lonrúla. An triúr acu
tá siad suite faoi thrí chéad deich solasbhlian is dhá scór
dínn, a bheag nó a mhór, ach má tá, níl Delta a Dó sách gar
do Delta a hAon le haon chóras imtharraingthe amháin a dhéanamh.</span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cairt
Franklin-Adams </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an mbailiúchán de phlátaí réalteolaíocha
(grianghrafanna spéire) a rinne an réalteolaí amaitéarach
Sasanach John Franklin-Adams (1843-1912). Chumhdaigh Franklin-Adams
an spéir go léir, thuaidh agus theas – chaith sé seal i réadlann
Johannesburg san Afraic Theas leis an spéir theas a ghrianghrafadh.
Tháinig an chairt i gcló cúpla bliain i ndiaidh bhás an fhir
féin. Dhá chéad agus sé phláta atá ann.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cairteacha
Wolf-Palisa </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar thorthaí an tsuirbhé réalteolaíoch a rinne ollscoil
Vín agus ollscoil Heidelberg in éineacht sna blianta 1900-1916. Ba
é an réalteolaí Gearmánach Maximilian Wolf (1863-1932) a rinne an
chuid is mó den ghrianghrafadóireacht i Heidelberg (an áit ar
rugadh is ar cailleadh é), ach ansin chuidigh Johann Palisa le Wolf
na plátaí a réiteach don chló. Ostarach a bhí i bPalisa a rugadh
sa bhliain 1848 in Troppau (inniu, Opava i bPoblacht na Seice) agus a
fuair bás sa bhliain 1925 i Vín. Bhí suim ag Wolf agus Palisa sna
hastaróidigh chomh maith, agus d'aithin is a d'ainmnigh siad cuid
mhór acu.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Caiseoipé</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
réaltbhuíon ar dhéanamh na litreach úd ”W” atá dingthe idir
an Sioráf, Ceiféas, an Laghairt, Andraiméide, agus Peirséas. Is
iad réaltaí móra na réaltbhuíne seo ná Schedar (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Cassiopeiae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">),
Caph (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Beta
Cassiopeiae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">),
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gamma
Cassiopeiae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
(nach bhfuil ainm traidisiúnta Araibise ná Laidine uirthi), Ruchbah
(Ksora, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Delta
Cassiopeiae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">),
agus Segin (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Epsilon
Cassiopeiae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">).</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tríd
is tríd is í Schedar an réalta is gile i gCaiseoipé, cé go
sáraíonn Gamma Cassiopeiae uaireanta í. Is ilréalta í Schedar,
ach is fathachréalta fhlannbhuí é an ceann is suntasaí de
chomhbhaill na hilréalta. Tá an réalta seo suite faoi 230
solasbhliain dínn, a bheag nó a mhór, agus í beagnach seacht
gcéad oiread chomh geal leis an nGrian, ceithre nó cúig oiread
chomh trom, agus dhá oiread is dhá scór chomh fairsing.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Réalta
athraitheach ar aon chineál le </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Delta
Scuti</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
í Caph. Tá ainm na réalta bunaithe ar an bhfocal Araibise a
chiallaíos ”lámh” nó ”bos”: tá cúig réalta i
gCaiseoipé, díreach cosúil le cúig mhéar na láimhe, agus mar
sin is léir go raibh an t-ainm seo ag tagairt don réaltbhuíon go
léir i dtús báire. Tá sí dhá oiread chomh trom leis an nGrian,
trí oiread go leith chomh fairsing, agus seacht n-oiread is fiche
chomh lonrúil. Réalta F-aicme í Caph, is é sin is réalta
bhánbhuí í atá traidhfilín níos teo ná an Ghrian. Tá an chuma
ar an scéal go bhfuil sí díreach ag forbairt go fathachréalta.
Réalta aonair í, is é sin níl leathbhádóir ar bith aici. Tá sí
ag dul timpeall ar a hais go sciobtha, rud a fhágas oblátacht
áirithe uirthi – is é sin tá a trastomhas níos mó ag an
meánchiorcal ná idir na poil.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Réalta
athraitheach eile í </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gamma
Cassiopeiae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
agus cineál iomlán réaltaí athraitheacha ainmnithe aisti. Tá sí
suite faoi chúig chéad go leith de sholasbhlianta dínn, agus is
B-réalta í – is é sin, is réalta ghorm nó bhánghorm í.
Fathachréalta bheag, nó fo-fhathach, atá inti, agus cosúil le
Caph, tá sí níos fairsinge ag an meánchiorcal ná ag na poil. Tá
sí ag caitheamh ábhair uaithi, agus diosca foirmithe timpeall na
réalta as an ábhar sin. Is é an diosca is cúis le hathruithe na
gile, is dócha.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bhí
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Gamma
Cassiopeiae</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
tábhachtach ag na spásairí Meiriceánacha fadó mar chabhair
spásloingseoireachta, is é sin, leis an treoir cheart a aimsiú sa
spás. Bhaist an spásaire </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Virgil
”</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Gus”
Grissom </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Navi
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ar
an réalta – giorrúchán ón bhfocal úd </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>navigation
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(loingseoireacht)
a bhí ann is dócha. Fuair Grissom agus beirt spásairí eile bás
nuair a chuaigh an spásbhád úd Apollo a hAon trí thine ar an 27
Eanáir 1967 – níor imigh an spásbhád sin ón gceap lainseála
riamh, mar sin, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ní raibh ach druileáil i gceist acu </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">i
ndáiríre</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Na daoine a thugas Navi ar Gamma Cassiopeiae inniu is éard atá i
gceist acu ná urraim a thabhairt do mhairtíreach seo an
spástaistil.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Maidir
le Ruchbah, fuair sí a hainm ó na hArabaigh, agus ”glúin” is
ciall dó ina dteanga siúd. (Leagan eile den fhocal chéanna é
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Rukbat</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
a thagraíos d'Alpha Sagittarii i réaltbhuíon an tSaigheadóra.)
Tá sí suite faoi chéad solasbhliain dínn, a bheag nó a mhór,
agus í comhdhéanta as dhá chomhbhall a uraíos a chéile go
tráthrialta. Déréalta í mar sin. Tá an phríomhréalta den
bheirt sin dhá oiread go leith chomh trom agus beagnach ceithre
oiread chomh fairsing leis an nGrian. Réalta A-aicme í agus í ina
fo-fhathach faoi láthair – is dóigh leis na réalteolaithe go
bhfuil sí díreach ag claochlú go fathachréalta cheart.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Segin,
arís, tá sí suite ceithre chéad solasbhliain uainn. Fathachréalta
í, agus í dhá mhíle agus cúig chéad oiread chomh geal leis an
nGrian. Is B-réalta í, is é sin, is réalta the ghorm í. Tá sí
naoi n-oiread chomh trom leis an nGrian, agus sé oiread chomh
fairsing.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
cuid mhór réaltaí móra millteanacha le feiceáil i gCaiseoipé
nach bhfeictear dúinn chomh geal leis na príomhréaltaí seo, toisc
go bhfuil siad suite i bhfad i gcéin uainn. Ollfhathachréalta
dhochuimsitheach – nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>hipearfhathachréalta</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
– í Rho Cassiopeiae, mar shampla, agus í suite faoi bhreis is
ocht míle solasbhliain dínn. Tá sí leathmhilliún oiread chomh
geal leis an nGrian, agus is hipearfhathach buí í – ní minic a
thiocfá ar a leithéid sin, ach iontas na n-iontas, tá ceann eile
den chineál le feiceáil i gCaiseoipé, mar atá, V509 Cassiopeiae.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Calafoirniam
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
thugtar ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a 98. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cf
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
tsiombail, agus fuair an dúil a hainm ó stát California sna Stáit
Aontaithe, ós rud é gur ansin, i Saotharlann Lawrence Berkeley, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
sintéisíodh an chéad uair </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">í.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cosúil
leis na dúile trasúránacha eile is dúil éagobhsaí
radaighníomhach é an calafoirniam. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
an t-iseatóp is cobhsaí beagnach naoi gcéad bliain ar leathré,
áfach, rud a chiallaíos gur féidir taighde a dhéanamh ar airíonna
ceimiceacha an chalafoirniam. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
iad +2, +3 agus +4 na huimhreacha ocsaídiúcháin, agus is é +3 an
staid ocsaídiúcháin is coitianta, mar a bhíos ag na lantanóidigh
agus ag na hachtanóidigh de ghnáth.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Baintear
úsáid as calafoirniam a 252 mar foinse neodrón, leis an slabhra
imoibriúcháin a thosú sna himoibreoirí núicléacha mar shampla.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Callisto</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Ceann de Ghealacha Galileo í Callisto – is é sinn, satailít de
chuid Iúpatair í, agus ba é Galileo Galilei a tháinig uirthi sa
bhliain 1610, chomh maith le trí ghealach eile (Io, Ganymede agus
Europa). Ní raibh d'ainm ag Galileo ar an ngealach seo ach Iúpatar
a Ceathair: an t-ainm atá againn uirthi inniu fuair sí ó Simon
Marius é. Réalteolaí Gearmánach ab ea Simon Marius (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Simon
Mayr </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
leagan Gearmáinise dá ainm) a rinne fionnachtain na ngealach seo
faoin am chéanna, beag beann ar Galileo.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
Callisto beagnach ar aon mhéid le Mearcair, ach tá sí i bhfad níos
éadroime ná é.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Camchéachta </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>an
Céachta </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>an
tSeisreach </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar astaireacht na seacht réaltaí is suntasaí sa Bhéar
Mhór, mar atá, Dubhe, Merak, Phekda, Megrez, Alioth, Mizar, agus
Alkaid.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
<colgroup><col width="91"></col>
<col width="92"></col>
<col width="92"></col>
<col width="105"></col>
<col width="106"></col>
<col width="108"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="6" style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" valign="top" width="633">
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">RÉALTAÍ
AN CHAMCHÉACHTA</span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="91">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ainm</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="92">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Litir
Ghréagach in ainmníocht Bayer</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="92">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Aicme
speictreach</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Méid
dhealraitheach</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="106">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fad
na réalta uainn (solasbhlianta)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="108">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Lonrachas/mais
i gcomparáid leis an nGrian</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="91">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Dubhe</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="92">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Alpha
Ursae Majoris</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="92">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">K</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1.8</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="106">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">124</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="108">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">316/4.25</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="91">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Merak</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="92">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Beta
Ursae Majoris</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="92">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.4</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="106">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">79</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="108">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">64/2.7</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="91">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Phekda
(Phecda, Phad)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="92">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gamma
Ursae Majoris</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="92">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.4</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="106">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">84</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="108">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">?*/3.0</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="91">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Megrez</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="92">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Delta
Ursae Majoris</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="92">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3.3</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="106">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">58</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="108">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">14/1.6</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="91">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Alioth</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="92">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Epsilon
Ursae Majoris</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="92">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1.8</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="106">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">81</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="108">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4/2.9</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="91">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Mizar</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="92">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Zeta
Ursae Majoris</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="92">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.1</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="106">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">78</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="108">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(ilréalta)</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="91">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Alkaid
(Benetnasch)</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="92">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Eta
Ursae Majoris</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="92">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">B</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="105">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1.9</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="106">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">101</span></span><br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="108">
<span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1.4/6</span></span><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">*)
Tá sé deacair lonrachas Phekda i gcomparáid leis an nGrian a
mheasúnú. Deirtear go bhfuil sé idir 5 agus 25 oiread.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Candam
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar phacáiste beag fuinnimh, cosúil leis an bhfótón (an
candam solais). Tá dlúthbhaint ag an gcandam le tuiscint na fisice
comhaimseartha ar struchtúr an adaimh. San adamh tá na leictreoin
timpeall an adaimh suite ar leibhéil éagsúla fhuinnimh (na
leictreonscealla agus na foscealla leictreonacha), agus ní féidir
leis an leictreon bheith idir eatarthu idir na leibhéil seo. Le dul
ó leibhéal íseal go leibhéal ard, caithfidh an leictreon dáileog
chruinn fhuinnimh – candam - a fháil a fhreagraíos don difríocht
idir an dá leibhéal. Is éard is impleacht dó sin ná go bhfuil
gach cineál radaíocht leictreamhaighnéadach – an solas
infheict</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">h</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">e,
an radaíocht infridhearg, an radaíocht ultraivialait, na
radathonnta, na micreathonnta, an x-radaíocht, an gháma-radaíocht
– candamaithe, is é sin roinnte ina candaim.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Canóin
na nÉiclipsí </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Canon
der Finsternisse</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
(Gearmáinis) a thugtar ar an díolaim faoi uruithe (éiclipsí) na
Gréine is na Gealaí a chuir an réalteolaí Theodor Ritter von
Oppolzer i dtoll le chéile. D'fhoilsigh Acadamh Eolaíochtaí na
hOstaire an saothar sa bhliain 1887, an bhliain i ndiaidh don eolaí
féin bás a fháil. D'oibrigh Oppolzer amach na mionsonraí d'ocht
míle urú gréine agus cúig mhíle urú gealaí, ón mbliain 1207
roimh Chríost go dtí an bhliain 2162 AD, de réir na matamaitice
agus an eolais chomhaimseartha ar an meicnic neamhaí. Ábhar suntais
é chomh cruinn, chomh saibhir is atá an saothar seo a rinneadh i
bhfad roimh lá na ríomhairí.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ostarach
a bhí in Oppolzer, nó rugadh i bPrág é sa bhliain 1841, agus
d'éag sé i Vín sa bhliain 1886. Bhí a mhac Egon von Oppolzer ina
réalteolaí chomh maith, agus cosúil leis an athair fuair sé bás
réasúnta óg.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Canopus
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Carinae </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Soheil</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
atá ar an réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon na Cíle. Réalta bhán
A-aicme atá ann. Tá sé ar an dara réalta is gile ar an spéir, de
réir is mar a fheictear dúinn – níl ach Sirius níos gile. Tá
sé suite faoi thrí chéad solasbhliain dínn, agus é deich míle
níos gile ná an Ghrian, cé nach bhfuil ach téagar seacht nGrian
ann. Réalta úsáideach a bhíodh ann do na mairnéalaigh agus iad
ag iarraidh treoir a fháil amuigh ar an teiscinn mhór. Fuair
Canopus a ainm ó na sean-Ghréagaigh, ach is deacair a rá cad is
bunús leis an ainm – tá míniúcháin éagsúla ann. Is é an
ceann is inchreidte ná go dtagraíonn ainm na réalta do Kanobos, a
bhí ina phíolóta ar long an rí Menelaos – bhí Menelaos ina rí
ar na Spartaigh le linn chogadh na Traí, mar a deir seanchas na
Sean-Ghréige.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
Canopus le feiceáil ar bhratach na Brasaíle, agus é ag seasamh do
stát Goiás i lár na tíre – Goiânia an phríomhchathair.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Caor
thine </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>bóilíd
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar dhreige is gile ná gnáthréalta reatha.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Capall Beag </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nó
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Equuleus
</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
thugtar ar an réaltbhuíon atá dingthe idir Iompróir an Uisce,
Peigeasas, agus an Deilf. Réaltbhuíon bheag é an Capall Beag, agus
ní féidir a rá go mbeadh sé cuidsúlach ach an oiread. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Equulei</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nó Kitalpha atá ar an réalt</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
is gile sa Chapall Bheag, agus is déréalta í: is fathachréalta
bhuí G-aicme í Alpha Equulei A, agus is réalta bhán
phríomhsheichimh í Alpha Equulei B. Tá Kitalpha suite faoi 190
solasbhliain dínn.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Capella
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ar an réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon an Ara, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Aurigae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Le fírinne is córas ceithre réalta í: is fathachréaltaí iad
Capella Aa (réalta fhlannbhuí K-aicme) agus Capella Ab (réalta
bhuí G-aicme), agus is abhacréaltaí dearga iad Capella H agus
Capella L. Tá réaltchóras Capella suite faoi thrí solasbhliana is
dhá scór dínn. Foinse láidir x-radaíochta í Capella: creidtear
go ngintear an radaíocht sin i gcoróin Capella Aa.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Carbón
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">atá
ar dhúil cheimiceach uimhir a sé, agus is é </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>C
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">an
tsiombail a sheasas dó sna foirmlí ceimiceacha. Is iomaí foirmle
cheimiceach ina bhfeictear an tsiombail seo, nó tá an carbón in
ann naisc </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cheimiceacha
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">a
cheangal </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">beagnach
gan teorainn gan chuimse. Dá thoradh sin is é an carbón is bunús
leis an mbeatha féin: na móilíní is na comhdhúile ríchasta a
bhíos i mbun sainoibre sna cealla beo, ní fhéadfá a leithéidí a
bhunú ar aon dúil cheimiceach eile.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
í an chumraíocht leictreonach atá ag an gcarbón ná 1s</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2s</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2p</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ciallaíonn
an méid sin go bhfuil ceithre leictreon ar sceall na bhfiúsleictreon</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ag
an adamh carbóin, agus go bhfuil ceithre nasc ceimiceacha ag
teastáil leis an ochtréad iomlán a bhaint amach. Go bunúsach, is
dual don charbón naisc chomhfhiúsacha a cheangal de dhúile
neamh-mhiotalacha eile –</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
gan aon trácht a dhéanamh ar na hadaimh charbóin eile.</span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
dhá iseatóp cobhsaí ag an gcarbón, mar atá, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">12</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C
(carbón a dó dhéag) agus </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">13</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C
(carbón a trí dhéag). </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
é an chéad cheann acu an t-iseatóp is coitianta, mar is léir ón
meáchan adamhach 12.011. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
é carbón a ceathair déag, nó </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">14</span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C,
an raidiseatóp nádúrtha, agus iarsmaí de ar fáil i gcarbón an
dúlra –</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">radacarbón</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
a thugtar ar an iseatóp seo freisin. </span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Níl
an radacarbón ach 5730 bliain ar leathré, agus mar sin, thiocfadh
meath radaighníomhach ar gach adamh de i rith na n-aeón geolaíoch,
ach go bé go bhfuil buansoláthar radacarbóin ann: </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nuair
a bhuaileas neodróin ón radaíocht chosmach núicléis nítrigine
in uachtar an atmaisféir, is é is toradh dó seo ná núicléis
radacarbóin, agus na núicléis seo á meascadh tríd an gcarbón i
ndúlra an Domhain. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
sin bíonn </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">leibhéal
cobhsaí radaighníomhaíochta</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ag
c</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">arbón
nádúrtha na neachanna beo go léir: bíonn siad ag ithe bia (a
bhfuil carbón nádúrtha ann) agus ag baint carbóin óna
dtimpeallacht ar dhóigheanna eile, agus is é an cineál seo
idirghníomhaíoch</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ta
a </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sh</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">eachnaideas</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
tuilleadh radacarbóin in éiric na núicléas ar tháinig meath
radaighníomhach orthu. Nuair a gheobhas an neach beo bás, áfach,
tiocfaidh deireadh leis an malartú carbóin seo, agus tosóidh
leibhéal na radaighníomhaíochta ag dul síos sa charbón atá in
iarsmaí an neacha sin. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Air
seo atá an </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dátú
radacarbóin</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
bunaithe, is é sin, dátú na seaniarsmaí trí thomhas na
radaighníomhaíochta iontu.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ní
hé an radacarbón an t-aon iseatóp radaighníomhaíoch atá ag an
gcarbón, ach is núiclídí saorga gearrshaolacha iad na cinn eile
ar fad. Is é </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sup><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">11</span></span></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C,
carbón a haon déag, an ceann is </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">fadsaolaí
acu, agus níl sé féin ach fiche nóiméad ar leathré.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
dhá allatróp </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">nádúrtha
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">coitianta
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ag
an gcarbón </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus
é aonraithe ina dhúil ghlan</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
an diamant agus an ghraifít. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
struchtúr tríthoiseach ag criostail an diamaint, agus gach adamh
timpeallaithe ag ceithre cinn eile go siméidriúil. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Naisc
chomhfhiúsacha iad na naisc idir na hadaimh sa chriostal diamaint,
agus mar sin ní seoltóir maith leictreachais é an diamant, toisc
nach bhfuil leictreoin </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">dílogánaithe
ann. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
is eol do chách, tá an diamant an-chrua freisin. Scéal eile ar fad
í an ghraifít. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tá
criostal na graifíte comhdhéanta as </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">cisil
déthoiseacha agus na leictreoin dílogánaithe ag sní go saor
eatarthu. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
sin tá an ghraifít sobhriste, agus í i bhfad níos fearr ag </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">iompar
sruth leictreachais ná na neamh-mhiotail tipiciúla.</span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Allatróp
neamhchoitianta de chuid an charbóin is ea an lonsdaeilít a fuair a
hainm ó Kathleen Lonsdale, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">criostalagrafaí
Éireannach. Is gnách ”diamant heicseagánach” a thabhairt ar an
lonsdaeilít, toisc </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">go
bhfuil struchtúr heicseagánach ag an gcriostal lonsdaeilíte. Tá
an lonsdaeilít an-chrua, cosúil leis an diamant. Níl lonsdaeilít
ar fáil i ndúlra an Domhain, ach is féidir teacht uirthi ar
dhreigítí ón spás ó am go ham.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Maidir
le comhdhúile an charbóin, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">is
féidir a rá gur eolaíocht ar leith é a dtaighde – eolaíocht ar
a dtugtar ”an cheimic orgánach”, agus is í an cheimic
neamhorgánach atá i gceist leis an taighde ar chomhdhúile na ndúl
eile. Is iad na naisc idir na hadaimh charbóin, na slabhraí fada
carbóin, is bunús leis an </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">idirdhealú
seo. Mar sin féin, is féidir a rá gur fearr comhdhúile áirithe
carbóin a áireamh ar na substaintí ”neamhorgánacha”, cosúil
leis an dé-ocsaíd charbóin CO</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">agus</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an aonocsaíd charbóin CO</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Ní
mór an cheimic orgánach a aithint thar an </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">mbithcheimic</span></i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">:
is í an bhithcheimic ná </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ceimic
na n-orgánach beo. D'fhéadfá a rá gur brainse den cheimic
orgánach í an bhithcheimic, ach ar ndóigh tá ról ag substaintí
áirithe neamhorgánacha féin sa bhithcheimic (is substaint
neamhorgánach í an ocsaigin ghlan, O</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
mar shampla).</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
féidir leis an adamh carbóin nasc dúbailte nó triarach a cheangal
de cheann eile. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mar
sin tá nasc dúbailte i móilín na heitéine C</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">H</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
agus nasc triarach i móilín na haiceitiléine C</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">H</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Hiodracarbóin iad an dá chomhdhúil seo, chomh maith leis an meatán
CH</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
agus an t-eatán CH</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">CH</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
nach bhfuil ach naisc shimplí iontu.</span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Na
feidhmeanna casta a bhíos ag na comhdhúile bithcheimiceacha sna
cealla beo, tá siad bunaithe ar adamhghrúpaí a bhfuil saintréithe
speisialta acu – feidhmghrúpaí, mar a thugtar orthu. Samplaí
d'fheidhmghrúpaí iad an grúpa aildéadach -C(H)O (úsáidtear na
lúibíní lena chur in iúl nach bhfuil nasc ar bith idir an adamh
hidrigine H agus an t-adamh ocsaigine O), an </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">grúpa
hi</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">odrocsaile
-OH ar a n-aithnítear na halcóil is na feanóil (</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">féach
an t-eatanól, is é sin,</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
an gnáthalcól C</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">H</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">5</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">OH),
an grúpa carbocsaile </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-C(O)OH
a bhíos ag na haigéid charbocsaile cosúil leis an aigéad formach
HC(O)OH nó an t-aigéad aicéiteach CH</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">C(O)OH,
agus a lán eile. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Is
féidir leis na comhdhúile orgánacha dhá fheidhmghrúpa nó níos
mó a bheith acu: sampla maith de seo is ea na haimínaigéad, a
bhfuil idir aimínghrúpa -NH</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><sub><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2</span></span></span></sub></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
agus carbocsailghrúpa -C(O)OH acu.</span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Catalóg
Ghinearálta Boss </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
chatalóg réalteolaíoch a d'fhoilsigh an Meiriceánach Benjamin
Boss sa bhliain 1936. Seasann an giorrúchán </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>GC
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>General
Catalogue</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an Bhéarla) do na réaltaí sa chatalóg seo. Tá trí mhíle dhéag
is fiche, trí chéad, dhá réalta is dhá scór (33,342 réalta) ar
fad sa chatalóg. Is fairsingiú í ar an gcatalóg a d'fhoilsigh
athair Benjamin, Lewis Boss, roimh a mhac, agus nach raibh ach sé
mhíle, céad, ocht réalta is ceithre scór inti. Bhí an mac i
gceannas ar Réadlann Dudley i Schenectady, Stát Nua-Eabhrac, chomh
maith lena athair roimhe.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Catalóg
Messier </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an gcatalóg </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">réalteolaíoch
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
chuir an réalteolaí Francach Charles Messier i dtoll le chéile
thiar sna 1770idí. Réaltraí agus réaltnéalta iad na réadanna sa
chatalóg seo. Ní raibh suim ag Messier iontu ar a son féin – a
mhalairt ar fad bhí sé ag iarraidh cóiméid a aithint, agus na
réaltnéalta ag cur isteach air san obair seo. Mar sin, d'oibrigh sé
amach catalóg de réadanna a d'fhéadfaí a thógáil in ainriocht
cóiméid. Úsáidtear an chatalóg seo i gcónaí. Tá deich réad
is cúig scór sa chatalóg, ó M1 go M110. Is é Réaltnéal an
Phortáin an chéad réad, agus seasann M110 do réaltra beag in aice
le Réaltra Andraiméide (NCG 205 de réir na Nua-Chatalóige
Ginearálta).</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
í an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Chatalóg
Réaltghrafach </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
chatalóg réalteolaíoch a cuireadh i dtoll a chéile as na sonraí
a bhailigh fiche réadlann i ngach cearn den domhan faoi cheannas
Réadlann Pháras ón mbliain 1887 ar aghaidh. Le fírinne bhí dhá
thionscadal ann: ar dtús thóg na réadlanna grianghrafanna dá
raibh le feiceáil le réaltaí a bhí chomh fann le 11 ar mhéid (an
Chatalóg Réalt</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ghrafach</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">),
nó níos gile ná sin; agus ina dhiaidh sin bhí siad le sraith nua
grianghrafanna a thógáil a thaispeáin réaltaí ab fhainne ná
sin, síos go 14 ar mhéid (</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Carte
du Ciel </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
”Mapa na Spéire”, as Fraincis, a bhí ar an dara leagan). Bhí
an spéir go léir le grianghrafadh i rith an tionscadail dhúbailte
seo.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bhí
an scéim thar a bheith uaillmhianach, ach má bhí féin, ní raibh
s</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">í</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
chomh torthúil is a shílfeá. Mhair na réadlanna na scórtha
bliain á tabhairt i gcrann, agus an teicneolaíocht a raibh s</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">í</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
bunaithe uirthi chuaigh sí as dáta i rith na mblianta sin. Thairis
sin níor críochnaíodh an dara leath den tionscadal, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Carte
du Ciel</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
i gceart riamh – ní raibh ach cuid de na réadlanna sásta páirt
a ghlacadh </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">san
obair</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thuilleadh, nuair a bhí an chéad sraith istigh.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ar
feadh i bhfad is beag úsáid a bhaintí as an dá chatalóg mhóra
mhillteanacha seo, agus ba é an tuairim a bhí ag cuid mhór de na
réalteolaithe gur obair amú a bhí iontu. Bhí fócas na
réalteolaíochta féin athraithe ón réaltghrafaíocht go dtí an
réaltfhisic (ó bhreathnú is mapáil na </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">réaltaí</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
go tuiscint theoiriciúil a </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">bh</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">forbartha)
le linn na mblianta a chaith na réalteolaithe ag tógáil na
ngrianghrafanna seo. Mar sin féin, tháinig cuma nua ar an scéal
arís le déanaí, agus inniu cuirtear seansonraí an tionscadail seo
i gcomparáid leis na grianghrafanna nua ón tsatailít úd Hipparcos
a bhí ag mapáil na spéire sna blianta 1989-1993.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Catóid
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar leictreoid a bhfuil lucht leictreach díoltach aici, agus
í ag aomadh iain a bhfuil lucht leictreach deimhneach acu –
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>caitiain</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
mar a thugtar orthu.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ceann
na Péiste</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar an gcuid de réaltbhuíon na Péiste atá suite idir
Fear na bPéisteanna, Earcail, Coróin an Tuaiscirt, an tAoire, an
Mhaighdean, agus an Mheá. Tá dhá leath na Péiste, is é sin Ceann
na Péiste agus Eireaball na Péiste, scartha ó chéile ag Fear na
bPéisteanna. Is í </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Serpentis</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó Unukalhai, an réalta is gile i gCeann na Péiste agus sa
réaltbhuíon go léir. Tá Unukalhai suite faoi 74 solasbhliana
dínn, agus is fathachréalta í. Aicmítear mar K-réalta í, is é
sin is réalta fhlannbhuí í agus í beagáinín níos fuaire sa
dromchla ná an Ghrian s'againn.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ceantar
na Gréine</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar an réigiún spáis timpeall na Gréine. Is féidir a rá
go bhfuil Alpha Centauri, Sirius, Procyon, Réalta Kapteyn, Réalta
Barnard, Réalta Teegarden, agus Epsilon Eridani suite sa cheantar
sin de réir gach sainmhíniú.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cearnóg
Mhór Pheigeasais</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar an astaireacht a chuimsíos na réaltaí seo leanas:</span></span></span></div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Pegasi</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó Markab;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Beta
Pegasi</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó Scheat;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gamma
Pegasi</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó Algenib;</span></span></span></div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">agus
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Andromedae</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó Alpheratz. Tá Alpheratz suite ar theorainn Pheigeasais agus
Andraiméide, agus ar feadh i bhfad bhíodh na réalteolaithe idir
dhá chomhairle fúithi – in ainmníocht Bayer ba nós dhá ainm a
thabhairt uirthi ar dtús, Delta Pegasi chomh maith le Alpha
Andromedae. Inniu, áirítear ar réaltaí Andraiméide amháin í.</span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ceartairde
(dronairde, ceartéirí, dronéirí) </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar cheann den dá chomhordanáid i gcóras na gcomhordanáidí
réalteolaíocha. Is í an cheartairde an chomhordanáid a
fhreagraíos don fhadlíne, nó is ionann í agus an fad idir pointe
áirithe ar an meánchiorcal neamhaí agus pointe chónocht an
Earraigh (teagmháil an éicliptigh agus an mheánchiorcail neamhaí),
ar a dtugtar ”túsphointe Aries” freisin. Gualainn nó stua í an
cheartairde go bunúsach, ach is gnách í a thabhairt in aonaid ama
(uaireanta, nóiméid agus soicindí) seachas aonaid stua (céimeanna,
stuanóiméid agus stuashoicindí); is ionann, ansin, ceithre huaire
is fiche agus ciorcal iomlán. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Má
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">úsáidtear
aonaid stua seachas aonaid ama leis an gcomhordanáid seo a thabhairt
le fios, ní ghlaofar ceartairde/dronairde uirthi ach </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>uair-uillinn</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
iad ”ceartairde” agus ”ceartéirí” na leaganacha is mó a
d'fheicfeá sna foclóirí, ach dealraíonn sé gur fearr le
réalteolaithe le Gaeilge, nó le Gaeilgeoirí </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">maithe
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
bhfuil eolas éigin acu ar na réaltaí, na leaganacha ”dronéirí”
agus ”dronairde” a úsáid. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ina
lán teangacha tá ainm an choi</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">n</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">cheapa
seo bunaithe ar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>ascensio
recta </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">(”éirí
ceart”) na Laidine (</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>right
ascension </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">as
Béarla, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Rektaszension</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
as Gearmáinis, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>ascension
droite </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">as
Fraincis, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>rektascensja</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
as Polainnis, </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>rektaskensio
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">as
Fionlainnis</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">).</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ceathramhán</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">:
Bíonn sé praiticiúil go minic an spéir infheicthe a roinnt ina
ceithre chuid, agus tugtar ceithreamháin ar na rannóga seo.
Braitheann sainmhíniú an cheathramháin ar an gcóras comhordanáidí
a úsáidtear. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Focal
é ”ceathramhán” a chloistear go minic ar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Réalt-Aistear</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">(</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Star
Trek</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">freisin,
mar chuid den teicneachabaireacht. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
sé i gceist ag na scriptscríbhneoirí, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">de
réir mar is dealraitheach,</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
go bhfuil ár réaltra féin, Bealach na Bó Finne, roinnte ina
c</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">h</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">eathramháin,
agus ár ngrianchóras féin suite san Alfa-Cheathramhán. Níl an
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nós</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
seo ródhifriúil leis an dóigh a n-úsáidtear an focal san
fhíor-réalteolaíocht.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Ceathramhán</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>An
Ceathramhán Múrach</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
a thugtaí ar an réaltbhuíon ar shainigh an réalteolaí Francach
Jérôme Lalande sa bhliain 1795 í agus í suite idir an tAoire agus
an Dragan. Ní thugann eagraíocht idirnáisiúnta na réalteolaithe
aitheantas don Cheathramhán a thuilleadh, ach tá dreigechith na
gCuadraintídí ainmnithe as. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Quadrans
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Quadrans
Muralis </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
t-ainm Laidine ar an réaltbhuíon.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ceathrú
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
téarma a thagraíos ar an gcuma atá ar an ngealach nuair atá leath
a diosca soilsithe mar a fheictear dúinn féin é. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
é sin, is ionann ”ceathrú” i gcaint na réalteolaithe agus
”leathghealach” i gcaint na ngnáthdhaoine. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
an ghealach </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>i
mbéal ceathrún</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nuair atá cuma na leathghealaí uirthi agus í ag fás, is é sin
roimh an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ngealach
lán</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Is í an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>cheathrú
dheireanach </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">atá
ann nuair atá cuma na leathghealaí uirthi agus í ag dul i laghad,
is é sin roimh an nua-ré. D'fhéadfá an dara ceathrú a thabhairt
ar an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ngealach
lán</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
ach ní gnáthúsáid a bheadh ann.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ceiféas</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar an réaltbhuíon atá suite idir an Eala, an Sioráf,
Caiseoipé, an Laghairt, an Dragan, agus an Béar Beag. Is í
Alderamin, nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Cephei, </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
réalta is gile sa réaltbhuíon, agus í suite faoi naoi
solasbhliana agus dhá scór dínn. Tá Alderamin cúpla oiread chomh
mór leis an nGrian, agus seacht n-oiread déag chomh lonrúil.
Creidtear go bhfuil Alderamin díreach ag fágáil an
phríomhsheichimh ina diaidh le hiompú ina fathachréalta nó ina
fo-fhathachréalta. A-réalta (réalta bhán nó ghormbhán) atá in
Aldebaran de réir aicmiú speictreach na réaltaí.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Errai,
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gamma
Cephei</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
an dara réalta is gile. Le fírinne is déréalta í: tugtar Gamma
Cephei ar an gcóras go léir, agus Errai a thugtar ar phríomhréalta
an chórais. K-réalta (réalta fhlannbhuí) agus fo-fhathachréalta
í Errai, agus í beagáinín níos fuaire ná an Ghrian (ar G-réalta
bhuí í). Abhacréalta dhearg atá i leathbhádóir Errai. Sa
bhliain 1988 a cuireadh an chéad sonrú i bpláinéad mór (níos mó
ná Iúpatar, de réir chosúlachta) atá ag fithisiú Errai. I
ndeireadh na bliana 2015 socraíodh an t-ainm Tadmor a bhaisteadh ar
an bpláinéad sin. Is éard atá in Tadmor ná ainm Araibise ar an
tseanchathair stairiúil úd Palmyra sa tSiria, agus ba í eagraíocht
réalteolaithe na Siria a mhol an t-ainm.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Alfirk,
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Beta
Cephei</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
an tríú réalta is gile i gCeiféas. Réalta athraitheach atá
inti, agus aicme nó cineál iomlán de réaltaí athraitheach
ainmnithe aisti – réaltaí athraitheacha ar aon déanamh le Beta
Cephei. Tríréalta í Beta Cephei, agus í comhdhéanta as déréalta
speictreascópach (is é sin, déréalta nach féidir a aithint mar
dhéréalta ach breathnuithe a dhéanamh ar a speictream) agus
comhbhall amháin eile atá infheicthe mar réalta ar leith.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Réalta
athraitheach de chineál ar leith í </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Delta
Cephei</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Bíonn lonrachas na réalta seo ag athrú go tráthrialta –
d'fhéadfá a rá go bhfuil sí ag tabhairt bíoganna uathu. Bíonn
lonrachas na réalta ag fás go tobann leis an uasmhéid a
shroicheadh, agus maolú ag teacht uirthi de réir a chéile ina
dhiaidh sin. Tógann sé 3.37 lá (trí lá agus beagnach naoi
n-uaire) ar Delta Cephei timthriall amháin den tsórt seo a chur di.
Athraíonn aicme speictreach na réalta féin i rith an timthrialla,
ó F go G agus ar ais.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
aicme iomlán réaltaí athraitheacha ainmnithe as Delta Cephei, mar
atá, na </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Ceifidí</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Réaltaí bíogacha iad na Ceifidí a dtagann athruithe ar a n-aicme
speictreach agus ar a dtrastomhas féin de réir timthriall
tráthrialta. Is gnách leis na réalteolaithe úsáid a bhaint as an
gcineál seo réaltaí mar chineál baoithe spáis le faid a thomhas.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ceilt
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
bheas ann má thagann rinn neimhe amháin idir sinn agus rinn neimhe
eile. Ansin beidh an dara ceann acu ceilte ag an gcéad cheann. Mar
shampla, is féidir nach bhfeicimid réalta áirithe, toisc go bhfuil
an Ghealach idir sinn agus í.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Más
í an Ghrian atá ceilte ag an nGealach, ní gnách ceilt a thabhairt
air sin, ach éiclips nó urú (gréine).</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Céimeanna
na Gealaí</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
a thugtar ar na hathruithe a thagas ar chuma na Gealaí mar a
fheictear dúinn féin í i rith na míosa. Is í céim na Gealaí an
chuid – an céatadán, fiú – den Ghealach atá soilsithe, go
bunúsach. Nuair nach bhfuil an Ghealach le feiceáil ar aon nós,
toisc nach bhfuil sí soilsithe ag an nGrian, deirimid go bhfuil an
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>nua-ré</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ann. I ndiaidh na nua-ré tagann cuma an </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>chorráin</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ar an nGealach, agus í ag fás. Timpeall ar sheachtain i ndiaidh na
nua-ré tá an Ghealach </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>i
mbéal ceathrún</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
agus leath di soilsithe. Ina dhiaidh sin tá an Ghealach </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>scothlán</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Nuair atá an Ghealach go léir soilsithe, timpeall ar dhá
sheachtain i ndiaidh na nua-ré, deirtear go bhfuil </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>lán-ré</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>iomlán
gealaí</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ann. I ndiaidh na lán-ré tagann cuma scothlán ar an nGealach arís,
agus í ag dul i laghad anois. Timpeall ar thrí seachtaine i ndiaidh
na nua-ré, níl ach leath </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
diosca</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
soilsithe, agus is éard a thugtar air sin ná </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>an
cheathrú dheireanach</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Ina dhiaidh sin, tá corrán Gealaí ann arís. Sa deireadh, níl an
corrán féin fágtha, agus tá nua-ré ann in athuair.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tugtar
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>mí
shionadach </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">nó
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>mí
ghealaí </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ar
an tréimhse idir dhá nua-ré, nó dhá lán-ré. </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
sé</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
naoi lá is fiche, dhá uair déag, agus ceithre nóiméad is dhá
scór ar meánfhad, ach le fírinne bíonn fad na míosa gealaí ag
luainiú idir 29.8 lá agus 29.26 lá, de réir is mar a bhíos
imtharraingt na Gréine ag dul i bhfeidhm ar fhithis na Gealaí.</span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Céim
stua </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar an aonad stua arb ionann é agus 1/360 (aon trí chéad is
seascadú cuid) den chiorcal iomlán.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>An
Ceinteár </b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Centaurus</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an leagan Laidine, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Centauri</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
an ginideach) an réaltbhuíon ina bhfuil an réalta is cóngaraí
don Ghrian le feiceáil, agus í ag críochantaíocht leis an
Aerchaidéal, an Chíle, an Compás, Cros an Deiscirt, an Phéist
Uisce, an Mheá, an Faolchú, an Chuileog, agus na Seolta.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Is
í an tríréalta úd </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Alpha
Centauri</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
nó </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Toliman</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">,
an réalta (nó an réaltchóras) is feiceálaí sa Cheinteár. Tá
trí chomhbhall ann: Rigil Kentaurus, nó Alpha Centauri A; Alpha
Centauri B; agus Alpha Centauri C, nó Proxima Centauri (is é is
ciall le </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>proxima
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">na
Laidine ná ”an ceann is cóngaraí”). Ní réaltaí móra iad:
is G-réalta phríomhsheichimh í Rigil Kentaurus, agus í ábhairín
níos mó ná an Ghrian; is K-réalta phríomhsheichimh í Alpha
Centauri B, agus í ábhairín níos mó agus níos fuaire ná an
Ghrian; agus is abhacréalta dhearg (M-réalta) í Proxima, agus í i
bhfad níos lú ná an Ghrian, nó an dá réalta eile sa chóras
chéanna. Le fírinne tá sé ina chúis easaontais idir an lucht
saineolais i gcónaí, </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">cé
acu atá</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
baint cheart </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">imtharraingthe</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
ag Proxima leis an dá réalta eile, nó an ea nach bhfuil sí ach ag
dul thar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">bráid</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">.
Tá an trí cinn acu suite faoi bhreis is ceithre solasbhliana dínn,
ach tá Proxima níos gaire dúinn ná an dá cheann eile.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Tá
Alpha Centauri chomh cóngarach dúinn is go bhfuil sí ar réaltaí
geala na spéire: níl ach Canopus agus Sirius níos gile.
Fathachréalta é Canopus; maidir le Sirius, is réalta
phríomhsheichimh é atá suite i gcóngar dúinn, díreach cosúil
le hAlpha Centauri.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Maidir
le </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Beta
Centauri</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">,
is tríréalta í. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Ainmneacha
eile ar Bheta Centauri iad </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Agena
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">agus
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Hadar</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">.
Fathachréaltaí B-aicme iad an triúr acu, agus iad suite faoi
cheithre chéad solasbhliain dínn, a bheag nó a mhór. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Tá
an tríréalta iomlán breis is dhá scór míle oiread níos lonrúla
ná an Ghrian s'againn. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Maidir
leis an mais, tá an dá chomhréalta is troime – Beta Centauri A1
agus Beta Centauri A2 – timpeall ar dheich n-oiread chomh téagartha
leis an nGrian, agus an tríú ceann – Beta Centauri B – cúig
oiread chomh téagartha léi. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Mar
is dual do na réaltaí B-aicme, tá siad go léir bánghorm, agus
iad i bhfad níos teo ná an Ghrian agus i bhfad níos sciobtha ag
spíonadh a gcuid hidrigine.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Gamma
Centauri </i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">arís,
is déréalta í. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Muhlifain</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
an t-ainm traidisiúnta. Fathaigh nó fo-fhathaigh iad an dá
chomhbhall, agus is A-réaltaí iad – réaltaí bánghorma, cé
nach bhfuil siad chomh te leis na B-réaltaí. </span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Tá
Gamma Centauri suite faoi chéad agus dhá scór solasbhliain dínn. </span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ceinteáir
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">a
thugtar ar aicme ar leith d'astaróidigh freisin, mar atá, iad siúd
a ritheann a bhfithis trasna ar fhithisí na bhfathachphláinéad (is
é sin, Iúpatar, Satarn, Úránas agus Neiptiún). Is féidir
dearcadh orthu mar astaróidigh nó mar chóiméid, díreach mar a
bhí tréithe an duine agus an chapaill araon ag ceinteáir na
miotaseolaíochta. Níor aithin na réalteolaithe na ceinteáir mar
ghrúpa ar leith de reanna neimhe sular chuir siad sonrú in Chiron
sa bhliain 1977. Is í Chariklo, a haithníodh sa bhliain 1997, an
ceinteár is mó, agus í dhá chéad go leith de chiliméadair ar
trastomhas (nó trí chéad ciliméadar ar fad, más fearr leat –
níl sí ar déanamh na liathróide).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ba
é Hidalgo an chéad cheinteár a d'aithin na réalteolaithe, thiar
sa bhliain 1920, ach ní raibh ainm ar leith acu ar an gcineál seo
réadanna go fóill – d'aicmigh siad mar ghnáthastaróideach é.
Fuair Hidalgo a ainm ón Athair Miguel Hidalgo, laoch saoirse
Mheicsiceo; inniu áfach is gnách na ceinteáir a ainmniú as
ceinteáir na miotaseolaíochta, cosúil le Chiron, Chariklo, Nessus
agus Amycus.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Ceres
</b></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
ceann is mó de na reanna neimhe i gCrios na nAstaróideach – le
fírinne ní dhearctar </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">uirthi</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
mar astaróideach i gciall cheart an fhocail, ach mar abhacphláinéad
cosúil le Plútón. Tá Ceres ar déanamh na liathróide – is é
sin tá sí sféarúil. Téann sí timpeall ar an nGrian uair amháin
in aghaidh 4.6 bliain, agus í naoi gcéad go leith de chileaméadair
ar trastomhas. Tá trian de mhais Chrios na nAstaróideach i Ceres.
Creidtear go bhfuil leac oighir timpeall ar chroílár cloiche an
abhacphláinéid seo. Ba é an spástaiscéalaí úd </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Dawn
</i></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an
chéad ghléas daondéanta a fuair radharc ceart ar dhromchla Ceres,
nuair a chuaigh sé thart léi sa bhliain 2015. Thóg an gléas cuid
mhaith grianghrafanna, agus is éard atá le haithint orthu ná go
bhfuil Ceres breac le cráitéir. Uisce galaithe an t-aon atmaisféar
atá ag Ceres, agus solas na Gréine ag baint móilíní uisce den
dromchla oighir.</span></span></span></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-41388197031386072362019-01-03T13:48:00.002-08:002019-01-05T00:01:05.515-08:00Verb forms not found in the Caighdeán<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">To start with: I am not particularly happy with the war people wage against the <b>Caighdeán Oifigiúil</b>, because I have seen too much printed material in make-believe dialect which has been about as riddled with clumsy English-influenced syntax as the worst school Irish you ever saw. The reason why people detest the <b>Caighdeán Oifigiúil</b> is that bad Irish (i.e. bad syntax and word-for-word translation from English) usually goes hand in hand with the <b>Caighdeán</b>. However, they then tend to follow the clue in the wrong direction and adopt morphological features (i.e. words and inflectional forms) from some dialect, while sticking to English-influenced constructions and syntax. (For the linguistically challenged, here is a simple explanation of the concept of syntax: it is how words depend on each other in the sentence as a whole. The Irish term for syntax is <b>comhréir</b>, i.e. mutual consistency, and that pretty much summarizes it.)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I must say though that many people parroting away about how bad the Caighdeán is are those who seize upon any convenient excuse not to learn Irish. I have my issues with the Caighdeán but as standard languages go it isn't that bad. (Of course, these days they are changing the Caighdeán in new ways. You can rest assured I couldn't care less about their new Caighdeán. I have my own ideas of what standard Irish should be, and those ideas are firmly rooted in the Irish of the Gaeltacht folklore and literature. I teach you my own caighdeán, and that's the end of it.)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">This does not mean that it is not sensible to learn the word forms not used in the Caighdeán. The best linguistic models (even syntactic models) are to be found in Gaeltacht literature, which for natural reasons is written in more or less dialectal language. Thus, it is important to see to it that your quest into that world will not be stopped by your unfamiliarity with the non-Caighdeán forms. (Note though one of the reasons why I am nowadays critical of the anti-Caighdeán stance is the fact that the Caighdeán as defined by the unabridged Irish-language edition of the Christian Brothers' grammar is solidly based on the syntax of the best native writers. The problem is, again again again, that people don't read that particular grammar or focus on syntax.)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Here are the stems of strong verbs including those not used in the Caighdeán. (There will, I hope, be a later blog post about those personal endings which are most typical of Munster dialects.)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">FEIC!/FEICEÁIL 'to see'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">For the verb <b>feic!/feiceáil</b> 'to see', the main problem is the stem <b>tchí-, chí-, tí-</b> (based on earlier ad-chí, do-chí). In the mythical good Irish of bygone days this was the form used in statements and in direct relative (and note that in direct relative clauses the t- is not lenited!). The stem <b>feic</b>- was used after <b>go, ní, nach, an</b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Thus, the present tense has the form <b>tchí, chí, tí</b> when it is not preceded by any verbal particles other than the direct relative <b>a</b>. (The added -onn in present as well as the broad -os of the direct relative are allowed but not required.) After <b>ní, go, an, nach</b> the <b>feiceann</b> form is preferred.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Similarly, the future tense has the forms <b>tchífidh</b> [tʃ-], <b>tífidh, chífidh</b> (and where applicable, it takes the direct relative broad -<b>s</b>: <b>an fear a tchífeas/chífeas/tífeas a leithéid de radharc</b> 'the man who'll see such a sight'). After the verbal particles, the stem is again <b>feic</b>-: <b>ní fheicfidh, go bhfeicfidh, nach bhfeicfidh</b> and so on.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The conditional mood has the forms <b>tchífeadh [tʃ-], tífeadh, chífeadh</b> - but after the verbal particles, <b>go bhfeicfeadh, ní fheicfeadh</b> and so on.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The habitual past tense has the forms <b>tchíodh, tíodh, chíodh</b> - and after the verbal particles: <b>go bhfeiceadh</b> et cetera.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The <b>tchí</b>- stem can be pronounced <b>tiu-, tʃu</b>- in Ulster, but is seldom so written.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Even in the Caighdeán there is the absolute vs dependent distinction in the past tense: <b>chonaic</b> vs <b>go bhfaca, ní fhaca, an bhfaca, nach bhfaca.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The <b>chí/feic</b>- distinction is however most typical of Ulster. In Munster, at least in colloquial Kerry Irish, the <b>chí</b>- stem has been generalized (in the way <b>feic</b>- has been generalized in the caighdeán), so that we have such forms as <b>go gcíonn, ní chíonn</b> in the present,<b> go gcífidh</b> in the future and so on. The <b>ch</b>- is usually delenited in the absolute forms: <b>cíonn, cífidh</b> - but of course it is lenited after the direct relative <b>a</b>. (Actually, direct relative <b>a</b> tends to become <b>do</b> in Munster.)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the past tense Kerry Irish also keeps the absolute stem even in the dependent forms, so you should not be surprised to see forms such as <b>gur chonaic, níor chonai</b>c rather than <b>go bhfaca, ní fhaca</b> in Kerry literature. And of course, these days the verbal particles ending in -<b>r</b> are becoming extinct in Kerry, so I guess <b>go gconaic, ní chonaic</b> are quite common too. Personally, though, I think these are vulgar dialect that should only be used where very colloquial style is called for.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Note that the old form for "I saw", still used in Munster, is <b>chonac</b> (pronounced more like <b>ch'nuc</b> though).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The autonomous (impersonal) form is <b>chonacthas/go bhfacthas</b>, but as dialects go <b>chonaiceadh</b> is not that uncommon - I'd say it is most typical of Munster. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Note that in the sense 'seemed to', you often see <b>b'fhacthas. B'fhacthas dom</b> 'it seemed to me'. This sort of thing is found at least in Ulster and Connacht.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The verbal noun is <b>feiceáil,</b> with some typical provincial alterations: <b>feiceál</b> in Connemara, <b>feiceáilt</b> in Ulster. In Munster, <b>feiscint</b> is common. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">FAIGH!/FÁIL 'to find, to get'</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Then <b>faigh</b>. Now that's a nice one. To start with, the present tense in the "good old Irish" used to be <b>gheibh</b>, and the <b>faigh</b>- stem is only ever used after the verbal particles. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Even in the Caighdeán, the future tense has a somewhat similar distinction: <b>gheobhaidh</b> vs <b>ní/go/nach/an bhfaighidh</b>. Note that here even ní eclipses.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">And similarly in the conditional mood: <b>gheobhadh</b> vs <b>ní/go/nach/an bhfaigheadh</b>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the Caighdeán, we use<b> faigheann</b> rather than <b>gheibh</b>, but Ulster Irish basically keeps the <b>gheibh</b> vs <b>faigheann</b> distinction, and in Munster <b>gheibh</b> has become <b>gheibheann</b> and is also used in dependent forms, so that you encounter such forms as <b>ní gheibheann, go ngeibheann</b>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">After <b>chan</b>, we can use the <b>faigh</b>- stem: <b>chan fhaigheann</b>; but as I have pointed out elsewhere, the construction <b>chan gheobhann</b> (future form with -ann substituted for the future ending) also exists in the dialect. I have seen it in literature only once - the writer was an Ulsterman but not a native Irish speaker, and he used it for dialectal plausibility - and there are some instances in East Ulster folklore. I must say though that using this kind of expressions is precisely the kind of <b>petty</b> dialect enthusiasm that I have grown suspicious of, and I would prefer people to take more interest in syntax and idiom.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Note that <b>gheobhaidh</b> has the direct relative form gheobhas. Giving the form gheibh a direct relative ending where applicable (<b>gheibheas</b>) is hardly wrong, but it is not required or necessary.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The past tense is <b>fuair</b>, as you should know, and it takes the -r-less verbal particles. And even here, ní eclipses: <b>fuair, an bhfuair, nach bhfuair, ní bhfuair, go bhfuair</b>. Note though that the Ulster particle <b>chan</b> lenites: <b>chan fhuair</b>. The autonomous form is <b>fuarthas</b>, although <b>fuaireadh</b> does have some currency in dialects. There is also the completely irregular autonomous form <b>frítheadh</b> or <b>fríth</b>, which can sometimes be spotted in Connacht or Clare literature (Sean-Phádraic Ó Conaire uses it). It takes the -r particles, as far as I know, and resists lenition, as autonomous forms of regular verbs do.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The verbal noun is <b>fáil</b>; the Ulster variant is <b>fáilt</b>. The participle is <b>faighte</b>, but in Munster, there is the form <b>fachta</b>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ITH!/ITHE 'to eat'</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Then let's consider <b>ith</b>. As you certainly know, the future and conditional moods use the stem <b>íos</b>-: <b>íosfaidh, d'íosfadh</b>. The past tense is usually regular in all dialects: <b>d'ith</b>. However, you should remember that the irregular form <b>d'uaidh, níor uaidh, nár uaidh, gur uaidh</b> (it can also be written <b>d'uaigh</b> or <b>d'ua</b>) is sporadically found in folklore. It is a remnant of classical Irish rather than part of any particular dialect. I have seen it (as <b>d'ua</b>) in a folklore volume from Clare.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">FÁG!/FÁGÁIL 'to leave'</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Fág!/fágáil</b> 'leave' is basically a regular verb. However, in Ulster it has the irregular future form<b> fuígfidh</b> - as in the song <b>Fuígfidh mé an baile seo nó tá sé dúghránna</b> - and similarly the conditional mood <b>d'fhuígfeadh</b>; and in Connacht it has the past form <b>d'fhága</b> rather than <b>d'fhág</b>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">TAR!/TEACHT 'to come'</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Tar!/teacht</b> shows quite a lot of variation. <b>Tagann</b> is the present form, you say? Well yes, but in Ulster they typically prefer <b>thig</b>. (Obviously, <b>tig</b> and <b>tigeann</b> as well as the direct relative form thigeas also exist in dialects. In fact, <b>tig</b>- forms are found even in Connacht.) <b>Tag</b>- can be pronounced <b>teag</b>- in dialects, but this is seldom written.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The subjunctive present has theoretically the form <b>taga</b>, but in Ulster both <b>tige</b> and <b>tara</b> are found (with extra -<b>idh</b> added in pronunciation if the following word is not a pronoun). Thus: <b>fan go dtaga mé, fan go dtaga Seán</b> in the caighdeán, but in Ulster:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>fan go dtara mé, fan go dtaraidh Seán</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>fan go dtige mé, fan go dtigidh Seán</b>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Now you obviously ask me what the hell the subjunctive present is, because they never taught you that at school. Well, I am afraid I'll need to blog about that separately.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Anyway, Ciarán Ó Duibhin, who is much more versed in Ulster Irish than yours truly, told me that for Ulster the rule is that you never have the <b>tag</b>- stem - instead, you have either the <b>tar</b>- or the <b>t(h)ig</b>- stem in those forms that don't have <b>t(h)ioc</b>-. (Future and conditional forms are in Ulster <b>tiocfaidh, thiocfadh</b>, as anywhere else.) The past habitual, which is in Ulster also used as past subjunctive, is <b>thigeadh</b>: <b>dá dtigeadh sé abhaile, bheinn breá sásta</b>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The past tense has, as everybody should know, the form <b>tháinig</b>. The caighdeán recommendation is to use the -r particles with it: <b>níor tháinig, gur tháinig, ar tháinig, nár tháinig</b>, but actually such forms as <b>ní tháinig, go dtáinig, nach dtáinig, an dtáinig</b> are quite widespread in dialects (even other dialects than Munster). The Ulster <b>cha</b> is used without -r: <b>cha dtáinig</b>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Note that the historically correct synthetic form for 'I came' is <b>thánag</b>. However, this is only used in Cork. In Kerry, <b>thána</b> (in analogy with<b> chuala</b> 'I heard') is used. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The imperative of <b>gabh!</b> can be used in Ulster in the meaning "come!" - which has given rise to the word <b>goitse, goitse</b>o "come here" (basically <b>gabh anseo</b>).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The verbal noun is usually <b>teacht</b>, but the parallel form <b>tíocht</b> exists at least in Connemara. The verbal noun tends to be permanently lenited in many dialects (i.e. <b>theacht, thíocht</b>).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">TABHAIR!/TABHAIRT 'to give, to bring'</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Tabhair!/tabhairt</b> used to have the (permanently lenited) present form <b>bheir</b> when not preceded by verbal particles (<b>tugann</b> is always used after them: <b>ní thugann, cha dtugann, an dtugann, nach dtugann, go dtugann</b>). In Ulster, such forms are still used, but even there <b>tugann</b> is common even without verbal particles. The form <b>tabhrann</b> (in Ulster pronounced <b>tóireann</b>) also exists, but I tend to think it is very colloquial (in the sense ain't and gonna are very colloquial English). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Similarly, the future and conditional forms (<b>tabharfaidh and thabharfadh</b> in the caighdeán) distinguish in Ulster between <b>bhéar</b>- forms used in independent or direct relative position: <b>bhéarfaidh</b> (future), <b>bhéarfas</b> (future direct relative) and <b>bhéarfadh</b> (conditional mood). <b>T(h)abhar</b>- stem is used after verbal particles: <b>ní thabharfaidh, nach dtabharfaidh, go dtabharfaidh, an dtabharfaidh; ní thabharfadh, nach dtabharfadh, go dtabharfadh, an dtabharfadh, cha dtabharfadh</b>. (Note that Ulster Irish does not use <b>cha[n] </b>before the future form - instead, the present form caters for both present and future, <b>cha dtugann</b> = <b>ní thugann</b> AND <b>ní thabharfaidh</b>.)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The written form <b>tabhar</b>- conceals many different phonetic realizations, such as <b>tiúr</b>- and <b>tóir</b>-. These are seldom written even in relatively dialectal texts, though.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The habitual past is in Ulster bheireadh, but after verbal particles -thugadh, -dtugadh: ní thugadh, cha dtugadh, an dtugadh, go dtugadh, nach dtugadh. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The verbal noun is tabhairt, but of course there are different ways to pronounce it, such as tiúirt and tóirt - these are seldom written. The participle is tugtha, but tabhartha is used in the set expression leanbh tabhartha "illegitimate child" (also páiste ceo, páiste gréine, páiste díomhaointis). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">CLUIN! = CLOIS!/CLUINSTIN = CLOISTEÁIL 'to hear'</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the caighdeán, the cluin- and clois- stems are perfectly equal, and nothing keeps you from using them in free variation (if you are not trying to imitate the preferences of a particular dialect). Present is thus cluineann or cloiseann, future is cluinfidh or cloisfidh, and conditional is chluinfeadh or chloisfeadh. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Cluin = clois has the present form chluin in Ulster; this is permanently lenited, but responds to eclipsis: go gcluin, nach gcluin, an gcluin.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The past tense of course has the form chuala, impersonal form chualathas; note though that the regularized cluineadh is also known in dialects. Both chuala/chualathas and cluineadh take the -r particles (ar, nár, níor, gur), but such forms as go gcuala are not unheard of. The verbal noun has the standard forms cloisteáil and cluinstin, but there are several nonstandard ones such as cluinstint, clos, cloisint, cluinsbheáilt (the last one I mined from some very marginal Ulster dialect and made a point of using it back when I tried to cling to Ulster Irish). The participle is cloiste or cluinte.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The form for 'I heard' is in Kerry simply chuala with no ending or pronoun added. In Cork, it is chualag (under the influence of thánag). Chualas for 'I heard' is an innovation based on the regular verb; it is more typical of those dialects where the synthetic form is only used in poetry or in answering a question.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Note that the verbs mothaigh!/mothú (in Ulster often mothachtáil in the verbal noun) and airigh!/aireachtáil both meaning basically "to feel" are often used in the meaning "to hear". (As far as I know, braith!/brath is not used in this sense, though.)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">BEIR!/BREITH 'to bear; to seize upon, to catch' </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Beir has regular present: beireann. The past tense is in the caighdeán based on the rug- stem: rug mé, rug tú. However, there is a tendency in several dialects to spare the rug- stem for the autonomous verb rugadh 'was born', and use bheir in the sense of catching, seizing. Many writers of Irish, even those who use a relatively caighdeán kind of style, would write rugadh Einstein in Ulm 'Einstein was born in Ulm', but beireadh ar Veerappan i bPapparapathi 'Veerappan was caught in Papparapathi'.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">I seem to recall (but this is on strictly 'I seem to recall' basis) that in Connemara the rugadh/beireadh distinction is expressed as rugadh/rugthas (or rugadh/rugús). I should check the literature though.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In Ulster, the regularized past forms bheir mé, bheir tú are usually used, although they can be confused with the old present of tabhair!/tabhairt. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In future and conditional, the written forms are béarfaidh, bhéarfadh, although at least in Ulster the pronunciation is more like beirfidh, bheirfeadh to keep them distinct from the forms of tabhair!/tabhairt. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The verbal noun is breith, the participle is beirthe - but the form rugtha does find some idiomatic use in some dialect, I think.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">DÉAN!/DÉANAMH 'to do, to make'</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The present is regular in the standard language: déanann, ní dhéanann, go ndéanann, nach ndéanann, an ndéanann. However, in Ulster ní (< ghní, do-ghní) is still used when not preceded by verbal particles (and you do find it sporadically in other dialects too). The spelling ghní is sometimes used, but it should not be interpreted too phonetically, because that gh- is not pronounced - it is rather a way to keep ghní distinct from both the verbal particle ní 'not' and the stem of the regular verb nigh!/ní 'to wash'. Note that at least for some speakers, initial slender n- can be audibly lenited; the initial n- in (gh)ní 'does' is permanently lenited, while the one in níonn 'washes' is not, if it is not preceded by a leniting verbal particle.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The form used after the verbal particle in Ulster is déan or téan, often sounding more like deán or teán. Thus, ní dhéan/ní théan/ní dheán/ní theán; cha dtéan/cha ndéan/cha dteán/cha dtéan; go dtéan/go ndéan/go dteán/go ndeán, and so on.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The past is rinne, with the form dearna used after the verbal particles: ní dhearna, go ndearna, nach ndearna, an ndearna and so on. We saw above that the impersonal past of the verb 'to hear' can be cluineadh although the personal forms use the chuala stem; similarly, déanadh has some currency in the spoken language instead of rinneadh. The form used after the verbal particles is dearnadh: ní dhearnadh, nach dhearnadh, go ndearnadh, an ndearnadh - but I am positive I have seen ní dhearnthas in some Munster text. (Update: yes, ní dhearnthas is used in Co. Cork Irish, probably because they indeed have the form dhearnag in the first person singular, under the influence of thánag 'I came' and chualag 'I heard'. This I have never seen in any folklore book, but Breandán Ó Buachailla tells in his book about Cork Irish that the dhearna stem is used even in positive statements, i.e. where you would in the standard language use the rinne stem: do dhearnag 'I did', do dhearnamar 'we did' etc.)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Sometimes we see the rinn- stem used after verbal particles: níor rinne, gur rinne and so on. This occurs in some places in Connemara. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Déanadh takes -r particles: níor déanadh, ar déanadh; this sometimes occurs with dearnadh too: níor dearnadh. Both in Connemara.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In Ulster, the past forms are rinn rather than rinne and dearn/tearn rather than dearna: thus, ní thearn/ní dhearn, go dtearn/go ndearn, cha dtearn/cha ndearn. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In some places in Munster, the past of déan is based on the dein stem, and it is regular: dhein sé, deineadh: níor dhein sé, níor deineadh (such forms as go ndein sé, go ndeineadh occurring instead of gur dhein sé, gur deineadh are not due to irregularity of irregular verbs, but to the more common loss of -r particles in Munster Irish). I am not versed enough in Munster Irish to tell, whether this dein- stem is phonetically very different from the déan- stem used in other forms. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Habitual past, future, and conditional forms are regular in the Caighdeán. At least in Ulster, though, habitual past is based on the (gh)ní- stem; and not just conditional but also future forms are permanently lenited: dhéanfaidh. And as in present and past, the verb in Ulster does not seem to be able to decide whether its stem vowel is eá or éa, and whether its first consonant is t or d. Thus, we get forms such as cha dteánfadh, cha dteánfaidh, go dteánfadh, go dteánfaidh, and so on.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The verbal noun is déanamh and the participle is déanta, but in the recently published book on East Ulster Irish, Scéalta Mhuintir Luinigh, I have spotted teanamh, which seems to be another example of Ulster t- for d- in this verb.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">ABAIR!/RÁ 'to say, to sing'</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The present is deir, and in the Caighdeán it is the same after verbal particles: go ndeir, nach ndeir, ní dheir, an ndeir. Some textbooks suggest that there is a difference in meaning between deir and deireann, but this is bonkers: I say it is one of style.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Note that deir is not lenited after direct relative particle: an fear a deir nach bhfuil sé sásta 'the man who says that he is not satisfied'. This is due to the fact that historically a- is part of the stem. This is why some writers prefer adeir to a deir.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The impersonal present is deirtear. The old form ráitear should be avoided, as it is hardly living language anywhere. The old formula ris a ráitear is sometimes used, but this is in today's Irish purely facetious; it means 'which is called', i.e. ar a dtugtar or a dtugtar...air/uirthi/orthu in better and more modern Irish.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The historically correct way obviously was to use the abair-/abr- stem after verbal particles: ní abraíonn/ní abrann, go n-abraíonn/go n-abrann, an abraíonn/an abrann, nach n-abraíonn/nach n-abrann; an abraítear/an abart(h)ar etc. However, even where abr- stems survive, they are not always used according to this rule - in Ulster, ní dheir is seen alongside ní abraíonn or ní abrann, and in Connacht, you see such forms as abraíonn used without any verbal particles. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Very much the same applies to future and conditional forms, which are based on the déar- stem (déarfaidh, déarfadh) with the d- resisting aspiration after the direct relative particle (a déarfas, a déarfadh), but not after ní (ní dhéarfaidh, ní dhéarfadh).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Again, the use of the abair-/abr- stem after verbal particles has been most stable in Ulster. Note though that the abr- forms in Ulster show the usual Ulster features of second conjugation verbs in conditional and future. Thus, the conditional and future endings are either two-syllable: abróchaidh [abrahi], abróchadh [abrahu] (note that in Ulster, non-initial long o is realized as short but clear [a]) or intrusive: abórfaidh [abarhi], abórfadh [abarhu]. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The habitual past form is deireadh, with the impersonal form deirtí. It is not lenited except after ní; such forms as dheireadh, dheirtí with a regularized lenition of the initial consonant are typical of Waterford Irish. The abair-/abr- stem after verbal particles is again possible: ní abraíodh, ní abraítí or ní abart(h)aí. But note again that where the ab(ai)r- stem does exist, it is often used even where you would except deir-: I am positive I have seen d'abraíodh rather than deireadh in folklore volumes from Mayo, at the very least.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The past is dúirt, the past impersonal is dúradh (dúrthas is dialectal.) The personal endings are added to dúr- stem, and the first person form used in Munster is dúrt (old orthography dubhart). However, both in Ulster and Connacht, the past form is frequently reanalyzed as d'úirt, which gives rise to such forms as níor úirt, nár úirt, ar úirt, gur úirt (note that the caighdeán recommendation is ní dhúirt, nach ndúirt, an ndúirt, go ndúirt). This is orthographically often represented as níor (nár, ar, gur...) dhúirt or níor (etc.) 'úirt. Similarly, the impersonal form is in these dialects húradh or húrthas (the addition of h- to the initial vowel of past impersonal is a regular feature in those dialects). The initial d- resists lenition after direct relative a (and of course some writers prefer to spell the direct relative form as one word, adúirt).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The verbal noun is rá (rádh, ráidht, ráit are seen in Ulster literature), ráite is the participle.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">TÉIGH!/DUL 'to go'</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">This verb has a number of issues. We saw above that gabh! is used for 'come!' in Ulster, but at least in Connacht the forms of gabh!/gabháil are more typically substituted for forms of téigh, such as future (gabhfaidh for rachaidh) and conditional (ghabhfadh for rachadh). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The present form is téann. However, in Ulster they use théid with all personal pronouns. It is permanently lenited but it responds to eclipsis: go dtéid, nach dtéid, cha dtéid... </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The future form is rachaidh and the conditional form is rachadh. However, in Munster these forms are created from the ragha- rather than racha- stem at least if they end in personal endings, thus raghainn for rachainn 'I would go', and raghad for rachaidh mé 'I will go'. The -f- is used only in the impersonal form: rachfar (raghfar), rachfaí (raghfaí). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The past tense is chuaigh, and the past form used after verbal particles is deachaigh (an ndeachaigh, go ndeachaigh, nach ndeachaigh, ní dheachaigh). While -igh is the standard spelling, some people insist on -idh as the historically correct spelling, but as you know this is not phonetically relevant anywhere. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In Munster, expect such forms as gur chuaigh and (due to loss of -r particles) go gcuaigh. And in Ulster, there is again some confusion about the first consonant: cha dteachaigh, an dteachaigh etc.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The impersonal past is chuathas/go ndeachthas; the form chuadh (or chuathadh)/go ndeachadh is dialectal.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The verbal noun is dul, obviously, but in Ulster and Connacht, ghoil (delenited only after ag: ag goil) is preferred. It is obviously another example of gabh invading the paradigm of this verb. It is sometimes written ghabháil, but as far as I know the real honest-to-God gabháil has even in those dialects a full pronunciation [gawa:l'] to keep it distinct from ghoil. The participle is dulta, but the construction ar shiúl is preferred at least in Ulster.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">There will be a separate post about tá and is of course.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-41919817967255139882019-01-03T13:47:00.001-08:002019-01-03T13:47:16.348-08:00Regular verbs in Irish<br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">Present tense has the following endings:<br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">CAITH:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>caithim</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>caithir/caitheann tú</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>caitheann sé</i></span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">caithimid/caitheann muid</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>caitheann sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>caithid/caitheann siad</i></span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></i><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>caitear</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">FAN:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>fanaim</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>fanair/fanann tú</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>fanann sé</i></span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">fanaimid/fanann muid</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>fanann sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>fanaid/fanann siad</i></span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">fantar</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">OSCAIL:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>osclaím</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>osclaír/osclaíonn tú</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>osclaíonn sé</i></span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">osclaímid/osclaíonn muid</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>osclaíonn sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>osclaíd/osclaíonn siad</i></span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">osclaítear</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">LAGAIGH:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagaím</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagaír/lagaíonn tú</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagaíonn sé</i></span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">lagaímid/lagaíonn muid</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagaíonn sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagaíd/lagaíonn siad</i></span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">lagaítear</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">The form <i>caithim, fanaim, osclaím, lagaím</i> is necessary in the standard language. The second person singular forms <i>caithir, fanair, osclaír, lagaír</i> are very rare these days, but they do find some use in literature - even such a quintessentially Connemara writer as Pádhraic Óg Ó Conaire (not to be confused with the more famous Pádraic Ó Conaire; Pádhraic Óg was a writer of rural prose in a style somewhat reminiscent of the Ulster classic Séamus Ó Grianna) perceived them as the correct literary forms.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">The form <i>caithimid, fanaimid, osclaímid, lagaímid </i>is also standard Irish, but for many verbs of the first conjugation this form sounds too much like the corresponding future form. I would prefer <i>caitheann muid, fanann muid, osclaíonn muid, lagaíonn muid. </i>The construction <i>caitheann sinn, fanann sinn, osclaíonn sinn, lagaíonn sinn</i> sounds a little funny to me, because in those varieties that feel most natural to me, there is at least a tendency to distinguish between <i>muid </i>"we" and <i>sinn </i>"us". However, this is strictly my own gut feeling. I have seen <i>sinn </i>used as subject in some folklore volumes (I think mostly from Northern Mayo), and thus, <i>caitheann sinn, fanann sinn, osclaíonn sinn, lagaíonn sinn</i> have good Gaeltacht pedigree. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">The form <i>caithid, fanaid, osclaíd, lagaíd </i>is strictly Munster Irish, and it can be followed by the pronoun <i>siad</i>; don't be amazed if you see <i>caithid siad, fanaid siad, osclaíd siad, lagaíd siad </i>in a Munster text.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">The direct relative form (see my earlier post about direct relative forms!) <i>chaitheas/chaitheanns, fhanas/fhananns, osclaíos/osclaíonns, lagaíos/lagaíonns </i>is most typical of Connacht and Ulster Irish. It is not entirely unknown to Munster Irish though, where it is used in songs, i.e. perceived to be part of older (oral) literature. The form in -s is the older and historically correct one, the form in -nns smacks more of modern colloquial language. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">The verbal particles used with regular present forms are <i>ní </i>"not", <i>go </i>"that", <i>nach/ná </i>"that...not" and "not?, whether...not?", <i>an </i>"...?, whether?", and <i>cha(n)</i>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Ní </i>lenites: <i>ní chaitheann, ní fhanann, ní osclaíonn, ní lagaíonn. Go </i>eclipses: <i>go gcaitheann, go bhfanann, go n-osclaíonn, go lagaíonn. </i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Nach </i>eclipses: <i>nach gcaitheann, nach bhfanann, nach n-osclaíonn, nach lagaíonn</i>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Ná</i>, which is used in Munster instead of <i>nach</i>, does not affect consonants, but it adds <i>h-</i> to a vowel: <i>ná caitheann, ná fanann, ná hosclaíonn, ná lagaíonn</i>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>An </i>eclipses: <i>an gcaitheann, an bhfanann, an osclaíonn, an lagaíonn</i>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Cha(n) </i>is only used in Ulster, and it adds future sense to present forms; it usually lenites, but it eclipses <i>d </i>and <i>t </i>and does not affect <i>s-: cha chaitheann, chan fhanann, chan osclaíonn </i>(which is <i>chan fhosclaíonn </i>in Ulster!), <i>cha lagaíonn; cha ndíolann, cha dtarcaisníonn, cha samhlaíonn</i>. Note that the -n of <i>cha(n) </i>is only used before vowels, including vowels preceded by the mute fh-.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Future tense </b>has the following endings: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">CAITH:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>caithfead/caithfidh mé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>caithfir/caithfidh tú</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>caithfidh sé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>caithfeam/caithfimid/caithfidh muid</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>caithfidh sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>caithfid/caithfidh siad</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>caithfear</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">FAN:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>fanfad/fanfaidh mé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>fanfair/fanfaidh tú</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>fanfaidh sé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>fanfam/fanfaimid/fanfaidh muid</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>fanfaidh sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>fanfaid/fanfaidh siad</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>fanfar</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">OSCAIL:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>osclód/osclóidh mé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>osclóir/osclóidh tú</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>osclóidh sé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>osclóm/osclóimid/osclóidh muid</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>osclóidh sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>osclóid/osclóidh siad</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>osclófar</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">LAGAIGH:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagód/lagóidh mé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagóir/lagóidh tú</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagóidh sé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagóm/lagóimid/lagóidh muid</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagóidh sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagóid/lagóidh siad</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagófar</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">As you see, the short verbs (first conjugation) insert a -f-, the long verbs (the second conjugation) insert a long -ó-. How and whether the -f- is pronounced at all, is a question of dialect, but a pronunciation of this -f- as [h] elsewhere and as [f] in the impersonal (autonomous) form (<i>caithfear, fanfar, osclófar, lagófar</i>) is widely accepted. Note that the [h] pronunciation in many verbs amounts to the devoicing of a previous consonant: <i>scríobhfaidh </i>will be pronounced as if written /scríofaidh/.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">The final -idh is almost or entirely mute in Connemara, a short [i] in Ulster, and of course an [-ig] in Munster.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">The long -ó- is of course written -eo- after a slender consonant, as in the verb <i>saibhrigh:</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>saibhreod/saibhreoidh mé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>saibhreoir/saibhreoidh tú</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>saibhreoidh sé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>saibhreom/saibhreoimid/saibhreoidh muid</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>saibhreoidh sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>saibhreoid/saibhreoidh siad</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>saibhreofar</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">In Ulster, the forms with the long -ó- have audibly two syllables, so that the <i>-óidh/-eoidh</i> ending is pronounced [axi] or [ahi], which is commonly written as <i>-óchaidh/-eochaidh</i>. Thus, <i>saibhreochaidh, lagóchaidh</i> and so on.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">One feature that is not exclusively Ulster Irish although most common in Ulster literature is the intrusive future. Intrusive future forms are possible with syncopated verbs, i.e. those which drop the second syllable of the stem before the endings - such as <i>oscail </i>here, although it is most commonly <i>foscail </i>in Ulster. Anyway, such verbs as <i>foscail </i>can take the two-syllable future forms all right: <i>fosclóchaidh; </i>but it is also possible that the long ó intrudes into the stem: <i>foscólfaidh</i>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">Note that in Ulster the long but unstressed o turns into a short but clear a sound (which is also a common way to pronounce the short and stressed o sound), so that the difference between the two future forms is basically very slight: <i>fosclóchaidh </i>is pronounced [fasklahi] but <i>foscólfaidh </i>[faskalhi].</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">As I noted, the intrusive future is not unique to Ulster, but I first became conscious of it reading <i>Cora Cinniúna</i>, i.e. the short stories of Séamus Ó Grianna. I am sure, though, that there is an instance of <i>tosónfaidh</i> somewhere in <i>Peig</i>. <i>Tosónfaidh </i>is the intrusive future of <i>tosnaigh!/tosnú</i>, which is the Munster dialect form of <i>tosaigh!/tosú.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">The verbs ending in <i>-áil </i>such as <i>sábháil, seiceáil </i>are basically first conjugation: <i>sábhálfaidh, seiceálfaidh </i>(note that the consonant becomes broad before the future ending). However, in Ulster ears the <i>-álfaidh </i>part sounds exactly the same as the <i>-ólfaidh </i>of the intrusive future, so that these verbs tend to be perceived as second conjugation. (In fact, in Séamus Ó Grianna's stories as edited by Niall Ó Donaill, such spellings as <i>sábhólfaidh </i>are used, so as to convey how these verb forms are perceived by a speaker of traditional Ulster Irish.) This then leads to the introduction of such non-intrusive second conjugation forms as <i>sábhlóchaidh</i> and such second-conjugation verbal nouns as <i>sábhailt</i>. Thus, in Ulster the <i>-áil </i>verbs tend to drift into the second conjugation. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">The forms with personal endings are, as usual, most typically used in Munster Irish. The forms <i>caithfead, fanfad, osclód, lagód </i>and <i>caithfir, fanfair, osclóir, lagóir</i> are part of most good speakers' passive knowledge. On the other hand, while the forms <i>caithfeam, fanfam, osclóm, lagóm </i>are the historically correct forms for first person plural, these days they are very exclusively Munster Irish and are not even understood elsewhere. In fact, I was already quite fluent in the language when I first met these forms.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">And as you should remember from my post on relative clauses, there is a direct relative form: <i>chaithfeas, fhanfas, osclós, lagós</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">In correct Irish, future is not used after <i>má </i>'if', but it <i>is </i>used after <i>nuair </i>'when', when there is a future form in the main clause. The <i>nuair </i>clause is historically a direct relative clause, and can take the relative -s. Thus, the following are correct:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Má thagann sé abhaile, beidh lúcháir orainn.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Nuair a thiocfaidh sé abhaile, beidh lúcháir orainn.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Nuair a thiocfas sé abhaile, beidh lúcháir orainn.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">The first example means 'If he comes home, we'll be happy', the two others, 'When he comes home, we'll be happy'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Subjunctive present </b>has the ending -e in first conjugation forms and -í in second conjugation forms:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>go gcaithe mé, tú, sé. muid, sibh, siad</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>go gcaitear</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>go bhfana mé, tú, sé, muid, sibh, siad</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>go bhfantar</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>go n-osclaí mé, tú, sé, muid, sibh, siad</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>go n-osclaítear</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>go lagaí mé, tú, sé, muid, sibh, siad</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>go lagaítear</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">If personal endings are used with subjunctive present, they are the same as those of future, but without the -f-/-ó-, -eo-; <i>go gcaithead, go bhfanad, go n-osclaíod, go lagaíod</i> for first person singular, <i>go gcaitheam, go bhfanam, go n-osclaíom, go lagaíom </i>for first person plural, for instance. Subjunctive present is used in optative expressions, i.e. wishes: <i>go n-éirí leat </i>"may you be successful"<i>, nár lagaí Dia do lámh </i>"may God not weaken your hand", i.e. "more power to you". Note that <i>go </i>eclipses, but <i>nár </i>lenites. Moreover, subjunctive present is used after <i>mura/mara/muna </i>"unless"<i>, sula/sara </i>"before"<i> </i>when the main sentence has future.<i> </i>(However, in modern language, future has mostly ousted this usage of the present subjunctive.)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Past tense, or the punctual past</b>. This corresponds only partly to the English past tense. It has a stronger sense of perfectivity, i.e. the action having been completed, than the English past tense, and can often be used for translating the English perfect or pluperfect tense. Let's take an example. Right now, there is a news item at Reuters.com that can be expressed in one sentence: "A Texas teenager was found guilty of murdering an Iraqi man who had just arrived in the United States." As they say, no news is good news, and news tends to be bad news, but if I want to translate this into Irish, I will use the past tense: <i>ciontaíodh déagóir ó Texas i ndúnmharú fir Iarácaigh nár tháinig go dtí na Stáit Aontaithe ach go gairid roimhe sin. </i>(Or, if you prefer so: <i>fuarthas déagóir ó Texas ciontach i ndúnmharú...</i>) </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">So much about usage, but let's talk about morphology.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">CAITH:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaitheas/chaith mé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaithis/chaith tú</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaith sé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaitheamar/chaith muid</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaitheabhair/chaith sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaitheadar/chaith siad</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>caitheadh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">FAN:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhanas/d'fhan mé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhanais/d'fhan tú</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhan sé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhanamar/d'fhan muid</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhanabhair/d'fhan sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhanadar/d'fhan siad</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>fanadh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">OSCAIL:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'osclaíos/d'oscail mé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'osclaís/d'oscail tú</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'oscail sé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'osclaíomar/d'oscail muid</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'osclaíobhair/d'oscail sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'osclaíodar/d'oscail siad</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>(h)osclaíodh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">LAGAIGH:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagaíos/lagaigh mé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagaís/lagaigh tú</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagaigh sé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagaíomar/lagaigh muid</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagaíobhair/lagaigh sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagaíodar/lagaigh siad</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagaíodh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">The regular past basically takes the particles <i>níor, ar, gur, nár, char, </i>which lenite. However, the regular past autonomous form resists this lenition: <i>níor fhan, gur fhan, nár fhan, ar fhan, níor chaith, gur chaith, nár chaith, ar chaith, </i>but <i>níor fanadh, gur fanadh, nár fanadh, ar fanadh, níor caitheadh, nár caitheadh, gur caitheadh, ar caitheadh</i>. Only in the dialect of Waterford, the past autonomous form of the regular verb is permanently lenited. I never knew this, before I started to read folklore texts in that particular dialect (you can find them in the yearbook of the Ring of Waterford Gaeltacht, <i>An Linn Bhuí</i>, or in the folklore collections <i>Ar Bóthar Dom </i>and <i>Leabhar Mhaidhc Dháith</i>).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">On the other hand, the -r particles are disappearing in Kerry Irish, and you should not be amazed to find such forms as <i>go gcaith sé, go gcaitheas, go gcaitheadar </i>in texts written by Kerry natives - note though that such older writers as Pádraig Ua Maoileoin, while writing in unadulterated Kerry dialect, did use the -r particles in past tense. Maidhc Dainín Ó Sé on the other hand seems to write as he speaks, so his books are full of such forms as <i>go gcaitheas</i>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">As usually, the personal endings are typically confined to Munster Irish (although older generation Connacht writers such as Pádhraic Óg Ó Conaire do make use of them too). I could not care less about which are accepted as part of standard language, but my impression is that first person singular forms (<i>chaitheas, d'fhanas, d'osclaíos, lagaíos</i>) and second person singular forms (<i>chaithis, d'fhanais, d'osclaís, lagaís</i>) as well as second person plural forms (<i>chaitheabhair, d'fhanabhair, d'osclaíobhair, lagaiobhair</i>) are strictly Munster Irish these days, while the <i>-amar </i>and <i>-adar </i>suffixes are more mainstream. Note by the way that in Kerry, <i>-amar </i>has the form <i>-amair</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">Adding a hiatus h- to the initial vowel of the past autonomous form is not standard, but it is quite widespread.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">In Munster, <i>do </i>can be used even where the past tense form begins with a consonant (and in Munster folklore volumes reproducing the exact pronunciation, you should not be surprised to see things like <i>do dh'fhanas</i>). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Conditional mood</b>. In Irish, conditional mood is the same for present and past: <i>dhéanfainn é</i> means both "I would do it" and "I would have done it". It has the following forms:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">CAITH:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaithfinn</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaithfeá</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaithfeadh sé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaithfimis</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaithfeadh sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaithfidís</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaithfí</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">FAN:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhanfainn</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhanfá</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhanfadh sé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhanfaimis</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhanfadh sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhanfaidís</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhanfaí</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">OSCAIL:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'osclóinn</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'osclófá</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'osclódh sé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'osclóimis</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'osclódh sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'osclóidís</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'osclófaí</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">LAGAIGH:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagóinn</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagófá</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagódh sé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagóimis</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagódh sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagóidís</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>lagófaí</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">As in the past tense, the first consonant is lenited, and a d' is added to an initial vowel or fh-. However, the -r- particles are never used - you use <i>go, nach (ná), ní, cha(n), an: an bhfanfá? ní fhanfainn! chan fhanfainn! nach bhfanfadh sé? </i>(Munster: <i>ná fanfadh sé?</i>). If you see such a form as *<i>níor fhanfadh</i>, and the writer is a native speaker, you can be sure that he or she is from Munster and unsure about where to use the -r particles correctly. (This is what we call hypercorrection in English and <i>forcheartú </i>in Irish - i.e., extending a rule to where it does not apply, in an attempt to correct your nonstandard language.)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">In Ulster, the conditional endings of the second conjugation again have two syllables (in books such as <i>Cora Cinniúna</i> with a dialectal spelling, you will see such examples as <i>lagóchainn, lagóchadh sé</i>; and probably <i>lagóchthá </i>and <i>lagóchthaí </i>instead of <i>lagófá, lagófaí</i>). And of course there are similar tendencies to use intrusive forms <i>(d'fhoscólfá ~ d'fhosclófá</i>).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">As regards the pronunciation of the -f-, it is usually a [h], but an audible [f] in second person singular and in the autonomous form. (Note though that this rule does not apply to every dialect.) As in the future tense, if the verb stem ends in a voiced consonant, the [h] fuses with this to yield a devoiced one - thus, <i>scríobhfainn </i>is pronounced as <i>scríofainn</i>, <i>sciobfainn </i>as <i>sciopainn</i>, and so on.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">The final -dh is usually pronounced as broad -ch (German "ach!"), but in Ulster it is a short u sound. Before a personal pronoun beginning with s-, i.e. <i>sé, sí, sibh, siad</i>, the -dh is at least in Ulster (but probably even in some other dialects) usually pronounced as -t. Thus, <i>d'fhanfadh Seán </i>is pronounced <i>d'fhanfu Seán</i>, but <i>d'fhanfadh sé </i>is more like <i>d'fhanfait sé</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">The personal endings <i>-imis, -idís </i>often take an extra -t: <i>-imist, -idíst</i>. IMHO this is most typically Ulster and Connacht Irish.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">Sometimes the autonomous form is delenited under the influence of the past tense forms: <i>fanfaí, caithfí</i>, but I don't think this is a particularly stable or regular feature in any dialect.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Habitual past</b><i>. </i>Habitual past, or imperfect, tells what used to happen in the past, often, frequently, repeatedly. It has basically the following forms:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">CAITH:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaithinn</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaiteá</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaitheadh sé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaithimis</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaitheadh sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaithidís</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>chaití</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">FAN:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhanainn</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhantá</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhanadh sé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhanaimis</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhanadh sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhanaidís</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'fhantaí</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">OSCAIL:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'osclaíonn</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'osclaíteá</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'osclaíodh sé</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'osclaímis</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'osclaíodh sibh</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'osclaídís</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>d'osclaítí</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">There is a very worrying tendency to use punctual past instead of habitual past in some elementary textbooks. This must be condemned, because it is quite unambiguously wrong. It is much better to use conditional mood instead of habitual past, because this is how some native dialects do, too.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">Habitual past, as conditional mood, lenites initial consonants and takes the d' before vowels and mute fh's. However, it takes the r-less particles in negative, interrogative and subordinate contexts: <i>nach bhfanainn/ná fanainn, chan fhanainn, ní fhanainn, go bhfanainn, an bhfanainn</i>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">Habitual past forms can be used after <i>dhá </i>"if", <i>mura/muna/mana </i>"if not" and <i>sula/sara</i>, if there is a conditional mood in the main clause. In this context, the forms of habitual past are not called habitual past, but past subjunctive. <i>Dhá n-osclófá an doras, bheadh cead isteach ag gach cineál feithidí. </i>Or: <i>Dhá n-osclaíteá an doras, bheadh cead isteach ag gach cineál feithidí. </i>'If you opened the door, all kinds of insects could get in.'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">My impression is that a native writer who uses <i>both </i>habitual past <i>and </i>conditional mood for referring to habitual past actions, there is a slight but perceptible difference between the two:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><b>Thagadh</b> sé ar cuairt chugam agus <b>bheannaíodh</b> sé do na cuairteoirí go léir. <u>D'ólfadh</u> sé braon agus <u>bheadh</u> comhrá aige le duine nó dhó, agus <u>chaithfeadh</u> sé tamall ag imirt chártaí nó ag damhsa. </i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">In this example, the habitual past forms (bold) refer to what always happened, i.e. this person used to come to visit me and greet everybody. Then we start using the conditional forms, when we refer to what typically happened, what this person typically might do at such an occasion, but did not do it in a particular order or not every time. If I say:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Thagadh sé ar cuairt chugam agus bheannaíodh sé do na cuairteoirí go léir. D'óladh sé braon agus bhíodh comhrá aige le duine nó dhó, agus chaitheadh sé tamall ag imirt chártaí nó ag damhsa.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">...the impression conveyed is much more one of a ritual happening always in the same way and in the same order of events.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">I confess that this is only my gut feeling, although it is based on a scene somewhere in Conchúr Ó Síocháin's Gaeltacht autobiography <i>Seanchas Chléire </i>(known in English as <i>The Man from Cape Clear</i>). I will make the relevant fragment available here (with all bibliographical references) as soon as I can (and as soon as I find the book). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">By the way: in County Cork Irish it is common to leave the habitual past autonomous form delenited, which is another thing you will learn reading Ó Síocháin's book. Thus, <i>caití </i>and <i>fantaí </i>are normal occurrences in that particular dialect.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', sans-serif; font-size: large;">Comments are welcome.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-16795781256044445872019-01-01T06:18:00.001-08:002019-01-01T06:19:43.964-08:00Anton Chekhov: An Sách is an Seang<h1>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Anton Chekhov<br /><br />An Sách is an Seang</span></h1>
<span style="font-size: large;">This is a translation I made years ago of Anton Chekhov's short story, <em>Tolstyi i Tonkii</em>, It is a product of my years of promoting Ulster Irish, and it shows. The Irish title of the story is based on the proverb <em>ní thuigeann an sách an seang</em>, the well-fed man does not understand the starving man.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Earlier I tried to transliterate the Russian names by using a system of my own, but these days I usually use the English system. I am not at all happy with the attempts of the terminology committee at providing piecemeal Irish transliterations of names such as Gorbachov, because it is too obvious they don't have any idea of the Russian language.</span><br />
<br />
<em><span style="font-size: large;">Casadh beirt seancharad* ar a chéile ar stáisiún an bhóthar iarainn** i dtreo Nikolayevo. Fear acu, bhí sé sách sáite, agus an fear eile, bhí sé seang stiúgtha. Bhí an Sách go díreach i ndiaidh béile a chaitheamh i seomra itheacháin an stáisiúin, agus loinnir an ime ina chuid fiacal. Bhí boladh na seirise is na liomanáide oráiste as***. An Seang, áfach, bhí sé ag tuirlingt ón gcarbad, agus é ag tarraingt a chuid bagáiste ina dhiaidh. An boladh a tháinig as an bhfear seo, bagún agus dríodar caife ba mhó a bhí le haithint tríd. Bhí scrogaire stiúgtha mná ag siúl sna sálaí aige, – ba í sin bean chéile mo dhuine, – chomh maith le scoláire ard meánscoile a bhí ag amharc ar an saol mór le súile leathdhúnta – ba eisean mac na lánúine seinge, gan amhras.</span></em><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">*) This is the genitive plural of <em>seanchara</em>, used after <em>beirt</em>. However, using it might be old-fashioned of me.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">**) You'd think it should be <em>stáisiún an bhóthair iarainn</em>, but my gut tells me not to use the genitive ending of <em>bóthar</em> here, as <em>bóthar iarainn</em> is such a close-knit entity.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">***) Smells are thought to emanate out of you, thus <em>as</em>.<br /><br /><em>”A Phorfiri!” a scairt an Sách, ag feiceáil an fhir eile dó*. ”A sheanchara, an tusa atá agam ansin dáiríribh? Nach fada ar shiúl uaim thú!”</em></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">*) when he was seeing the other man. The preposition <em>do </em>refers to the notional agent of an action in a verbal noun construction such as this.<br /><br /><em>”Dia dár réiteach, nach é Mikhail atá ann?” arsa an Seang. ”Mo chara cléibh! Cá has ar tháinig tusa, chomh tobann sin?”</em><br /><br /><em>Thug an bheirt fhear trí phóg dá chéile agus iad ag stánadh ar a chéile tríd na deora. Bhí draíocht dheas orthu. </em><br /><br /><em>”Anois, ní raibh súil ar bith agam leis seo!” arsa an Seang. ”Bain sásamh do shúl asam* agus feicfidh tú nár tháinig aon athrú ar an seanrógaire idir an dá linn! Agus tú féin, cad é mar a d'éirigh an saol leat féin? An bhfuil tú ag saothrú go maith? Ar sháigh tú do mhéar i sealán cheana?** Chuaigh brat pósta orm féin le fada***, mar a fheiceas tú: seo mo bhean chéile, Wanzenbach ba sloinne di roimh an phósadh****, de phór na Liútaránach í... agus seo Nafanail, mo mhac: tá sé sa tríú leabhar***** ar scoil inniu, an stócach. Féach, a Nafanail, seo mo chara scoile! Chuaigh muid in aon mheánscoil le chéile, tráth den tsaol!”</em></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">*) "derive the satisfaction of your eyes out of me", i.e. look at me as much as you want.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">**) "did you put your finger into the hangman's noose (<em>sealán</em>) already?" is a facetious way of asking "did you get married already?"</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">***) "I got married a long time ago".</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">****) <em>roimh an phósadh </em>in Ulster, <em>roimh an bpósadh </em>in other dialects. Both variants are accepted in the standard language.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">*****) this is a somewhat old-fashioned way to say that he was a third-grader at school - I picked it up from my favourite Ulster authors.<br /><br /><em>D'éirigh Nafanail smaointiúil ina ghnúis agus bhain sé a bhairéad de.</em><br /><br /><em>”Chuaigh muid ar scoil in éineacht!” a lean an Seang leis. ”An cuimhin leat an dóigh a mbítí ag spochadh asat? Thugtaí Herostratos ort, ó chuir tú leabhar de chuid na scoile trí thine le bun toitín. Agus mise, ba mise Ephialtes, ó bhí mé i mo spiaire mór. Hó, hó... Inár bpáistí a bhí muid san am sin. Ná bíodh eagla ort, a Nafanailín! Tar ar aghaidh agus sín lámh chuig an uncail deas! Agus seo mo bhean chéile, de mhuintir Wanzenbach - de phór na Liútaránach...”</em><br /><br /><em>D'fhan Nafanail ina thost ag smaoineamh leis, ach ansin, chuaigh sé i bhfolach taobh thiar de dhroim a athara*.</em></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">*) <em>athara </em>rather than <em>athar </em>is the genitive of <em>athair </em>"father" in Ulster.<br /><br /><em>”Cogar, a chara, cad é mar atá tú?” a d'fhiafraigh an Sách, agus é ag amharc go maorga ar an bhfear eile. ”An i do státseirbhíseach atá tú? An bhfuil céim ard bainte amach agat?"</em><br /><br /><em>”I mo státseirbhíseach, ar ndóigh! Tá mé i mo Mheasúnóir Barra* i Stanislav le conablach dhá bhliain** anuas. Níl mé ag saothrú go rómhaith, ach is cuma, nó tá mo bhean chéile ina múinteoir pianó, agus mé féin ag saoirsiniú boscaí todóg as adhmad. Agus níl aon chaill ar na boscaí sin! Díolaim ar rúbal an bosca iad, ach, ar ndóigh, aon duine a bhfuil níos mó ná deich gcinn de dhíth air, gheobhaidh sé lacáiste. Tá muid ag streachailt linn go measartha. An bhfuil a fhios agat, chaith mé seal i seirbhís na Roinne, ach ansin, hathlonnaíodh anseo mé le dul i gceannas ar an gcraobhoifig a fhreastlós ar an taobh seo den tír. Anseo a bheas mé ag obair feasta. Agus tú féin, caithfidh sé go bhfuil tú i do Chomhairleoir Stáit*** cheana féin!”</em></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">*) <em>measúnóir barra </em>is my attempt at translating <em>kollezhskii asessor </em>into Irish. A <em>kollezhskii asessor </em>was the civilian equivalent of a major in the imperial Russian army.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">**) <em>conablach dhá bhliain </em>"the most part of two years", i.e. almost two years.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">***) <em>comhairleoir stáit </em>means "state councillor" or <em>statskii sovetnik</em>, the civilian equivalent of a brigadier in the imperial army.<br /><br /><em>”Ní hea, a chara, ardaigh d'aidhm”, a d'fhreagair an Sách. ”Tá mé i mo Rún-Chomhairleoir* anois, agus dhá réalta óir ar mo bhrollach.</em>”</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">*) <em>rún-chomhairleoir </em>is my attempt to translate <em>tainyi sovetnik,</em> Privy Councillor, which is the civilian equivalent of a lieutenant general.<br /><br /><em>D'éirigh an Seang mílítheach* ar fad anois, agus rinneadh staic de mar a bheadh cloch ann. Ansin, áfach, leath meangadh ar a cheannaithe, meangadh a sháraigh faoi thrí an aoibh a bhí air roimhe seo. Shílfeá go raibh sé ag splancarnaigh ar fad, idir aghaidh agus shúile; ach san am chéanna, chuach sé agus chúb sé isteach chuige féin, thit na guaillí aige, agus é ag éirí ní ba seinge, ní ba stiúgtha ná mar a bhí roimhe seo... A chuid bagáiste, idir mhála is mhealbhóga, tháinig tuilleadh roicneacha orthu, agus iad ag titim i ngaire dá chéile... Má bhí smig chaol fhada ag a bhean chéile ó thús, chuaigh sé an oiread eile i bhfad agus chun caoladais... Tháinig Nafanail chun tosaigh, agus é ag iamh an chnaipe dheireanaigh ar a éide scoile...</em></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">*) pale in a sickly way<br /><br /><em>”A Fhoruaisleacht Mhórga, le do thoil uasal... Mór an pléisiúr! Seanchara a bhí ionat, tráth dár saol, le do thoil uasal, agus tú i do thiarna mhór anois, le do thoil uasal, hí-hí-hí...”</em><br /><br /><em>”Anois”, arsa an Sách, agus roicneacha ag teacht ina éadan, ”cuir uait na geáitsí sin! Chuaigh muid ar scoil in éineacht, b'olc an seanadh dúinn bheith ag buaireamh ár gcloigne fá dtaobh de thábla na gcéimíochtaí*!”</em></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">*) <em>ranga na gcéimíochtaí</em> is the official table of ranks in Imperial Russia.<br /><br /><em>”Más é do thoil uasal... Do thoil uasal...”, arsa an Seang, agus é ag gáirí go neirbhíseach i gcónaí is ag umhlú ní ba doimhne fós. ”Más é toil uasal d'Fhoruaisleachta Mórga... is ionann d'fhabhar uasal agus deoch na híocshláinte... Seo anois, a Fhoruaisleacht, mo mhac Nafanail... agus seo mo bhean chéile, Louise, de phór na Liútaránach, i gciall fhoirmiúil áirithe*...”</em></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">*) The Starving One wants to hint that his wife, while being a Lutheran, was as good and loyal a subject as an Orthodox Christian would be, and only "in a certain formal sense" a Lutheran.<br /><br /><em>Thug an Sách in amhail* cur in aghaidh an lústair seo, ach staon sé, nuair a fuair sé radharc ceart ar ghnúis a sheanchara: chuir an lútáil is an béal bán sin samhnas ar an Rún-Chomhairleoir. Ghread sé leis**, gan ach an lámh a chroitheadh leis an Seang le slán a fhágáil aige.</em></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">*) i.e. he almost did it, but didn't do it</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">**) he left, "he hit the road". (You could also say <em>bhuail sé bóthar</em> in Irish.)<br /><br /><em>D'airdigh an Seang trí mhéar, d'umhlaigh sé leath go talamh agus é ag miongháirí i gcónaí mar a bheadh Síneach ann: hí-hí-hí. Dhrann an bhean aoibh gháire, í féin. Bhain Nafanail tailm as talamh le leathchos, agus thit a hata de. Bhí draíocht dheas ar an tríúr acu</em>.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-16825758412942861322018-12-30T06:07:00.002-08:002019-01-01T13:07:54.090-08:00Main Difficulties<span style="font-size: large;">I don't suggest it is easy to learn good Irish. Not being a native speaker of English, my idea of what is difficult in Irish is obviously different from that of most learners, but speaking of purely practical difficulties, I'd like to note the following:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The dialectal differences, of course. People often exaggerate them, especially those people who try to find any convenient excuse not to learn Irish. However, they are there, and they complicate the acquisition of Irish. There is a recognized linguistic, or sociolinguistic, phenomenon called schizoglossia. In a schizoglossic situation, you don't know which kind of language you should see as exemplary and normative, and you have this feeling that whatever you say, it will be wrong according to some norm. This phenomenon especially concerns diaspora minorities, for whom the language they habitually speak will be full of borrowings from the local language, but who at the same time often find the linguistic changes in the old country vulgar and distasteful. Analogies with Irish should be obvious; in a way, the Irish-speakers are a diaspora in their own country.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The abundance of bad examples. Publicly displayed Irish in Ireland is often plain wrong, and when it is not grammatically incorrect, it is too obviously translated from English. For instance, the dead word <em>rochtain</em> is far too often used as a catch-all for all the meanings of the English word <em>access</em>. However, it should be limited to where a special term is called for (accessing a computer network, for instance), instead of calling every door an "access" to the building. Of course, the ultimate problem here is the stupid way how English nowadays tries to express the most everyday things with Latinate abstractions, and then people translating into Irish but without much idea of how Irish really works think that they need a special Irish word for every hard word in English, instead of translating the highfalutin' English into plain and intelligible Irish.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bad teaching materials. It is very good that people use Learning Irish, because it is vintage Gaeltacht Irish. But as my little spies have told me, it does occur that reading materials for schools often intentionally depart from acceptable Irish, using instead their own pidgin. An example of this is a (printed and officially distributed) book which consequently used past tense instead of habitual past tense. This is so wrong that it should be punishable with death. If children haven't been taught the habitual past yet, there are grammatically legal workarounds (for example using the conditional instead - there are dialects where conditional has ousted the habitual past - as well as the expression </span><em style="font-size: x-large;">ba ghnách le </em><span style="font-size: large;">[duine] [rud] </span><em style="font-size: x-large;">a dhéanamh: bhíodh sé ag obair ansin = ba ghnách leis a bheith ag obair ansin </em><span style="font-size: large;">"he used to work there"). </span><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b>But learning materials should never include anything grammatically incorrect.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Bad cultural priorities. We are constantly told to admire "modernist" authors who are no native speakers and whose "modernist experimentation" is just a way to conceal the fact that - to put it brutally - they couldn't write anything near Gaeltacht Irish to save their lives. At the same time, there are excellent writers of popular fiction whose novels have never been reprinted since their first publication back in the fifties or sixties. In the nineties, Cló Iar-Chonnacht rediscovered and reprinted <em>Máire Nic Artáin</em>, which is a linguistically superb novel about a Catholic girl falling in love with a Protestant boy in Belfast. When I read it for the first time, I was completely lost for words: how was it possible that such a book hadn't been reprinted for almost forty years, while everybody had been kvetching about how there are no books for young people in the language? For Chrissake, if people like me read Joan Lingard's Kevin and Sadie novels with interest in Finland when young, how is it possible that young Irish people wouldn't read <em>Máire Nic Artáin</em>? And it's not the only example. Seán Ó Mulláin's swashbuckling historical novels about the Ryan family are still waiting to be reprinted. So is Mícheál Ó hOdhráin's <em>Cine Cróga</em>.</span></li>
</ul>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-10269912674665978992018-12-30T06:02:00.003-08:002018-12-30T06:06:13.795-08:00A quick and dirty guide to Irish prepositions<strong><span style="font-size: large;">"THE USUAL RULES":</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The "usual rules" of initial mutation after the combination of a simple preposition and a following definite article:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">To start with, note that a plural noun preceded by a simple preposition and a definite article follows the same rules as when it is preceded just by a definite article: i.e. a consonant does not change, but a vowel takes a h-: <em>ar na fir, ag na mná, leis na héanacha</em> (similarly: <em>na fir, na mná, na héanacha</em>)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">All the difficulties are, thus, in the singular.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The basic rule is, that the noun is eclipsed: <em>ar an bhfear, ag an mbean</em>. A vowel is not affected (but the t- before a masculine noun beginning with a vowel is dropped: <em>an t-éan</em>, but <em>leis an éan</em>).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">However, initial t- and d- are not eclipsed: <em>ag an doras, ag an tine</em> (such forms as <em>ag an ndoras, ag an dtine </em>are Kerry Irish).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">As an alternative, the Ulster way of leniting the noun instead is allowed in the caighdeán: <em>ag an fhear, ag an bhean</em>.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">In standard Irish, the initial lenitable s- (s + vowel, sn-, sl-, sr-) behaves in the same way as if there was no preposition, i.e. if the noun is masculine, it is not affected (<em>ar an saol</em>), but if it is feminine, the s- turns into a t-, written ts- (<em>ar an tsráid</em>). However, in Ulster, no difference between genders is observed here (<em>ar an tsaol, ar an tsráid</em>).</span></li>
</ul>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">AG</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Followed by the "dative case" (which is today for the most part equal to the nominative case, i.e. the dictionary form). When used before an article + a noun, the usual rules of eclipsis/lenition etc. apply.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><em><br /></em></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>Aigesna </em>rather than <em>ag na </em>in plural is typically Munster Irish.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Personal forms: agam, agat, aige, aici, againn, agaibh, acu.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Before nouns with no article: ag does not affect the first sound in any way.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Main meanings of <em>ag:</em></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">at (in the concrete locational sense): <em>tá sé ina sheasamh ag an doras</em> "he is standing at the door"</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><em>chez</em>, in somebody's home</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">at an occasion</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">in somebody's possession: <em>tá gluaisteán agam </em>"I have a car/an automobile"</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: large;">Note: The widespread habit of using <em>le </em>in the sense of "in somebody's home" is an Anglicism. Due to the fact that English does not have a preposition corresponding to Irish <em>ag</em>, German <em>bei</em>, or Swedish <em>hos</em>, <em>with </em>is used in English. But in Irish, if you are "staying with" somebody, you should use <em>ag </em>for translating "with".</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">AR</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Followed by the "dative case" (which is today for the most part equal to the nominative case, i.e. the dictionary form). When used before an article + a noun, the usual rules of eclipsis/lenition apply.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Personal forms: orm, ort, air, uirthi, orainn, oraibh, orthu.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Before nouns with no article: The main rule is, that it lenites. However, when it refers rather to the abstract state than to the concrete position, the lenition is omitted: <em>ar muin chapaill </em>(on horseback) vs. <em>ar mhuin an chapaill áirithe seo </em>(on the back of this particular horse). Note:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><em><br /></em></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>ar dhóigh </em>"in a way" vs. <em>ar dóigh </em>"excellent" (But note <em>ar fheabhas </em>"excellent", which is an exception of the exception). </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">There is, of course (!), even <em>ar ndóigh </em>"of course". (And speaking of <em>ar </em>+ eclipsis, remember also <em>ar gcúl</em>. This kind of irregular eclipsis after <em>ar </em>is probably due to the fact that the <em>ar </em>we now have is a merger of several prepositions, one of them <em>iar </em>"after", which used to eclipse the noun.)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><em><br /></em></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>ar shiúl </em>"away, gone" vs. <em>ar siúl </em>"happening, going on"</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><em><br /></em></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>ar tarraingt </em>"in traction" (when you lie with a broken bone in a hospital)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><em><br /></em></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>ar fionraí </em>"suspended"</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><em><br /></em></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>ar cois </em>"happening, going on"</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><em><br /></em></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>ar obair </em>"happening, going on, proceeding"</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><em><br /></em></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>ar dalladh </em>"intensely"</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><em><br /></em></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>ar fheabhas </em>"excellent". This is an irregularity, because in exact this kind of expressions you would expect no lenition of the <em>f-</em>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Main meanings of <em>ar</em>:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">on, upon (in the most concrete sense): <em>ar an urlár </em>"on the floor"</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">for a price: <em>cheannaigh mé ar ocht bpunt é </em>"I bought it for eight pounds"</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">in a relative position: <em>tá sé ar an bhfear is fearr </em>"he is the best man"</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">under the authority of someone: <em>tá Nearó ina Impire ar an Róimh </em>"Nero is the Emperor of Rome"</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">affected by emotion or disease: <em>tá tuirse orm, tá fearg orm, tá slaghdán orm, tá tinneas cinn orm</em></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">"about" in the sense of "talking about something". This usage, however, is more connected with particular verbs and phrases than that of <em>faoi</em>. (Compare Irish <em>trácht <strong>ar </strong>rud </em>and English "to remark <strong>upon</strong> something".)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">"Down upon" referring to aggression and attack is in Irish <em>anuas ar</em>.</span></li>
</ul>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">AS</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Followed by the "dative case" (which is today for the most part equal to the nominative case, i.e. the dictionary form). Before an article + a noun, the usual rules apply.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Personal forms: asam, asat, as, aisti, asainn, asaibh, astu.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Before nouns with no article: they are not affected at all. In Kerry, <em>as </em>does lenite, but this is heavily dialectal, and speakers of other dialects might find it out and out wrong. In Cork Irish, at least in Cape Clear, the historically correct form <em>a </em>is used instead (<em>as </em>being only the third person masculine singular form) - it does not affect a consonant, but adds a h- to a vowel.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Main meanings of <em>as:</em></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">out of; from among; from; away from</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">emanating from (smells, for instance)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">material, medium: <em>rud a ní as uisce; labhairt as Gaeilge</em></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">in payment for: <em>d'íoc mé deich bpunt as na hearraí </em>"I paid ten pounds for the goods"</span></li>
</ul>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">CHUIG</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Followed by the "dative case" (see above). Before an article + a noun, the usual rules apply.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Personal forms: chugam, chugat, chuige, chuici, chugainn, chugaibh, chucu.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Before nouns without article: they are not affected at all.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Main meanings of <em>chuig: </em>to, towards.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Note: <em>ag </em>is in dialects often used instead of chuig.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">CHUN</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Followed by the genitive case. The usual genitive rules apply. Note though, that when <em>chun </em>precedes an articleless noun which is followed by a definite genitive, that articleless noun can be declined in genitive too: <em>leas ár dtíre </em>"the interest/greater good of our country", <em>chun leasa ár dtíre </em>"to the greater good of our country".</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Personal forms; the same as for <em>chuig</em>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Main meanings:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">to, towards</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">to a conclusion, to an effect</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">for a purpose</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: large;">Note the older forms <em>chum, do-chum</em>, which you might encounter in texts printed in Gaelic type and spelled according to the old orthography.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">DE</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Followed by the dative case (see above). Before an article + a noun, it lenites where applicable, and turns a lenitable s- into a t- (but written ts-). Lenites nouns without an article.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Personal forms: díom, díot, de, di, dínn, díbh, díobh. The initial d- is often lenited (dh-).</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Main meanings:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">from, off: <em>rud a bhaint de dhuine </em>"to take a thing away from somebody", <em>stad sé den obair </em>"he stopped working"</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">attached to, sticking to: <em>cheangail mé an rópa den bhád </em>"I bound, attached, the rope to the boat"; <em>cheangail mé an dá bhád dá chéile le rópa </em>"I tied the two boats to each other with a rope"</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: large;">Note: non-natives often use <em>le </em>to refer to what something is attached or bound to. This is wrong. In Irish you always use <em>de </em>for this. <em>Le </em>refers to whatever you use for tying them together. Thus, you tie the boats <em>de </em>each other <em>le </em>a rope.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Another note: it is quite common as dialects go to conflate <em>de </em>and <em>do </em>into one preposition, or to use <em>do </em>where you'd expect <em>de</em>. Remember this when you read native texts with Ó Donaill's dictionary.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><em><br /></em></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>Desna </em>rather than <em>de na </em>in plural is Munster Irish.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">DO</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Initial mutations as after <em>de</em>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Personal forms: dom, duit, dó, di, dúinn, daoibh, dóibh. The initial d- is often lenited (dh-).</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Main meanings:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">To, i.e. when giving something to someone: <em>tabhair dom an bréagán sin </em>"give me that toy".</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">To a place (although for this I'd mostly prefer <em>go dtí</em>)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">For (intended for someones use; to the benefit of; etc.)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">In certain verbal noun constructions, it refers to the agent of the verbal noun: <em>i ndiaidh dom teacht abhaile/ar theacht abhaile dom </em>"when I had come home"</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>Dosna </em>rather than <em>do na </em>is Munster Irish.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">FAOI</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Lenites a noun that follows it directly. The usual rules apply to the combination of preposition + article.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Personal forms: fúm, fút, faoi, fúithi, fúinn, fúibh, fúthu.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Main meanings:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Under, beneath.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">About, around; also "about" in the sense of talking about something.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: large;">An Ulster acquaintance of mine suggested that there was a division of meaning between <em>fá </em>"about" and <em>faoi </em>"under, beneath" in Ulster dialect. This is possible, but my impression is that the choice of <em>faoi, fá, fé, fó </em>in older texts mostly depends of the phonetic environment, i.e. the vowels of the surrounding nouns (this would account for the form <em>fó </em>in the expression <em>an Tír fó Thoinn </em>"the land beneath the wave", a mythological underwater otherworld; the expression has also, probably facetiously, been used for the Netherlands).</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><em><br /></em></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>Fé </em>is a common spelling variant in Munster. <em>Fésna </em>instead of <em>faoi na</em> is Munster dialect.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">I</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Eclipses a noun that follows it directly (<em>i dteach</em>). Becomes <em>in </em>before a vowel. In the standard language, the combination <em>i + </em><em>an </em>(<em>ins an</em>, now commonly written <em>sa, san</em>) lenites; in Connemara, though, it is assimilated to the "usual rules" (<em>sa mbád </em>rather than <em>sa bhád</em>). In plural, <em>i + na </em>becomes <em>ins na </em>(now commonly written <em>sna</em>).</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><em><br /></em></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>Sa </em>in plural is Munster dialect.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Personal forms: ionam, ionat, ann, inti, ionainn, ionaibh, iontu.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Main meanings:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">In, inside: <em>sa teach</em></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">In a position: <em>i gceannas ar na saighdiúirí</em></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Innate capacities: <em>tá comhábhair an cheoltóra mhaith ann </em></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Role: <em>tá mé i mo mhúinteoir</em></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Accusation, guilt: <em>tá sé á chúiseamh</em><em> i ndúnmharú; fuarthas ciontach i ndúnmharú é</em></span></li>
</ul>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">LE</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">According to the standard language, it should affix a h- to a following vowel. Combines with the article to yield <em>leis an </em>in singular, <em>leis na </em>in plural. <em>Leis an </em>follows the usual rules.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Personal forms: liom, leat, leis, léi, linn, libh, leo.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Main meanings:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">with</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">towards, facing</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">often used with verbs of interaction, transaction: <em>labhair sé liom</em> "he spoke with/to me"; <em>dhíol sé a sheancharr liom </em>"he sold his old car to me"</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">with <em>is </em>it refers to ownership: <em>is liom an carr úd</em> "that car over there is mine". Note the difference: <em>tá carr agam </em>"I have a car", but <em>is liom an carr </em>"the car belongs to me".</span></li>
</ul>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">Ó</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The usual rules apply when followed by an article. When it precedes an articleless noun, it lenites. <em>Ósna </em>in plural is Munster dialect: <em>ó na </em>is standard.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Personal forms: uaim, uait, uaidh, uaithi, uainn, uaibh, uathu.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Main meanings:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">from (from a place, from a person, from a limit, from a root cause, away from someone)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">since (a point of time)</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">TRÍ</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Becomes <em>tríd </em>before <em>an</em>. (Oops! All these years I have happily written it as <em>tríd </em>even before plural <em>na</em>!) It tends to be permanently lenited (<em>thrí</em>) and you do see the form <em>tríd </em>even before a noun without an article (this is dialectal though).</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">It's the usual rules before an article. Before a noun without an article, <em>trí</em> lenites.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Personal forms: tríom, tríot, tríd, tríthi, trínn, tríobh, triothu.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Main meanings of <em>trí:</em></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">through: <em>tríd an bhfuinneog, tríd an doras</em></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">by doing something, by using something, by doing something in a way: <em>rinne sé an t-aireagán trí mhiontaighde </em>"he made the invention by minutious research"</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">through the medium of: <em>ag múineadh </em><em>trí Ghaeilge</em></span></li>
</ul>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">UM</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">This preposition is only ever used in Cork Irish (well, probably sometimes in Kerry before names of holidays) and in legalese. I confess I have no exact idea what it means, but it follows the usual rules when it comes before an article. Before a naked noun, it lenites, with the exception of labial consonants (b, m, p). For main meanings, consult the online Ó Donaill dictionary. - OK, fine, I am pulling your leg. It usually means "about, around", and it is often used with temporal nouns: <em>um an dtaca so </em>(yes, it is definitely a Munster preposition, so <em>um an </em>eclipses the t's and the d's!), <em>um an gCáisc, um an Nollaig</em>. In legalese, it refers to what a law or an act is about: <em>an tAcht um Theascadh na mBod Rófhada </em>"the Too Long Penises Amputating Act".</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">It has the personal forms umam, umat, uime, uimpi, umainn, umaibh, umpu. However, one of my readers pointed out on Twitter that she had never seen these forms before. They are hardly ever used anywhere else than in the native literature of Co. Cork; a book where you could expect to see them is Dónall Bán Ó Céileachair's <em>Scéal mo Bheatha</em>. And of course in Peadar Ua Laoghaire's books. In fact, I reckon this otherwise very marginal and dialectal preposition became part of modern Irish legalese only because Ua Laoghaire with <em>Séadna </em>and his other books was so influential in the early years of the revival of Irish.</span><br />
<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">ROIMH</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Lenites naked nouns, but follows the usual rules with articles. The form <em>roimis an...</em> rather than <em>roimh an...</em> is Munster Irish. Also in Munster Irish, you might see genitive forms after <em>roimh.</em></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Personal forms: romham, romhat, roimhe, roimpi, romhainn, romhaibh, rompu.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Main meanings:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">before (in a temporal sense): <em>roimh an Nollaig, roimh an gCáisc</em></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">before (in an order of preference, arrival, prestige etc.), ahead of: <em>tháinig siad abhaile romhainn</em></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">waiting for someone: <em>nuair a thuirling an t-eitleán i mBaile Átha Cliath, bhí cuid mhór de lucht ár leanúna ansin romhainn</em></span></li>
</ul>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">THAR</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Lenites naked nouns, except in sayings of a general meaning (<em>thar barr, thar muir, thar bord, thar claí, thar smacht, thar sáile</em>); the usual rules apply before a definite article.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Personal forms: tharam, tharat, thairis, thairsti, tharainn, tharaibh, tharstu.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Main meanings:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">over, across, to the other side of something: <em>chuaigh Seán thar sáile agus bhunaigh sé gnó ríomhaireachta i San Francisco</em></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">over, above: <em>chuaigh an t-uisce thar an gcloigeann air agus bádh é</em></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">going or getting by or past something: <em>chuaigh siad tharainn agus an choiscéim ghasta sin fúthu</em></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">beyond: <em>chuaigh na páistí thar smacht ar an múinteoir bocht</em></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">in preference to: <em>roghnaigh mé an ceann maith thar an drochcheann</em></span></li>
</ul>
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">IDIR</span></strong><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">I have always had this idea that when it means "between", it does not lenite the following noun, while when it means "among", it does. However, Ó Donaill tells us that it basically lenites, with the exception of certain phrases. Whatever. It does not affect a noun preceded by article, so no "usual rules" there.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>Eadar </em>is a common variant spelling, typical of Ulster writers.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It has personal forms only in plural: eadrainn, eadraibh, eatarthu. These are only used alone. If idir is followed by two pronouns, those are kept: <em>idir sinn agus iad, idir sibh agus sinn</em>, and so on. There is one book - <em>An Fhiannuidheacht </em>by Cormac Ó Cadhlaigh - where you see stuff like <em>eadrainn agus iad </em>rather than <em>idir sinn agus iad</em>. The book is otherwise written in a rather commonplace Munster Irish for the most part, so I don't know whether this is an archaism or a hypercorrection.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Main meanings:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">between</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">both (...and)</span></li>
</ul>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-80408814103629355992018-12-30T05:58:00.000-08:002018-12-30T05:58:02.187-08:00An unfinished science encyclopaedia in Irish<span style="font-size: large;">Seo ciclipéid eile a rinne mé iarracht a chur i dtoll le chéile. Níl mé cinnte an éireoidh liom í a chríochnú, ach is dócha gur féidir libh sult agus tairbhe a bhaint aisti.</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>achtainiam</b> (an t-achtainiam, an achtainiam) - Is é an t-achtainiam (Ac) dúil cheimiceach uimhir a 89. Dúil radaighníomhach é, is é sin, níl ach iseatóip radaighníomhacha aige. Miotal é agus loinnir an airgid ghil ann. Ceann de na miotail trasdultacha é, agus is í an uimhir ocsaídiúcháin is minice a bhíos aige ina chuid comhdhúl ná +3. Is é an t-iseatóp is fadsaolaí dá bhfuil aige ná achtainiam a 227, agus é beagnach aon mhíle is fiche de bhlianta ar leathré. Bíonn iarsmaí beaga achtainiam ar fáil sna mianraí úráiniam. Baintear úsáid as achtainiam mar fhoinse radaíochta chomh radaighníomhach agus atá sé. Mar shampla, is féidir cealla ailse a mharú le radaíocht an achtainiam.</span></span></div>
<div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>achtainíd</b> (an achtainíd, na hachtainíde, na hachtainídí, na n-achtainídí) nó <b>achtanóideach</b> (an t-achtanóideach, an achtanóidigh, na hachtanóidigh, na n-achtanóideach) - Is iad na hachtainídí nó na hachtanóidigh an t-achtainiam agus an ceithre dhúil déag a thagas ar a lorg i dtábla peiriadach na ndúl: an tóiriam, an prótachtainiam, an t-úráiniam, an neiptiúiniam, an plútóiniam, an t-ameiriciam, an ciúiriam, an beircéiliam, an calafoirniam, an t-éinstéiniam, an feirmiam, an meindiléiviam, an nóbailiam agus an láirinciam. Níl ach iseatóip radaighníomhacha ag na dúile seo, agus cuid acu bíonn leathré a n-iseatóp chomh gairid is nach féidir mórán taighde a dhéanamh ar shaintréithe ceimiceacha na ndúl féin. Ón taobh eile de, tá cuid acu ar fáil sa dúlra féin, agus iseatóip an-fhadsaolacha acu, an t-úráiniam agus an tóiriam ach go háirithe. Is é an cineál meath radaighníomhach is tipiciúla a thagas orthu ná an t-alfa-mheath.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>acnód</b> (an t-acnód, an acnóid, na hacnóid, na n-acnód): San ailgéabar, úsáidtear cuair nó graif leis na luachanna a léiriú a shásas cothromóid áirithe. Má shásann luach áirithe an chothromóid cé nach bhfuil sé suite ar an gcuar, déarfaimid gur acnód atá ann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>acroiléin</b> (an acroiléin, na hacroiléine) nó <b>próipéanal</b> (an próipéanal, an phróipéanail) – Is í an acroiléin an t-aildéad is simplí ina bhfuil nasc dúbailte idir dhá adamh carbóin. CH<sub>2</sub>=CH-C(H)O an fhoirmle. Baintear leas aisti mar amhábhar sa tionsclaíocht lena lán ceimiceán úsáideach a tháirgeadh, ach is nimh í féin a bhfuil drochbholadh aisti. Substaint ghreannach í a dhéanas dochar do na scamhóga.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>adainín</b> (an t-adainín, an adainín) - Bun bithcheimiceach é an t-adainín, agus é ardtábhachtach mar bhloc tógála in orgánach an duine. Tá sé de dhíth le móilíní na n-aigéad núicléasach (an t-aigéad ribeanúicléasach agus an t-aigéad dí-ocsairibeanúicléasach) a chur i dtoll le chéile. Thairis sin, nuair a rachas an t-adainín i gcoimpléasc leis an dá vitimín úd ribeaflaivin agus niaicin, gheofar comheinsímí tábhachtacha a bhfuil feidhmeanna éagsúla acu sa mheitibileacht.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>adamh</b> (an t-adamh, an adaimh, na hadaimh, na n-adamh) - Is é an t-adamh an t-aonad is lú d'aon dúil cheimiceach. Tá núicléas san adamh agus é comhdhéanta as núicléóin, is é sin, prótóin agus neodróin. Is ionann, a bheag nó a mhór, meáchan an phrótóin agus an neodróin. Timpeall an núicléis atá an néal leictreon, agus é comhdhéanta as leictreoin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is gnách a rá go bhfuil na leictreoin ag timpeallú an núicléis, ach is simpliúchán é sin, ós rud é nach ionann dlíthe fisiceacha na gluaiseachta ag rudaí chomh beag bídeach leis an leictreon agus ag rudaí ar aon mhéid leis an duine. Is fearr leis na fisiceoirí a rá go bhfuil an leictreon le fáil timpeall an núicléis de réir dóchúlacht áirithe, agus an dóchúlacht seo ag dul i laghad ag imeacht ón núicléas i dtreo na héigríche. Ón taobh eile de is féidir réigiúin áirithe a aithint timpeall an núicléis ina sroicheann an dóchúlacht sin luachanna an-arda. Is iad na réigiúin sin an néal leictreon.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Nuair a dúirt mé ”réigiúin”, san uimhir iolra, thug mé le fios go bhfuil níos mó ná aon réigiún amháin ann - is é sin, go bhfuil struchtúr inmheánach ag an néal leictreon. Is féidir a rá go bhfuil leictreonscealla éagsúla san adamh, agus go bhfuil leibhéil éagsúla fuinnimh - fo-scealla, mar a déarfá - taobh istigh de na scealla. Ansin, taobh istigh de gach leibhéal fuinnimh atá na fithiseáin adamhacha. Is éard is fithiseán adamhach ann ná cuid den néal leictreon ina bhfuil áit, nó ”lóistín”, do leictreondís amháin - is é sin, dhá leictreon a sáraíonn a nguairne a chéile.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Maidir leis an nguairne, is airí í is deacair a mhíniú, ach is í is cúis leis go bhfuil móimint dhépholach mhaighnéadach ag an leictreon - is é sin, gur maighnéad beag é an leictreon. De ghnáth, is iad na luchtanna leictreacha atá ag gluaiseacht a chruthaíos maighnéadas, agus le maighnéadas an leictreoin a mhíniú, caithfidh muid a phostaláidiú - is é sin, caithfidh muid glacadh leis mar aicsím, gan chruthú gan mhíniú - go bhfuil an leictreon á iompar, ar bhealaí áirithe, mar a bheadh sé ag rothlú ar a ais. Guairne a thugtar ar an ”rothlú” seo. Ní mór áfach cuimhne a choinneáil air nach ionann guairne an leictreoin agus rothlú aon réad infheicthe ó thaobh na matamaitice is na fisice de, chomh difriúil is atá na dlíthe nádúrtha ar leibhéal na mbuncháithníní agus ar leibhéal na rudaí macrascópacha. Má thugaimid ”rothlú” ar an nguairne, níl ann ach meafar leis an airí áirithe seo a dhéanamh níos intuigthe.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Úsáidtear candamuimhreacha le háit an leictreoin sa néal leictreon a shainiú. Deir an phríomh-chandamuimhir (<i>n</i>), cén sceall ar a bhfuil an leictreon. Is iad na luachanna a cheadaítear don phríomh-chandamuimhir ná na slánuimhreacha deimhneacha, is é sin, 1, 2, 3 agus araile. Ansin, tá an chandamuimhir asamatach (<i>l</i>) ann a thugann an fo-sceall ar a bhfuil an leictreon. Is iad na luachanna a cheadaítear don chandamuimhir asamatach ná na slánuimhreacha (an náid san áireamh) atá níos lú ná an phríomh-chandamuimhir: 0, 1, 2, 3,...(<i>n</i>-3), (<i>n</i>-2), (<i>n</i>-1). Más ionann an phríomh-chandamuimhir agus 6, mar sin, is iad na candamuimhreacha asamatacha ná 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 agus 5. An triú candamuimhir, is í an chandamuimhir mhaighnéadach (<i>m</i>) í. Is iad na luachanna a cheadaítear don chandamuimhir mhaighnéadach ná -<i>l</i>...-2, -1, 0, 1, 2,...<i>l</i>, is é sin, na slánuimhreacha ó shéanadh na candamuimhreach maighnéadaí go dtí an chandamuimhir féin. Tugann an chandamuimhir mhaighnéadach le fios cé acu fithiseán ar a bhfuil leictreon áirithe. Cuid den leictreonsceall é an fithiseán ar a bhfuil áit do dhá leictreon, is é sin, d'aon leictreondís amháin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is í an chandamuimhir ghuairneach, nó candamuimhir na guairne, an chandamuimhir dheireanach, agus is iad na luachanna a cheadaítear di ná +½ agus -½. Go bunúsach, tugann sí le fios cé acu den dá leictreon ar an bhfithiseán atá ann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aduaine</b> (an aduaine, na haduaine): I bhfisic na gcáithníní tugtar ”cáithníní aduaine” ar cháithníní áirithe a ghintear go furasta in imbhuailtí na gcáithníní, agus meath ag teacht orthu chomh mall is nach raibh súil ag na fisiceoirí ar dtús. Sa deireadh, shocraigh siad gur airí fhisiceach a bhí i gceist ar bhaist siad ”aduaine” uirthi. Cuarc ar leith, mar atá, an cuarc aduain, is cúis leis an aduaine seo, mar a shíleas na fisiceoirí inniu.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aeólatrópacht</b> - féach <i>ainiseatrópacht</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aeraidinimic</b> (an aeraidinimic, na haeraidinimice): Brainse den dinimic (is é sin, fisic na gluaiseachta) í an aeraidinimic a dhíríos ar ghluaiseacht an aeir agus ar idirghníomhú an aeir le réad atá ag déanamh a bhealaigh tríd an aer. Nuair a deir muid go bhfuil gléas, sás nó réad éigin ”aeraidinimiciúil”, is éard atá i gceist leis ná go bhfuil airíonna maithe aeraidinimice aige – is é sin go bhfuil sé deartha go sruthlínithe agus an t-aer ag dul thart leis gan mórán táimhe.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aeraifisic</b> (an aeraifisic, na haeraifisice): Go bunúsach, brainse innealtóireachta atá i gceist leis an aeraifisic agus é ag dul i muinín na fisice le gléasra aeraidinimiciúla a dhearadh – eitleáin mar shampla. D'fhéadfá innealtóireacht aeraidinimice a thabhairt ar aeraifisic chomh maith.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aerasól</b> (an t-aerasól, an aerasóil, na haerasóil, na n-aerasól): Is éard atá i gceist leis an aerasól sa chiall eolaíoch ná cineál meascán collóideach ina bhfuil cáithníní beaga soladacha nó deora beaga leachta scaipthe ar fud an gháis nó an aeir. Is minic a shíltear gurb ionann aerasól agus ábhar spraeáilte, ach san eolaíocht is coincheap i bhfad níos cuimsithí é: mar shampla, glactar leis na scamaill mar cineál aerasól, ós rud é gur deora beaga uisce atá ann agus iad scaipthe san aer.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aerastat</b> (an t-aerastat, an aerastait, na haerastait, na n-aerastat) – Is éard atá i gceist leis an aerastat ná aerárthach is éadroime ná an t-aer féin – is é sin, aerárthach atá i dtuilleamaí umar buacachta le fanacht ag eitilt. Is éard a bhíos sna humair ná gás éigin is éadroime ná an t-aer – héiliam, go praiticiúil.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá dhá chineál aerastat ann: balúin agus aerlonga.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>An tAerchaidéal</b> (an tAerchaidéal, an Aerchaidéil): Réaltbhuíon é an tAerchaidéal a bhíos le feiceáil dingthe idir an Ceinteár, an Phéist Uisce, Compás an Mhairnéalaigh, agus na Seolta. Níl mórán cuid súl ann mar réaltbhuíon, agus le fírinne ní raibh ann ar dtús ach píosa beag den spéir nár háiríodh mar chuid d'aon réaltbhuíon: i lár na hochtú haoise déag a baisteadh an t-ainm seo air. Antlia an t-ainm Laidine. Níl d'ainm ar an réalta is gile san Aerchaidéal ach Alpha Antliae. Fathachréalta fhlannbhuí atá ann, réalta den chineál K. Tá roinnt réaltraí le haithint san Aerchaidéal fosta, go háirithe NCG 2997. Réaltra bíseach neamhbharrach é.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aereiteog</b> (an aereiteog, na haereiteoige, na haereiteoga, na n-aereiteog): Is ionann go bunúsach an aereiteog agus sciathán an eitleáin mar a fheictear sa trasghearradh é.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aerobach</b> (aidiacht): is ionann é go bunúsach agus aerdhíonach. An coimeádán atá aerobach (nó aer-obach), ní ligeann sé aer isteach ná amach.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aeróbach</b> (aidiacht): an t-orgánach nó an próiseas a bhfuil ocsaigin ag teastáil uaidh, deirimid go bhfuil sé aeróbach. Na baictéir aeróbacha, is baictéir iad nach féidir leo déanamh in uireasa ocsaigine. Sa chiall seo is orgánach aeróbach é an duine freisin, ar ndóigh. Is éard atá i gceist leis an aclaíocht aeróbach (an <b>aeróbaic</b>, mar a thugtar uirthi freisin) ná an cineál aclaíochta a chuireas béim ar an gcleachtadh leanúnach, ar an análú agus ar an meitibileacht aeróbach seachas ar an iarracht thobann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aerthormán</b> (an t-aerthormán, an aerthormáin): Is éard is aerthormán ann ná an tormán a chloistear ar an raidió de dheasca an leictreachais san atmaisféar. Cuireann an t-aerthormán isteach ar na craolacháin aimplitiúidmhodhnaithe, ach go háirithe.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>agáit</b> (an agáit, na hagáite, na hagáití, na n-agáití): Mianra atá ann agus é comhdhéanta as dé-ocsaíd sileacain don chuid is mó. Mianra micricriostalta é, is é sin ní féidir criostail na hagáite a aithint ach faoin micreascóp. Bíonn na hagáití stríopach, agus cuid súl iontu go minic, ionas gur féidir iad a úsáid san ornáidiú.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aibéilít</b> (an aibéilít, na haibéilíte): Cineál ábhar pléascach í an aibéilít atá comhdhéanta as níotráit amóiniam NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> agus as hiodracarbón níotráitithe éigin, cosúil leis an trínítreatolúéin (TNT).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aibsíse</b> (an aibsíse, na haibsíse, na haibsísí, na n-aibsísí): Tugtar aibsíse ar an x san ordphéire (x,y) a chuirtear in iúl le ponc sna comhordanáidí déthoiseacha Cairtéiseacha. Mar sin, is í ais chothrománach na gcomhordanáidí seo, nó an x-ais, an ais ar a socraítear luach na haibsíse. Is í an aibsíse a thaispeánas cé chomh fada is atá an ponc ón nialas ar an x-ais.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aicéataildéad</b> (an t-aicéataildéad, an aicéataildéid): Is é an t-aicéataildéad toradh ocsaídiúcháin an eatánóil (an ghnáthalcóil), agus is é CH<sub>3</sub>CHO a fhoirmle cheimiceach. Is féidir <b>eatánál</b> a thabhairt ar an aicéataildéad freisin, nó sin é an t-ainm oifigiúil córasach a cheap Cumann Idirnáisiúnta na gCeimiceoirí, nó IUPAC, don aicéataildéad, ach is é an t-ainm traidisiúnta is mó a úsáidtear inniu féin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Leacht sho-ghalaithe é an t-aicéataildéad agus boladh láidir as. Tá sé inmheasctha leis an uisce i ngach coibhneas, nó cuireann an t-adamhghrúpa úd -CHO, ar a n-aithnítear na haildéid, go mór le hintuaslagthacht na comhdhúile orgánaí. Níl fiuchphointe an aicéataildéid, +20.2 céim de réir Celsius, ach traidhfilín os cionn ghnáth-theocht an tseomra, agus mar sin, dá mbainfeá don leacht le do mhéar, ghalódh sí le teann teocht do láimhe. Is é -123.5 céim de réir Celsius an leáphointe.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is é an t-aicéataildéad is cúis leis an bpóit a thagas ar an duine i ndiaidh na meisce, nó ocsaídíonn crua-ae an duine an t-alcól go haicéataildéad, agus is í an phóit an nimhiú aicéataildéid is toradh dó seo. Is ar éigean is féidir nimh a thabhairt ar an aicéataildéad sa chiall chúng, ach is féidir gur carcainigin (ábhar ailse) atá ann. Greannaíonn sé na seicne múcasacha agus na scamhóga, agus is truailleán aeir é. Is é an priacal is mó a bhaineas leis, áfach, ná an dóiteán, nó tá sé thar a bheith so-adhainte, díreach cosúil leis an alcól.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Baineann an tionsclaíocht cheimiceach a lán úsáide as an aicéataildéad mar amhábhar do chomhdhúile is casta ná é.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aicéataimíd</b> (an aicéataimíd, na haicéataimíde): Is ionann an aicéataimíd agus aimíd an aigéid aicéitigh. Is é sin, is ionann móilín na haicéataimíde agus an aigéid aicéitigh, ach amháin go bhfuil an t-aimínghrúpa -NH<sub>2</sub> curtha in áit an hiodrocsailghrúpa -OH. CH<sub>3</sub>CONH<sub>2</sub> an fhoirmle cheimiceach mar sin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Solad í an aicéataimíd le gnáth-theocht an tseomra. Is é an leáphointe atá aige ná dhá chéim is ceithre scór (82 chéim) de réir Celsius. Criostail gheala gan dath atá san aicéataimíd agus iad ag ól uisce an aeir chucu – is é sin, deirimid gur criostail thais-scópacha iad. Tá an aicéataimíd sothuaslagtha san uisce, ach níl an dá shubstaint inmheasctha – is é sin ní féidir iad a mheascadh i ngach coibhneas.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Níl fiuchphointe ag an aicéataimíd i gciall cheart an fhocail. Tosóidh sí ag fiuchadh ag teocht dhá chéad dhá chéim is fiche (222 chéim) de réir Celsius, ach nuair a ghalós sí, titfidh na móilíní as a chéile.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ní úsáidtear mórán aicéataimíde sa tionsclaíocht inniu, ach tá tábhacht éigin léi mar phlaisteachán, is é sin, breiseán a chuirtear le plaistigh agus le hábhair shaorga eile le hiad a dhéanamh níos somhúnlaithe – níos plaistí, mar a déarfá.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is ar éigean is féidir a rá gur nimh láidir atá ann, ach tá priacal áirithe ailse ag baint leis an aicéataimíd.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aicéatainilíd</b> (an aicéatainilíd, na haicéatainilíde) – Díorthach de chuid na hanailíne í an aicéatainilíd (le firinne, bheadh sé níos loighciúla <i>aicéatanailíd</i> a thabhairt uirthi, ach anseo, beidh mé ag cloí le moladh téarmaíochta an Choiste, cé nach bhfuil mé róshásta leis). Is ionann móilín na haicéatainilíde agus móilín na haicéataimíde, ach amháin go bhfuil ceann de na hadaimh hidrigine san aimínghrúpa -NH<sub>2</sub> malartaithe ar fháinne aramatach -C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>. Nó, más fearr leat an dearcadh eile, is féidir a rá gur móilín anailíne atá againn ach amháin go bhfuil ceann de na hadaimh hidrigine malartaithe ar aicéitilghrúpa CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)-. Mar sin, is í an fhoirmle struchtúrtha shimplithe atá ag an aicéatainilíd ná CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)-NH-C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Solad í an aicéatainilíd agus boladh so-aitheanta aisti. Is é an leáphointe atá aici ná céad ceithre chéim déag (114) de réir Celsius. Sna laethanta a bhí, bhaintí leas aisti le maolú ar an bhfiabhras agus ar an bpian, ach is é an paraicéiteamól a úsáidtear ina háit inniu, nó fuair na bithcheimiceoirí amach go gclaochlaíonn meitibileacht an duine an aicéatainilíd go paraicéiteamól pé scéal é, agus gurb é an paraicéiteamól an fíorchógas (deirtear gur <i>pródruga</i> í an aicéatainilíd don pharaicéiteamól). Mar sin, is fearr leis na dochtúirí gan bacadh leis an aicéatainilíd ar aon nós, ó nach bhfuil ann ach céim idirmheánach. Thairis sin, dealraíonn sé go mbaineann priacail éagsúla shláinte leis an aicéatainilíd nach bhfuil chomh tromchúiseach céanna ag an bparaicéiteamól.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Baineann an tionsclaíocht cheimiceach úsáid as an aicéatainilíd, i ndéantús ruaimeanna (dathanna) agus cógas ach go háirithe. Is dócha go bhfuil sí níos coitianta mar amhábhar ná mar cheimiceán ann féin sa lá atá inniu ann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Níl an aicéatainilíd intuaslagtha san uisce ach ar éigean. Ní thuaslagtar ach grám amháin, nó níos lú fós, i ndeich lítear uisce.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aicéatáit</b> (an aicéatáit, na haicéatáite, na haicéatáití, na n-aicéatáití): Tugtar aicéatáití ar shalainn an aigéid aicéitigh, agus iad comhdhéanta as iain dheimhneacha de chineál éigin (iain mhiotail go tipiciúil) agus iain aicéatáite CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)O<sup>-</sup>. Is é an t-ian aicéatáite an t-ian diúltach (an t-ainian) a fhreagraíos don aigéad aicéiteach CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)OH, an t-ian is toradh do phrótalú an aigéid sin. Bíonn na haicéatáití sothuaslagtha san uisce.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sa cheimic orgánach, tugtar aicéatáití ar dhíorthaigh eile de chuid an aigéid aicéitigh freisin, eistir ach go háirithe.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is minic a bhíos aicéatáit cheallalóis i gceist acu siúd a thagraíos don ”aicéatáit” sa ghnáthchaint. Nuair a imoibreos an t-aigéad aicéiteach leis an gceallalós, gheofar eistear ar a dtugtar aicéatáit cheallalóis. Ábhar úsáideach í an aicéatáit cheallalóis as a ndéantar scannáin agus snáithíní. Is gnách ”scannán sábháilte” a thabhairt ar scannán atá déanta as aicéatáit cheallalóis, nó roimh theacht na haicéatáite ba é an nítriceallalós amhábhar na scannán, agus mar is léir don eolach ón réimír sin ”nítri-”, ba gheall le hábhar pléascach a bhí ann. Ba é an nítriceallalós ba chúis leis an dóiteán a mharaigh leathchéad duine i nDroim Collachair (Contae Luimnigh) ar an 5 Meán Fómhair 1928, agus níorbh é sin an t-aon tubaiste den chineál seo. Ba mhór an dul chun cinn é nuair a tháinig an scannán aicéatáite in áit an nítriceallalóis.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aicéatal</b> (an t-aicéatal, an aicéatail, na haicéatail, na n-aicéatal): Comhdhúil orgánach é an t-aicéatal ina bhfuil adamh carbóin idir dhá adamh ocsaigine, agus nasc singil ag gach ceann de na hadaimh ocsaigine seo den adamh carbóin sin. Má sheasann R, R', agus R'' d'adamhghrúpaí éagsúla orgánacha, is í an fhoirmle a bheas ag an aicéatal ná R-O-CH(R')-O-R''. Má chuirtear adamhghrúpa orgánach eile fós in áit an adaimh hidrigine úd H, gheofar céatal, ach is é cleachtas Chumann Idirnáisiunta na gCeimiceoirí inniu go ndearctar ar na céatail mar chineál aicéatal.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aicéitifeanón</b> (an t-aicéitifeanón, an aicéitifeanóin): Is é an t-aicéitifeanón an céatón aramatach is simplí atá ann. I móilín an aicéitifeanón tá meitilghrúpa agus fáinne aramatach ceangailte den charbóinilghrúpa: C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>-C(O)-CH<sub>3</sub>. Tá fiuchphointe an aicéitifeanóin suite díreach timpeall ar ghnáth-theocht an tseomra, nó fiche céim de réir Celsius. Is ar éigean is féidir a rá gur nimh é, ach is substaint dhochrach ghreannaitheach é. Bíonn sé le fáil go nádúrtha ina lán cineálacha bia, torthaí go háirithe (úll mar shampla), agus úsáidtear an-chorrdheoir le blas a chur le guma coganta, abair. Sna laethanta a bhí, bhaintí úsáid as i bpiollaí suain fosta.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aicéitil </b>(an aicéitil, na haicéitile): Adamhghrúpa í an aicéitil a gheofar má bhaintear hiodrocsailghrúpa -OH de mhóilín an aigéid aicéitigh CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)OH. Is é is foirmle don aicéitil, mar sin, ná CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)-.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aicéitiléin</b> (an aicéitiléin, na haicéitiléine) nó <b>eitín</b> (an t-eitín, an eitín): Is í an aicéitiléin an ceann is simplí de na hailcíní, is é sin, de na hiodracarbóin shlabhroscailte a bhfuil nasc triarach idir dhá adamh carbóin iontu. Is í foirmle cheimiceach na haicéitiléine ná C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>, nó H-C≡C-H – tá an ceithre adamh suite ar an t-aon líne dhíreach amháin mar sin. Ní féidir leacht a dhéanamh den aicéitiléin leis an ngnáth-aerbhrú, nó néalaíonn sí go díreach ó sholad go gás le teocht ochtó is ceithre chéim Celsius faoin nialas. Tá sí cineál éagobhsaí agus is dual di dul trí thine go fíochmhar. Mar sin baineann an-dainséar léi. Ina dhiaidh sin féin úsáidtear go forleathan sa teicneolaíocht í, go háirithe le miotal a ghearradh is a tháthú.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sna laethanta a bhí ba í an chairbíd chailciam an fhoinse ba tábhachtaí aicéitiléine. Nuair a théifear aol beo (ocsaíd chailciam, CaO) agus cóc (gual, C) le chéile i stuafhoirnéis leictreach, gheofar cairbíd chailciam (CaC<sub>2</sub>) agus aonocsaíd charbóin (CO), mar seo:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">CaO + 3C -> CaC<sub>2</sub> + CO</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ansin hidrealófar an chairbíd, is é sin, cuirfear ag imoibriú le huisce H<sub>2</sub>O í, ionas go bhfaighfear aicéitiléin agus hiodrocsaíd chailciam (aol teilgthe):</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">CaC<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O -> C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> + Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ar na saolta seo, áfach, is í an artola an fhoinse is tábhachtaí aicéitiléine, agus ní bhactar mórán leis an gcóc a thuilleadh. Faightear aicéitiléin nuair a chraiceáiltear an artola, is é sin nuair a bhristear síos na móilíní móra le hidreacarbóin níos éadroime a dhéanamh.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aicéitilíd</b> (an aicéitilíd, na haicéitilíde, na haicéitilídí, na n-aicéitilídí) nó <i>déchairbíd</i><b> </b>(an déchairbíd, na déchairbíde, na déchairbídí, na ndéchairbídí): Sa chiall chúng, is aicéitilídí iad comhdhúile an iain aicéitilíde, C<sub>2</sub><sup>2-</sup>. Tá nasc triarach idir an dá adamh carbóin cosúil leis an móilín nítrigine. Is éard a deirtear ná go bhfuil an t-ian aicéitilíde <i>isileictreonach </i>leis an móilín nítrigine, is é sin, is ionann struchtúr an scamaill leictreonaigh ag an aicéitilíd agus ag an nítrigin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is aicéitilíd í an chairbíd chailciam CaC<sub>2</sub>, mar shampla. Má thagann an chairbíd chailciam i dteagmháil leis an uisce, nó le haigéad éigin, déanfaidh sé aicéitiléin C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>. Sin é an tuige go dtugtar 'aicéitilíd' ar an gcineál seo comhdhúl – is féidir aicéitiléin a dhéanamh astu.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sa chiall fhairsing, tá cineál eile aicéitilídí ann fosta, mar atá, aicéitilídí orgánacha. Sna comhdhúile seo tá adamhghrúpa orgánach éigin – slabhra d'adaimh charbóin go bunúsach – nasctha den ian déchairbíde, ionas nach bhfuil ach aon lucht deimhneach amháin fágtha aige: R-C<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>. Seasann ”R” don adamhghrúpa sin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aicéitiliú, aicéitiliúchán</b> (an t-aicéitiliú, an aicéitilithe, na haicéitilithe, na n-aicéitilithe; an t-aicéitiliúchán, an aicéitiliúcháin, na haicéitiliúcháin, na n-aicéitiliúchán): Cineál imoibriú ceimiceach é an t-aicéitiliú, agus mar is léir ón ainm, is éard a dhéantar san imoibriú ná adamhghrúpa aicéitile, CH<sub>3</sub>CO-, a chur le móilín éigin. Is í an ainhidríd aicéiteach, (CH<sub>3</sub>CO)<sub>2</sub>O, a úsáidtear mar imoibrí san aicéitiliú. Sampla den aicéitiliú é déantús an aigéid aicéitiolsalaiciligh, ar a dtugtar aspairín sa ghnáthchaint: aicéitilítear aigéad salaicileach leis an leigheas úsáideach seo a tháirgiú.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aicéitinitríl</b> (an aicéitinitríl, na haicéitinitríle): Is í an aicéitinitríl an chomhdhúil orgánach ina bhfuil an dá adamhghrúpa úd <i>meitil</i> (CH<sub>3</sub>) agus <i>ciainíd</i> (CN) nasctha dá chéile: CH<sub>3 </sub>CN, mar sin. Is í an nitríl is simplí dá bhfuil ann (is é sin mura dtugtar aitheantas don chiainíd hidrigine, is é sin an t-aigéad prúiseach HCN, mar nitríl). Leacht gan dath atá ann le teocht an tseomra.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Úsáidtear aicéitinitríl mar thuaslagóir ach go háirithe. Ní féidir a rá go mbeadh sí in aon ghaobhair do bheith chomh dainséarach leis an gciainíd hidrigine nó leis an ian ciainíde, nó tá an nasc idir an dá adamh carbóin sa mhóilín cuíosach láidir. Mar sin tá dáileog mharfach na haicéitinitríle sách ard.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aicéitiolaicéatón</b> (an t-aicéitiolaicéatón, an aicéitiolaicéatóin), nó <b>peantáin-2,4-dé-ón</b> (an peantáin-2,4-dé-ón, an pheantáin-2,4-dé-óin) – Déchéatón é an t-aicéitiolaicéatón ina bhfuil slabhra cúig adamh carbóin. Is í an fhoirmle cheimiceach ná CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)CH<sub>2</sub>C(O)CH<sub>3</sub> – úsáidtear na lúibíní lena chur in iúl go bhfuil na hadaimh ocsaigine ag gobadh amach ón slabhra carbóin, is é sin nach bhfuil siad ina ndroichid idir na hadaimh charbóin. D'fhéadfá a shamhlú gur thóg muid móilín aicéatóin CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)CH<sub>3</sub> agus gur chuir muid adamhghrúpa aicéitile CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)- in áit ceann de na hadaimh hidrigine. Sin é an fáth go dtugtar ”aicéitiolaicéatón” ar an tsubstaint seo.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sampla den tátaiméireacht é an t-aicéitiolaicéatón, is é sin, tá dhá chineál móilíní i ngach eiseamal den aicéitiolaicéatón nach ionann a struchtúr. Ní isiméirí i gciall chúng an téarma sin an dá leagan sin, nó má dhéanann tú iarracht iad a aonrú ó chéile, tosóidh leagan amháin ag claochlú go leagan eile, go dtí go mbainfidh an meascán amach a sheanchothromaíocht. An cineál seo isiméirí nach féidir a scaradh ó chéile is gnách tátaiméirí a thabhairt orthu. An fhoirmle a thug mé thuas níl sé bunaithe ach ar thátaiméir amháin, an leagan céatónach.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">An tátaiméir eile, tugtar leagan eanólach uirthi. Is éard is brí le heanól ná comhdhúil cheimiceach ina bhfuil nasc dúbailte idir dhá adamh carbóin, agus feidhmghrúpa hiodrocsaile -OH ceangailte de cheann acu. Ní bhíonn na heanóil cobhsaí, ach is minic a bhíos baint thátaiméireach acu le haildéad nó le céatón éigin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is féidir foirmle an eanóil a thabhairt mar CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)CH=CH(OH)-CH<sub>3</sub>, ach is ar éigean is féidir a rá gur cur síos cruinn í ar struchtúr na tátaiméire seo. Le fírinne, tá adamh hidrigine na ”hiodraicsile” sin suite idir an dá adamh ocsaigine agus cineál leathnasc aige den dá cheann acu – is é sin ní féidir a rá go mbeadh sé nasctha do cheann acu thar an gceann eile. Is é is impleacht dó seo go bhfuil nasc an adaimh sin den mhóilín go léir cuíosach sobhriste, agus gur féidir leis an eanól ian hidrigine a thabhairt uaidh – is é sin, prótalú a dhéanamh, nó gnó an aigéid a dhéanamh.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Úsáidtear aicéitiolaicéatón mar amhábhar i sintéis a lán drugaí agus substaintí eile a tháirgtear sa tionsclaíocht cheimiceach.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ní féidir a rá gur nimh láidir a bheadh san aicéitiolaicéatón, ach greannaíonn sé na scamhóga agus na seicne múcasacha, agus mar sin, is substaint dhíobhálach é. Má fhanann tú nochta don aicéitiolaicéatón ar feadh tréimhsí fada, is féidir dó dochar a dhéanamh do do chuid néaróg fosta.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aicme speictreach</b> (an aicme speictreach, na haicme speictrí, na haicmí speictreacha, na n-aicmí speictreacha) – Catagóir í an aicme speictreach a úsáideas na réalteolaithe leis na réaltaí a rangú. Is é córas Harvard an t-aicmiú is coitianta, agus is iad na haicmí atá ann ná O, B, A, F, G, K, M, L, T, agus Y – le cuimhne a choinneáil ar na litreacha seo, is gnách an abairt Bhéarla <i>”oh, be a fine girl, kiss me, love you too” </i>a fhoghlaim de ghlanmheabhair.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tugtar ”aicmí speictreacha” ar na haicmí seo, nó is féidir leis na réalteolaithe a lán a aithint ar speictream an réalta – ar na dathanna ina cuid solais. Is iad na réaltaí gorma nó bánghorma (O, B, A) na réaltaí is teo, agus is iad is sciobtha a spíonfas a gcuid hidrigine. Réaltaí bána iad na réaltaí F-aicme. Tá an Ghrian seo againn le fáil san aicme G, in éineacht leis na réaltaí bánbhuí eile. Réaltaí flannbhuí iad na réaltaí K. Maidir leis na haicmí is fuaire amuigh, is abhacréaltaí dearga (M), donndearga (L) nó donna (T) iad: tá siad ag dul chun dorchadais de réir a chéile, go dtí go n-iompóidh siad ina n-abhacréaltaí dubha (Y).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Réaltaí O-aicme iad, mar shampla, Meissa, Alnitak agus Mintaka sa Bhodach.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Réaltaí B-aicme iad Bellatrix, Saiph, Alnilam agus Rigel sa Bhodach, Achernar san Abhainn, Regulus sa Leon, agus Spica sa Mhaighdean.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Réaltaí A-aicme iad Sirius sa Mhadra Mhór, Deneb san Eala, Altair san Iolar agus Vega sa Lir.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Réaltaí F-aicme iad an Réalta Pholach sa Bhéar Bheag, Canopus sa Chíle, agus Procyon sa Mhadra Bheag.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mar a chonaic muid thuas, réalta G-aicme í an Ghrian. Réaltaí eile den chineál seo iad Tau Ceti sa Mhíol Mhór, Capella san Ara, agus Alpha Centauri A sa Cheinteár.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Réaltaí K-aicme iad Arcturus san Aoire agus Aldebaran sa Tarbh, ar fathachréaltaí iad, agus Alpha Centauri B sa Cheantár, ar réalta de chuid an phríomhsheichimh é.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Réaltaí M-aicme iad na hollfhathaigh Betelgeuse sa Bhodach agus Antares sa Scairp, an ”gnáthfhathach” Rasalgethi in Earcail, agus na habhacréaltaí Proxima Centauri sa Cheantár agus Réalta Barnard i bhFear na bPéisteanna.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aicrilinitríl</b> (an aicrilinitríl, na haicrilinitríle) – Comhdhúil cheimiceach í an aicrilinitríl a bhfuil a móilín comhdhéanta as grúpa vinile CH<sub>2</sub>=CH- agus as grúpa nitríle nó ciainíde -CN – is é sin, CH<sub>2</sub>=CH-CN. Is í an aicrilinitríl an ceann is simplí de na nitrílí neamhsháithithe. Úsáidtear aicrilinitríl mar amhábhar do phlaistigh agus do shnáithíní saorga, nó is dual don aicrilinitríl polaiméirí a dhéanamh.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Leacht gan dath í an aicrilinitríl go bunúsach, ach is minic a bhíos eiseamail aicrilinitríle buí le truailleáin. Tá leáphointe na haicrilinitríle suite ceithre chéim is ceithre scór taobh thíos den nialas de réir Celsius (-84°C), agus an fiuchphointe seacht gcéim déag is trí scór os cionn an nialais (77°C).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Nimh í an aicrilinitríl, agus má chuirtear in aice le lasair oscailte í rachaidh sí trí thine. Dealraíonn sé go bhful priacal áirithe ailse ag baint léi chomh maith.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aidiabatach</b>: Nuair atá próiseas ceimiceach nó fisiceach ag titim amach taobh istigh de chóras nach bhfuil ag ól teasa chuige óna thimpeallacht ná á thál uaidh, deirimid gur próiseas aidiabatach atá i gceist.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aidiaiteirmeach</b>: Nuair atá próiseas ceimiceach nó fisiceach ag titim amach gan teas a ól chuige óna thimpeallacht, deirimid gur próiseas aidiaiteirmeach é. Ní próiseas aidiabatach é gach próiseas aidiaiteirmeach, ach is próiseas aidiaiteirmeach é gach próiseas aidiabatach.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad</b> (an t-aigéad, an aigéid; na haigéid, na haigéid) - Is éard atá i gceist leis an aigéad ná substaint atá in ann bun (comhdhúil alcaileach) a neodrú. Is ionann sin is a rá go bhfuil an t-aigéad in ann ian hidrigine, nó prótón, a thabhairt uaidh, prótón a nglacfaidh an bun leis, ós rud é go bhfuil leictreondís ag an mbun le haghaidh an phrótóin sin. Is féidir a rá gurb ionann aigéad agus deontóir prótóin, mar sin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá an t-ian hidrigine an-eisceachtúil mar ian, nó má bhaintear an t-aon leictreon den adamh hidrigine, ní fhágfar ach an núicléas lom – an prótón lom, go bunúsach – ina bhfuil an lucht leictreach comhchruinnithe i réigiún i bhfad níos lú ná in aon ian eile. Mar sin ní dual don ian hidrigine maireachtáil i ngnáth-thimpeallacht cheimiceach gan iasacht na leictreondíse a fháil ó mhóilín éigin. Má thuaslagtar aigéad san uisce, is iad na móilíní uisce a dhéanfas gnó an bhuin agus a ghlacfas na prótóin ó na móilíní aigéid. Is é is toradh don phróiseas seo – <i>prótalú</i>, mar a thugtar air – ná ian ocsóiniam (nó ian hiodrocsóiniam), H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>. Ní bun láidir é an t-uisce: d'fhéadfá a rá nach nglacann sé leis an bprótón ach faoi bhrú. Mar sin, is aigéad láidir é an t-ian ocsóiniam féin, nó b'fhearr leisean an prótón a thabhairt uaidh arís le hiompú ina ghnáthmhóilín uisce H<sub>2</sub>O.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">De ghnáth, bíonn na haigéid in ann miotail a chreimeadh, nó cuireann an miotal ruaigeadh ar an hidrigin i móilín an aigéid le dul ina háit. Is é is toradh don imoibriúchán seo ná salann, is é sin, comhdhúil idir ian deimhneach an mhiotail agus an t-ian diúltach (an t-ainian) a fhágfar de mhóilín an aigéid nuair a imeos an hidrigin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mar sin, is ocsaídeoirí iad na haigéid, ó tá siad in ann miotail a chlaochlú - a ocsaídiú - go hiain dheimhneacha. Ní hionann sin is a rá go mbeadh gach aigéad in ann gach miotal a ocsaídiú. Na miotail atá níos uaisle ná an hidrigin - is é sin, na miotail a bhfuil póitéinseal leictreach a n-ocsaídithe níos airde ná póitéinseal céanna na hidrigine - ní féidir leis an aigéad is láidre amuigh iad a chreimeadh. Scéal eile ar fad go bhfuil aigéid láidire áirithe ina n-ocsaídeoirí beag beann ar a n-aigéadacht féin. Mar shampla, ní chreimeann an t-aigéad hidreaclórach HCl an t-airgead geal ar aon nós, nó cé gur aigéad láidir atá ann, ní ocsaídeoir láidir é. Scéal eile ar fad é an t-aigéad nítreach HNO<sub>3</sub>, nó is ocsaídeoir láidir ann féin é móilín an aigéid sin, i mbreis ar an aigéadacht. Sin é an fáth go bhfuil an t-aigéad nítreach in ann an t-airgead geal a chreimeadh.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéadacht</b> (an aigéadacht, na haigéadachta): Tá aigéadacht an tuaslagáin – tuaslagán uisce is minice a bhíos i gceist againn – ag brath ar thiúchan an aigéid sa tuaslagán agus ar chomh láidir atá an t-aigéad sin. Is é an uimhir úd pH is tomhas d'aigéadacht an tuaslagáin uisce.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Amfailít nó comhdhúil aimfiteireach é an t-uisce, is é sin, is féidir leis gnó an aigéid agus an bhuin araon a dhéanamh, cé go bhfuil sé an-lag sa dá ról seo. Tá claonadh áirithe san uisce chun uathphrótalú, is é sin, imoibriú dhá mhóilín uisce, ceann acu ag déanamh ghnó an aigéid agus an ceann eile ina bhun:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">2H<sub>2</sub>O -> H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> (ian ocsóiniam) + OH<sup>- </sup>(ian hiodrocsaíde)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Nuair nach bhfuil aigéid ná bunanna ar bith tuaslagtha san uisce, is ionann tiúchan na n-ian ocsóiniam agus tiúchan na n-ian hiodrocsaíde, mar atá, 10<sup>-7</sup> mol/l. Is éard is pH ann ná logartam deachúlach (deichbhunaithe) na tiúchana ocsóiniam ar fágadh an comhartha lúide ar lár de (mar sin, is frithlogartam é): is é sin, más ionann an tiúchan agus 10<sup>-7</sup>, is ionann an logartam agus -7, agus is ionann an pH agus 7. Tagairt é an litir p don fhocal Gearmáinise <i>Potenz</i>, is é sin ”cumhacht”, agus seasann an H do na hiain hidrigine, H<sup>+</sup>. Ní féidir teacht ar shaoriain hidrigine i dtuaslagáin uisce, nó ceanglófar de na móilíní uisce iad le hiain ocsóiniam a dhéanamh. Mar sin is féidir a rá gurb ionann tiúchan na n-ian hidrigine agus tiúchan na n-ian ocsóiniam san uisce.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Nuair a chuirfear aigéad láidir leis an uisce, rachaidh tiúchan na n-ian ocsóiniam i méadaíocht, agus na móilíní aigéid ag imoibriú leis na móilíní uisce – á bprótalú. Ansin rachaidh an pH féin i laghad. Má théann an pH i méadaíocht, beidh uimhir na n-ian ocsóiniam sa tuaslagán ag dul i laghad agus uimhir na n-ian hiodrocsaíde ag dul i méadaíocht. Mar sin, is iad na tuaslagáin bhunata na tuaslagáin is airde pH, agus is iad na tuaslagáin aigéadacha na tuaslagáin is ísle pH.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Má tá an t-aigéad réasúnta láidir agus an tiúchan réasúnta íseal, is féidir glacadh leis go bprótalaítear gach móilín aigéid agus gurb ionann tiúchan an aigéid féin agus tiúchan na n-ian ocsóiniam, agus ansin is furasta luach an pH a dhéanamh amach. Nuair a bhíos an tiúchan sách ard, áfach, bíonn difríochtaí suntasacha idir na haigéid éagsúla.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is é an tomhas atá againn ar chumhacht an aigéid ná tairiseach díthiomsúcháin aigéid nó pK<sub>a</sub>. Le fírinne is é an K<sub>a</sub> an fíorthairiseach, agus is frithlogartam é an pK<sub>a</sub> cosúil leis an pH féin. Is ionann K<sub>a</sub> agus ([H<sup>-</sup>][A<sup>+</sup>])/[HA], ina seasann:</span></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[H<sup>-</sup>] do thiúchan na n-ian hidrigine (nó ocsainiam)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[A<sup>+</sup>] do thiúchan na n-ian deimhneach a fhreagraíos don aigéad</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">[HA] do thiúchan na móilíní neamhphrótalaithe aigéid</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is é aonad na tiúchana seo ná mol/l, is é sin, mól in aghaidh an lítir.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad adainileach</b> (an t-aigéad adainileach, an aigéid adainiligh) nó <b>aonfhosfáit adanóisín</b> (an aonfhosfáit adanóisín, na haonfhosfáite adanóisín) – Is éard atá san aonfhosfáit adanóisín ná comhdhúil bhithcheimiceach den chineál ar a dtugtar núicléitíd, is é sin ceann de na monaiméirí a bhfuil na móilíní aigéid ribeanúicléasaigh agus dí-ocsairibeanúicléasaigh comhdhéanta astu – nasc amháin sa slabhra, mar a déarfá.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad aicéiteach</b> (an t-aigéad aicéiteach, an aigéid aicéitigh) – Is é an t-aigéad aicéiteach aigéad an fhínéagair. Toradh d'ocsaídiú an aicéataildéid é. CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)OH an fhoirmle cheimiceach. Ceann de na haigéid charbocsaileacha é, agus is aicéad réasúnta lag é. Tugtar aicéatáití ar shalainn an aigéid aicéitigh. Is iomaí úsáid a bhaintear as an aigéad seo sa tionsclaíocht cheimiceach, nó is amhábhar nó imoibreán tábhachtach é, agus ar ndóigh leasaítear bia le fínéagar.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad aicéiteach oighreach</b> (an t-aigéad aicéiteach oighreach, an aigéid aicéitigh oighrigh) – Is ionann aigéad aicéiteach oighreach agus glanaigéad aicéiteach, is é sin an t-aigéad féin seachas a chuid tuaslagán uisce. Is é is leáphointe don chomhdhúil seo ná 16.6 céim de réir Celsius, rud a chiallaíos go ndéanfaidh sé criostail atá cosúil le hoighear má chuirtear in áit scothfhuar é. Cé nach aigéad róláidir é an t-aigéad aicéiteach, baineann dainséar áirithe leis an aigéad aicéiteach oighreach, chomh maith le tuaslagáin láidire aigéid aicéitigh: d'fhágfadh sé cneá ar an gcraiceann mar shampla.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad aicéitíolsalaicileach</b> (an t-aigéad aicéitíolsalaicileach, an aigéid aicéitíolsalaicileach) – Aigéad orgánach é an t-aigéad aicéitíolsalaicileach ina bhfuil grúpa carbocsaileach -C(O)OH agus grúpa aicéatáite CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)O- nasctha de dhá adamh in aice a chéile i bhfáinne na beinséine. Cógas tábhachtach é a úsáidtear le maolú ar an bhfiabhras agus ar an tinneas cinn ach go háirithe, ach dealraíonn sé go bhfuil sé in ann taom croí agus ailse na bputóg is na tóna a chosc chomh maith.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad aicrileach</b> (an t-aigéad aicrileach, an aigéid aicriligh) – Is é an t-aigéad aicrileach an t-aigéad orgánach neamhsháithithe is simplí. Is í an fhoirmle cheimiceach a sheasas dó ná CH<sub>2</sub>=CH-C(O)OH. Aigéad scothláidir é – níos láidre ná an t-aigéad aicéiteach mar shampla – agus mar sin is féidir dó dochar agus damáiste a dhéanamh don chraiceann agus do na súile an dóigh a gcreimeann sé fíocháin. Le teocht an tseomra is leacht é an t-aigéad aicrileach agus boladh ar leith as. Tá sé sothuaslagtha san uisce. Úsáidtear mar amhábhar sa tionsclaíocht cheimiceach é.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>a</b><b>igéadalú</b> (an t-aigéadalú, an aigéadalaithe) – Is éard is aigéadalú ann ná móilín a bheith ag titim as a chéile (á aigéadalú) toisc go bhfuil aigéad éigin ag dul i bhfeidhm air.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad ascorbach</b> (an t-aigéad ascorbach, an aigéid ascorbaigh). Is ionann é agus an vitimín C, go bunúsach. Is éard atá ann ná aigéad orgánach a bhfuil ról an fhrithocsaídeora aige i mbithcheimic an duine. Tá cuid mhór de na hainmhithe (an madra, cuir i gcás) in ann aigéad ascorbach a tháirgeadh mar a bheadh hormón ann, ach caithfidh an duine, na hápaí agus na moncaithe (mar shampla) a gcuid vitimín C a fháil leis an mbia.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tugtar <i>ascorbáití </i>(ascorbáit, an ascorbáit, na hascorbáite, na hascorbáití, na n-ascorbáití) ar shalainn an aigéid ascorbaigh, agus ar ndóigh, is féidir le hascorbáit photaisiam nó le hascorbáit sóidiam gnó na vitimíne a dhéanamh chomh maith leis an aigéad féin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad aspartach</b> (an t-aigéad aspartach, an aigéid aspartaigh) – Aimínaigéad é an t-aigéad aspartach, agus is í an fhoirmle cheimiceach atá aige ná HOC(O)CH(NH<sub>2</sub>)CH<sub>2</sub>C(O)OH. Tá aon fheidhmghrúpa aimíne amháin sa mhóilín, ach tá dhá fheidhmghrúpa carbocsaile -C(O)OH ann (scríobhaimid ceann acu mar HOC(O)- san fhoirmle thuas, ach is é an grúpa céanna é). Mar sin, aimínaigéad aigéadach atá ann – níl ach aon cheann den dá charbocsailghrúpa neodraithe ag an aimínghrúpa. Tá dhá eanantaiméir ag an aigéad aspartach, agus is í an L-eanantaiméir an ceann nádúrtha. Bloc tógála é an L-aigéad aspartach a theastaíos ó orgánach an duine le próitéiní a chur i dtoll le chéile, is é sin, is aimínaigéad próitéinigineach é. Is féidir leis an duine agus leis na mamaigh eile aigéad aspartach a shintéisiú mura bhfuil sé le fáil sa bhia, agus mar sin ní ceann de na haimínaigéid riachtanacha é.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad beansóch</b> (an t-aigéad beansóch, an aigéid bheansóch) – Is é an t-aigéad beansóch an ceann is simplí de na haigéid aramatacha ó thaobh an struchtúir de. Níl ann go bunúsach ach an fáinne aramatach agus an feidhmghrúpa carbocsaileach nasctha de. Mar sin is féidir an fhoirmle a thabhairt mar C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>C(O)OH.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad beinséinheicseacarbocsaileach</b> (an t-aigéad beinséinheicseacarbocsaileach, an aigéid bheinséinheicseacarbocsailigh) nó <b>aigéad meillíteach</b> (an t-aigéad meillíteach, an aigéid mheillítigh) – mar is léir ón gcéad ainm acu, is é an struchtúr atá ag an aigéad seo ná go bhfuil fáinne aramatach ann agus carbocsailghrúpa greamaithe de gach adamh carbóin san fháinne sin: C<sub>6</sub>[C(O)OH]<sub>6</sub>. Meillít nó milchloch a thugtar ar shalann alúmanaim an aigéid seo atá ar fáil sa dúlra. Maidir leis an aigéad, is solad é le teocht an tseomra, agus é sothuaslagtha san uisce. Seasann sé a lán ceimiceán creimneach cosúil leis an aigéad nítreach agus leis an gclóirín, agus bíonn a chuid salann, na meillíteáití, chomh cobhsaí céanna. Creideann lucht na réalteolaíochta go mbíonn meillíteáití ar fáil sa spás, ar dhroim Mharsa mar shampla.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad bórach</b> (an t-aigéad bórach, an aigéid bhóraigh) – Ocsaigéad lag é an t-aigéad bórach H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub>, agus é ar fáil sa dúlra mar mhianra (sasóilít). Solad é an t-aigéad bórach le teocht an tseomra, ach tá sé sothuaslagtha san uisce. Is gnách an tuaslagán a úsáid mar fhrithsheipteán le cneánna a ghlanadh. Nimh atá ann don duine, áfach: má shlogann tú oiread is deoir bheag aigéid bhóraigh, caithfidh tú fios a chur ar dhochtúir ar an toirt.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad brómach</b> (an t-aigéad brómach, an aigéid bhrómaigh) – Is é an t-aigéad brómach ocsaigéad an bhróimín chúigfhiúsaigh, is é sin, is í an uimhir ocsaídiúcháin atá ag an mbróimín san aigéad seo ná +5. Is í an fhoirmle atá ag an aigéad brómach ná HBrO<sub>3</sub>. Aigéad láidir é ach níl sé cobhsaí mar chomhdhúil: ní féidir é a aonrú, ná a thiúchan thar 50 % den tuaslagán. Ocsaídeoir láidir é freisin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad capróch</b> (an t-aigéad capróch, an aigéid chapróch) nó <b>aigéad heacsánóch</b> – Is éard atá ann ná aigéad simplí orgánach a bhfuil sé adamh carbóin ann: CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>C(O)OH. Bíonn aigéad capróch ar fáil go nádúrtha i gcineálacha éagsúla geire nó saille, agus boladh míthaitneamhach as a chuirfeadh gabhar i gcuimhne duit. Úsáidtear aigéad capróch i ndéantús na mblasóirí agus na gcumhrán. Leacht é nach bhfuil ró-intuaslagtha san uisce.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad cionnamach </b>(an t-aigéad cionnamach, an aigéid chionnamaigh) – Aigéad orgánach aramatach é an t-aigéad cionnamach atá ar fáil sa chainéal. Is í an fhoirmle atá aige ná C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>-CH=CH-C(O)OH. Solad bán é nach féidir mórán de a thuaslagadh san uisce. Úsáidtear i ndéantús na mblastóirí agus na gcumhrán é.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad clórach</b> (an t-aigéad clórach, an aigéid chlóraigh) – Is é an t-aigéad clórach ocsaigéad an chlóirín chúigfhiúsaigh, is é sin, is í an uimhir ocsaídiúcháin atá ag an gclóirín ann ná +5. Is í an fhoirmle cheimiceach ná HClO<sub>3</sub>. Aigéad láidir agus ocsaídeoir láidir é, ach ní féidir é a aonrú ná an tuaslagán a thiúchan mórán thar 30 %: is dual don aigéad chlórach díréiriú a dhéanamh i dtuaslagáin níos tibhe ná sin, is é sin ocsaídítear cuid den aigéad chlórach go haigéad sárchlórach HClO<sub>4</sub>, agus an chuid eile ag déanamh dí-ocsaídiú go comhdhúile is ísle uimhir ocsaídiúcháin, ar nós na dé-ocsaíde ClO<sub>2</sub>, nó fiú go clóirín mar dhúil, Cl<sub>2</sub>. Úsáidtear salainn an aigéid chlóraigh, na clóráití, mar ocsaídeoirí, i ndéantús tine ealaíne mar shampla.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad eitiléindé-áimínteatraicéiteach </b>(an t-aigéad eitiléindé-aimínteatraicéiteach, an aigéid eitiléindé-aimínteatraicéitigh) – Is gnách an giorrúchán Béarla, EDTA, a úsáid in áit an téarma seo, ach ós foclóir Gaeilge é seo, is fearr liom AEDT a thabhairt ar an tsubstaint. Ní mór an t-ainm a chur i dtoll le chéile céim ar chéim lena léiriú céard atá i gceist.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ar dtús, tá eitéin nó eitiléin againn, is é sin CH<sub>2</sub>=CH<sub>2</sub>, agus nasc dúbailte idir an dá adamh carbóin, C. Ansin, má dhícheanglaímid ceann den dá nasc ansin, gheobhaidh muid eitiléinghrúpa -CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-. Má chuirimid dhá aimínghrúpa leis, is éard a bheas againn ná eitiléindé-aimín NH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-NH<sub>2</sub>. Anois, áfach, rachaidh an scéal oiread eile chun castachta. Tá dhá adamh hidrigine i ngach aimínghrúpa. Samhlaigh duit anois go bhfuil ceithre mhóilín aigéid aicéitigh CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)OH againn. Bainfidh muid adamh hidrigine as gach móilín le ceithre adamhghrúpa -CH<sub>2</sub>C(O)OH a fháil. Ansin, cuirfidh muid na hadamhghrúpaí seo in áit na n-adamh hidrigine sna haimínghrúpaí, agus beidh AEDT againn: [HOC(O)CH<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub>NCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>N[CH<sub>2</sub>C(O)OH]<sub>2</sub>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Solad é an tAEDT agus é sothuaslagtha san uisce. Deirtear gur liogann shédhéadach atá ann – is é sin tá sé ”fhiacail” (ceithre ghrúpa carbacsaile agus dhá ghrúpa aimíne) ann, agus iad go léir in ann imoibriú le substaintí eile. Go praiticiúil, is gnách go bhfaigheann na ”fiacla” go léir greim ar aon ian miotail amháin, ionas go bhfanfaidh sé leabaithe taobh istigh den mhóilín AEDT. <i>Crágchoimpléasc</i> a thugtar ar a leithéid, agus deirtear go bhfuil an t-ian miotail <i>crágtha</i> ag an AEDT. Mar sin, is <i>oibreán crágtha</i> é an tAEDT.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is iomaí úsáid a bhaintear as an AEDT. Mar shampla, leigheasann sé nimhiú trom-mhiotail, ós féidir leis iain trom-mhiotail (ar nós mearcair nó luaidhe) a chrágadh. Níl sé féin saor ó dhochar, áfach, agus táthar buartha faoin AEDT mar thruailleán, chomh coitianta is a úsáidtear é.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad hipeaclórúil</b> (an t-aigéad hipeaclórúil, an aigéid hipeaclórúil) – Is é an t-aigéad hipeaclórúil (HClO an ghnáthfhoirmle, cé gurb é HOCl fíorstruchtúr an aigéid seo) an t-ocsaigéad is laige dá bhfuil ag an gclóirín. Hipeaclóirítí a thugtar ar na salainn. Ocsaídeoir láidir é an t-aigéad seo cé nach aigéad láidir é. Ní féidir an t-aigéad hipeaclórúil a aonrú, ach úsáidtear a thuaslagán uisce agus a chuid salann mar is gnách ocsaídeoirí láidre a úsáid – le baictéir a mharú ach go háirithe.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad lachtach</b> (an t-aigéad lachtach, an aigéid lachtaigh) – Aigéad carbocsaileach – is é sin, aigéad orgánach – atá ann, mar aigéad lachtach, agus ról tábhachtach aige i mbithcheimic an duine agus na n-ainmhithe. Is í an fhoirmle cheimiceach atá aige ná CH<sub>3</sub>CH(OH)C(O)OH. Mar sin, tá ceithre adamh nó adamhghrúpa éagsúla ag gobadh ón adamh carbóin is lár don mhóilín, mar atá, adamh hidrigine H, grúpa hiodrocsaile -OH, grúpa carbocsaile -C(O)OH agus grúpa meitile (CH<sub>3</sub>). Ós rud é nach bhfuil na hadamhghrúpaí agus an t-adamh hidrigine sin in aon leibhéal le chéile, is féidir dhá isiméir a aithint ag an aigéad lachtach ar scáilí scátháin dá chéile iad. Aithnítear na hisiméirí sin ar an dóigh a dtéann siad i bhfeidhm ar sholas polaraithe.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Go bunúsach, cineál tonnghluaiseacht atá i gceist leis an solas, agus is féidir an solas a pholarú, is é sin, gan ach an chuid den tsolas a fhágáil atá ag ascalú in aon leibhéal amháin. Úsáidtear an polarú i spéaclaí gréine, mar shampla. Má théann solas den chineál sin trí eiseamal aigéid lachtaigh nach bhfuil ach aon isiméir amháin ann, casfar leibhéal ascalaithe an tsolais ar dheis nó ar chlé, ag brath ar an isiméir atá ann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Deirimid go bhfuil móilín an aigéid lachtaigh <i>ciriúil</i> agus tugaimid <i>adamh neamhshiméadrach </i>nó <i>lárphointe ciriúil </i>ar an adamh carbóin i lár an mhóilín. An dá isiméir ”scáthánacha” úd deirtear gur <i>eanantaiméirí </i>dá chéile iad.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Aigéad scothláidir é an t-aigéad lachtach, níos láidire ná an t-aigéad aicéiteach. Substaint thais-scópach é, is é sin, is dual dó uisce a ól chuige óna thimpeallacht. Leáfaidh an meascán raicéimeach as an dá chineál aigéad lachtach le teocht seacht gcéim déag Celsius, agus é sothuaslagtha ar fad san uisce. (Is éard is ciall le <i>meascán raicéimeach</i> ná meascán cothrom as an dá isiméir.) Má aonraítear ceann den dá eanantaiméir, áfach, ní leáfaidh sé ach le teocht trí chéim déag is dhá scór de réir Celsius.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad lionoiléach</b> (an t-aigéad lionoiléach, an aigéid lionoiléach) – Ceann de na haigéid shailleacha riachtanacha é an t-aigéad lionoiléach. Aigéad sailleach den chineál <i>omega-3 </i>atá ann, agus é ar fáil in ola lus na gréine, mar shampla. Is í an fhoirmle cheimiceach atá aige ná CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH=CHCH<sub>2</sub>CH=CHCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>C(O)OH – leis an struchtúr cruinn a tharraingt, caithfidh tú cuimhne a choinneáil air gur <i>cis-</i>isiméir dhúbailte atá i gceist, is é sin, go bhfuil an dá adamh hidrigine ar aon taobh den nasc dúbailte sa dá áit a bhfuil a leithéid de nasc. Aigéad sailleach il-neamhsháithithe (polai-neamhsháithithe) atá i gceist, ós rud é go bhfuil dhá nasc dúbailte sa slabhra carbóin (níos mó ná aon cheann amháin).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Teastaíonn aigéad lionoiléach ó orgánach an duine le haigéad aracadónach a dhéanamh. Is iomaí úsáid a bhaineas an tionsclaíocht cheimiceach as an aigéad lionoiléach chomh maith – i ndéantús vearnaisí, péinteanna ola, agus táirgí cosmaide, cuir i gcás.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad líséirgeach</b> (an t-aigéad líséirgeach, an aigéid líséirgigh) – Aigéad orgánach é an t-aigéad líséirgeach a fhaightear san arbhar atá truaillithe le heargót. Fungas é an t-eargót ar dual dó seagal agus a lán plandaí eile a chur ó mhaith. Díorthach de chuid an aigéid seo an druga ar a dtugtar LSD, is é sin, dé-eitiolaimíd an aigéid líséirgigh. Substaint shaorga shintéiseach í an dé-eitiolaimíd sin, ach tá a lán díorthach nádúrtha de chuid an aigéid líséirgigh ar fáil san arbhar truaillithe fosta, agus iad in ann siabhráin a spreagadh cosúil leis an dé-eitiolaimíd féin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aigéad nítreach</b> (an t-aigéad nítreach, an aigéid nítrigh) – Ceann de na ceimiceáin is tábhachtaí dá bhfuil ann an t-aigéad nítreach. Is í an fhoirmle atá aige ná HNO<sub>3</sub>, agus mar sin, is ocsaigéad é ina bhfuil an uimhir ocsaídiúcháin +5 ag an nítrigin. Aigéad thar a bheith láidir atá ann, ach thairis sin is scoth ocsaídeora é freisin agus é in ann imoibriú lena lán miotal lómhar atá díonach ar na haigéid, mar aigéid. Thig leis an aigéad nítreach an copar agus an t-airgead geal a chreimeadh agus a ocsaídiú, mar shampla. Má mheasctar aigéad hiodraclórach agus aigéad nítreach, gheofar <i>aqua regia </i>nó ”uisce an rí” agus é in ann an t-ór féin - ”rí na miotal” - a chreimeadh is a ocsaídiú.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is oibreán láidir ceimiceach é an t-aigéad nítreach, agus mar sin bíonn priacail agus contúirtí ag baint leis. Is féidir leis an gcaolaigéad féin cneá a fhágáil ort gan trácht a dhéanamh ar an aigéad tiubhaithe.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ní féidir an t-aigéad nítreach a thiúchan ach go 68 % trí dhriogadh, nó sin é an meascán aiseotrópach. Sin é an t-aigéad nítreach tiubhaithe a bhíos ar díol.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Níotráití </i>(an níotráit, na níotráite; na níotráití, na níotráití) nó sailpítir (an sailpítear, an tsailpítir; na sailpítir, na sailpítear) a thugtar ar shalainn an aigéid nítrigh. Bíonn siad an-sothuaslagtha san uisce. Ocsaídeoirí láidire iad díreach cosúil leis an aigéad féin. Úsáidtear iad sna leasacháin agus sna pléascáin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aimeiriciam</b> (an t-aimeiriciam, an aimeiriciam) – Is é an t-aimeiriciam (Am) dúil cheimiceach uimhir a 95. Ceann de na hachtanóidigh é, agus mar sin is dúil radaighníomhach é nach bhfuil iseatóp cobhsaí ar bith aige. Is é an t-iseatóp is cobhsaí atá aige ná <sup>243</sup>Am, agus é breis is seacht míle bliain ar leathré. Miotal geal insínte é an t-aimeiriciam glan ach má fhágtar i dteagmháil le hocsaigin an aeir é tiocfaidh smúit air go gasta. Is é +3 an uimhir ocsaídiúcháin is minice a bhíos ag an ameiriciam ina chuid comhdhúl ceimiceach. Is féidir a lán staideanna ocsaídiúcháin eile a aithint aige, ó +2 go +7, ach bíonn ocsaídeoirí láidire cosúil leis an bhfluairín de dhíth leis na staideanna is airde a bhaint amach.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Úsáidtear aimeiriciam i mbrathadóirí deataigh, is é sin i ngléasanna aláraim thine. Is dual don aimeiriciam (<sup>241</sup>Am) alfa-cháithníní a astú, agus mar sin cruthaítear sruth cáithníní den chineál seo idir dhá leictreoid i seomra ianúcháin taobh istigh den ghléas aláraim. Má thagann cáithníní deataigh idir na leictreoidí coscfaidh siad sruth na n-alfa-cháithníní, rud a aithneos an gléas, toisc go bhfuil lucht leictreach ag na cáithníní.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aimhleisceas maighnéadach</b> (an t-aimhleisceas maighnéadach, an aimhleiscis mhaighnéadaigh) – Is é an t-aimhleisceas maighnéadach an cháilíocht mhaighnéadach a chomhfhreagraíos don fhriotaíocht i gcúrsaí leictreachais. Is dual don tsruth leictreach an bealach is lú friotaíocht a roghnú, agus cosúil leis sin is dual do threolínte an réimse mhaighnéadaigh an bealach is lú aimhleisceas a roghnú.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sainmhínítear an t-aimhleisceas maighnéadach mar fhórsa maighnéadghluaisneach agus é roinnte ar an bhflosc maighnéadach – is é sin, cóimheas an fhórsa mhaighnéadghluaisnigh agus an fhlosca mhaighnéadaigh. Is é aonad an aimhleiscis mhaighnéadaigh ná H<sup>-1</sup>, is é sin hanraí inbhéartach (1/H). Is é an hanraí (H) aonad an ionduchtais.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aimhrialtacht éalárnach</b> (an aimhrialtacht éalárnach, na haimhrialtachta éalárnaí) – Ceann den trí chomhordanáid – de na ”haimhrialtachtaí” – atá de dhíth le háit an réid neamhaí a shocrú ar a fhithis, más fithis éilipseach í. Ní mór gur fithis den chineál atá ann ar a dtugtar ”fithis Kepler”, is é sin fithis an réid neamhaí mar a shainmhínigh an réalteolaí Johannes Kepler é.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Uillinn í an aimhrialtacht éalárnach go bunúsach. Seo an dóigh a bhfaighimid í:</span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ar dtús caithfidh muid <i>ais leathmhór </i>na fithise a shocrú. Is í <i>ais mhór </i>na héilipse ná an trasghearradh is mó atá aici – líne a ritheas trí dhá fhócas na héilipse agus tríd an dá phointe is faide ón lárphointe. Is ionann an ais leathmhór agus leath na haise móire. (B'fhearr liomsa an leath-ais mhór a thabhairt uirthi, nó bheadh sé ní ba loighciúla, ach is fearr dom cloí leis an téarmaíocht oifigiúil.)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ansin tá <i>ciorcal cúnta </i>de dhíth orainn. Is ionann é agus an ciorcal arb ionann a thrasghearradh agus ais mhór na héilipse, agus arb ionann a gha agus ais leathmhór na héilipse. Ar ndóigh, tá an ciorcal seo ag teagmháil leis an éilips sa dá phointe is faide ón lárphointe.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ansin, tarraingeoidh muid líne díreach ón bpointe ar an bhfithis éilipseach atá i gceist againn. Caithfidh sé go bhfuil an líne seo agus an ais leathmhór ar uillinn nócha céim (dronuillinn) dá chéile.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Agus ansin, leanfaidh muid orainn ag tarraingt na líne dírí sin ón bpointe ar an bhfithis éilipseach go dtí go dtrasnóidh sí an ciorcal cúnta.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tarraingeoidh muid líne dhíreach eile ón bpointe trasnaithe seo go dtí an lárphointe.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is í an aimhrialtacht éalárnach an uillinn idir an líne nua seo agus an ais leathmhór.</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aimhrialtacht eoraipiam</b> (an aimhrialtacht eoraipiam, na haimhrialtachta eoraipiam) – Is é an t-eoraipiam (Eu) dúil cheimiceach uimhir a 64, agus ceann de na lantanóidigh atá ann. Cosúil leis na lantanóidigh eile, is í an ghnáthuimhir ocsaídiúcháin a bhíos ag an eoraipiam ina chuid comhdhúl ceimiceach ná +3, ach thairis sin tá +2 coitianta go maith freisin. Tá tábhacht leis an dara huimhir ocsaídiúcháin seo sa gheolaíocht, nó is é is impleacht di go bhfuil an t-eoraipiam (Eu<sup>2+</sup>) in ann áit an chailciam (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) a ghlacadh i mianraí ar leith, sna plagacláis ach go háirithe. Ní tharlódh a leithéid do na lantanóidigh eile.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Deir na geolaithe go bhfuil aimhrialtacht dheimhneach eoraipiam ag an gcloch má tá breis eoraipiam inti, agus go bhfuil aimhrialtacht dhiúltach eoraipiam ag an gcloch má tá easpa eoraipiam inti. Is féidir leis na geolaithe conclúidí a bhaint as an aimhrialtacht eoraipiam i dtaobh an dóigh ar foirmíodh an chloch.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aimhrialtacht fhíor</b> (an aimhrialtacht fhíor, na haimhrialtachta fíre) – Ceann den trí chomhordanáid – den trí ”aimhrialtacht” - atá de dhíth le háit an réid neamhaí ar a fhithis a shainiú, más fithis éilipseach í. Ní mór gur fithis den chineál atá ann ar a dtugtar ”fithis Kepler”, is é sin fithis an réid neamhaí mar a shainmhínigh an réalteolaí Johannes Kepler é. Uillinn í an aimhrialtacht fhíor. Má tharraingímid líne dhíreach ó áit an réid ar an bhfithis go fócas na héilipse, is í an aimhrialtacht fhíor an uillinn idir an líne seo agus an ais leathmhór.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aimíd</b> (an aimíd, na haimíde; na haimídí, na n-aimídí) – Cuid de mhóilín a lán aigéad é an t-adamhghrúpa hiodrocsaile -OH. Má chuirtear an t-aimínghrúpa -NH<sub>2</sub> ina áit, gheofar díorthach ar a dtugtar aimíd. Sampla maith í aimíd an aigéid aicéitigh CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)NH<sub>2</sub> (cuir an fhoirmle seo i gcomparáid leis an aigéad aicéiteach féin, CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)OH) ach le fírinne bíonn aimídí an-choitianta: aimíd é an níolón, mar shampla, agus aimíd eile í dé-eitiolaimíd an aigéid líséirgigh, is é sin an druga úd LSD. Mar a thugas ainm na substainte sin le fios, tá eitiolghrúpaí (-CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>) curtha in áit an dá adamh hidrigine san aimínghrúpa, ach is féidir aimíd a thabhairt ar an gcineál seo comhdhúil chomh maith.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>ainhidríd</b> (an ainhidríd, na hainhidríde; na hainhidrídí, na n-ainhidrídí): Comhdhúil cheimiceach a ghéillfeas comhdhúil áirithe eile nuair a imoibreos sí leis an uisce, is í ainhidríd na comhdhúile eile sin í. Mar shampla, is í an trí-ocsaíd shulfair SO<sub>3</sub> ainhidríd an aigéid shulfaraigh H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>ainhidrít</b> (an ainhidrít, na hainhidríte) – An cineál sulfáit chailciam nach bhfuil móilíní uisce ar fáil i struchtúr a cuid criostal tugtar ainhidrít uirthi. Mianra nádúrtha í ar dual di uisce a ól chuici agus gipseam a dhéanamh.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>ainian</b> (an t-ainian, an ainiain; na hainiain, na n-ainian) - Ian a bhfuil lucht leictreach diúltach aige. Má sháitear leictreoidí i dtuaslagán uisce a bhfuil substaint ianach ann, beidh na hainiain ag tarraingt ar an leictreoid dheimhneach, ar a dtugtar anóid.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>airgead</b> nó <b>airgead geal </b>(an t-airgead [geal], an airgid [ghil]): Is éard atá san airgead, nó san airgead geal, ná ceann de na miotail trasdultacha, agus is iad na miotail atá in aon ghrúpa leis ná an copar agus an t-ór. Is é an giorrúchán a sheasas don airgead sna foirmlí ceimiceacha ná Ag, agus is é comhdhúil uimhir a 47 é i dtábla peiriadach na ndúl. Miotal geal insínte é an t-airgead, agus é níos fearr ná aon mhiotal eile ag iompar teasa agus leictreachais - deirtear gur <i>seoltóir</i> maith teasa agus leictreachais é. Baintear úsáid fhairsing as an airgead geal sa tseodóireacht, san fhiaclóireacht agus sa leictreonaic.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Creimfidh an t-aigéad nítreach airgead, agus is í an chomhdhúil a gheofar ar an dóigh sin ná an níotráit airgid. Baintear úsáid as an níotráit airgid sa díghalrú – is é sin, le baictéir a mharú. Mar shampla, is féidir tuaslagán uisce na níotráite airgid a chur i súile an linbh nuabheirthe, má chreidtear go bhfuil gónairith ar an máthair. (Galar gnéis é an gónairith ar féidir dó dochar tromchúiseach a dhéanamh do shúile an linbh.) Úsáidtear an níotráit airgid leis na hiain chlóiríde a aithint sna tuaslagáin uisce freisin. An chuid is mó de na clóirídí tá siad sothuaslagtha san uisce, ach is í an chlóiríd airgid an eisceacht mhór. Mar sin, nuair a chuirfear níotráit airgid i dtuaslagán clóiríde, rachaidh na hiain airgid agus na hiain chlóiríde le chéile ar an toirt, ionas go dtiocfaidh deascán bán sa choimeádán - an chlóiríd airgid nach bhfuil intuaslagtha san uisce.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>airgeadmhéadracht</b> (an airgeadmhéadracht, na hairgeadmhéadrachta): Cineál toirtmheascadh atá i gceist leis an airgeadmhéadracht – modh oibre a chuireas ar chumas na gceimiceoirí a aithint cé chomh saibhir agus atá an tuaslagán uisce sna hiain chlóiríde. Tá an chlóiríd airgid AgCl dothuaslagtha go hiomlán san uisce, agus mar sin, nuair a mheascfar níotráit airgid AgNO<sub>3</sub> trí eiseamal de thuaslagán clóiríde, rachaidh na hiain airgid agus na hiain chlóiríde le chéile ina ndríodar clóiríde airgid. Ansin is féidir linn tiúchan na clóiríde san eiseamal a oibriú amach.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>áiritheoir drithlíochta</b>: Is éard atá i gceist leis an áiritheoir drithlíochta ná gléas a aithníos an radaighníomhaíocht agus é bunaithe ar úsáid na drithlíochta – na lonrachta. In áiritheoir den chineál seo tá ábhar ar leith ann a dtiocfaidh drithliú nó loinnir ann nuair a bhuailfeas radaíocht é. Is é is cúis leis an loinnir ná go n-ardaítear leictreoin sna hadaimh go leibhéal níos airde fuinnimh nuair a ghlacas siad caithnín nó candam radaíochta – is é sin, go bhfloscfar an leictreon. Nuair a thitfeas an leictreon ar a ghnáthleibhéal san adamh, is é sin nuair a dhífhloscfar é, caithfidh sé uaidh (astóidh sé) candam solais a aithneofar mar dhrithliú.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>áiritheoir Geiger </b>nó <b>áiritheoir Geiger-Müller</b> – Is gléas é áiritheoir Geiger a aithníos an radaighníomhaíocht, is é sin, na caithníní a bhíos ag teacht as ábhar radaighníomhach. Tá áiritheoir Geiger bunaithe ar fheadán Geiger, feadán a bhfuil gás támh cosúil le hargón ann. Ní dual don argón leictreachas a iompar, ach nuair a bhuailfeas caithnín radaíochta adamh argóin, scaoilfear saor le leictreon, ionas go n-ianófar an t-adamh. Ó tá lucht leictreach ag an leictreon, iompraíonn sé leictreachas, agus mar sin aithnítear an radaíocht ar sheoltacht leictreach an gháis.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá áiritheoir Geiger ar ceann de na hionstraimí is mó a úsáidtear leis an radaighníomhaíocht a thomhas, ach níl sé ar an ngléas is fearr amuigh. Mar shampla, ní aithníonn sé cineálacha éagsúla na radaíochta ianaithí thar a chéile. Tá bunsmaoineamh an áiritheora sách simplí, áfach, agus is féidir áiritheoirí radaíochta den tsaghas seo a tháirgiú go saor ar scála tionsclaíoch.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Fuair an gléas a ainm ó Hans Geiger agus Walther Müller, fisiceoirí Gearmánacha a chéadcheap é thiar sa bhliain 1928.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>airmheán</b> (an t-airmheán, an airmheáin; na hairmheáin, na n-airmheán): I dteanga na staististice tugtar airmheán ar an luach atá níos lú ná leath na luachanna san eiseamal, agus níos airde ná an leath eile.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>airsín</b> (an t-airsín, an airsín; na hairsíní, na n-airsíní) – Is éard atá san airsín ná comhdhúil na harsanaice agus na hidrigine. Tá trí adamh hidrigine agus adamh arsanaice amháin sa mhóilín, agus mar sin is í an fhoirmle atá ag an gcomhdhúil seo ná AsH<sub>3</sub>. Gás nimhe atá ann nach bhfuil cobhsaí ag teocht ard – is dual dó dianscaoileadh agus arsanaic agus hidrigin a dheanamh. Úsáidtear sa tionsclaíocht é le leathsheoltóirí a dhópáil le harsanaic – is é sin, le hiarsmaí arsanaice a mheascadh trí ghearmáiniam nó trí shileacan chun seoltacht an leathsheoltóra a mhionchoigeartú.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aischuradóir srutha dhírigh</b> (an t-aischuradóir srutha dhírigh, an aischuradóra srutha dhírigh; na haischuradóirí srutha dhírigh, na n-aischuradóirí srutha dhírigh) – ciorcad leictreach a shocraíos bíoganna leictreacha ar uasmhéid nó íosmhéid áirithe voltais gan an difríocht voltais idir na buaiceanna a athrú.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aiseotrópacht</b> (an aiseotrópacht, na haiseotrópachta) – Tugtar meascán aiseotrópach ar mheascán leachtanna nach féidir na comhchodanna ann a scaradh le chéile trí dhriogadh, ós rud é gurb ionann coibhneas na gcomhchodanna sa leacht agus sa ghal. Meascáin aiseotrópacha iad an t-aigead nítreach tiubhaithe (68 % aigead nítreach, 32 % uisce) agus an t-aigead sulfarach tiubhaithe (98 % aigead sulfarach, 2 % uisce). Má dhriogtar alcól (eatánól), sroichfidh sé aiseotrópacht nuair a bheas 96 % alcól agus 4 % uisce ann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aisíditímidín</b> (an t-aisíditímidín, an aisíditímidín) – Ba é an t-aisíditímidín (AZT) an chéad chógas a forbraíodh thiar sna hochtóidí leis an SEIF a leigheas. Tá sé in ann an chúl-trascrioptáis a chosc – einsím de chuid an víris easpa imdhíonachta daonna a stiúras trascríobh an ADN sa víreas. Go bunúsach ní ligeann an coscaire seo don VEID tuilleadh víreas den chineál chéanna a chlannú.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aispeist</b> (an aispeist, na haispeiste) – Tugtar aispeist ar mhianraí áirithe sileacáite agus iad comhdhéanta as criostail shnáithíneacha. Bhíodh aispeist á húsáid go forleathan i dtógáil tithíochta mar dhíonadh ar thine, ar thormán, agus ar shruth leictreach, go dtí gur tháinig chun solais chomh dainséarach is atá sí do shláinte an duine. Ó na 195oidí ar aghaidh thosaigh na tíortha forbartha ag éirí as an aispéist, agus cuireadh diandlíthe i bhfeidhm ina haghaidh.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is é carnadh na snáithíní sna scamhóga is cúis leis an bpriacal sláinte a ghabhas leis an aispeist. <i>Aispeastóis</i> (an aispeastóis, na haispeastóise) a thugtar ar an gcarnadh sin – cineál niúmaconóis í. Is féidir le snáithíní aispeiste na scamhóga a chur ó mhaith ar a lán bealaí, ailse na scamhóg go mór mór san áireamh.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>alfa-cháithnín</b> (an t-alfa-cháithnín, an alfa-cháithnín, na halfa-cháithníní, na n-alfa-cháithníní): Is éard atá i gceist leis an alfa-cháithnín ná cáithnín atá comhdhéanta as dhá phrótón agus dhá neodrón. Mar sin, is ionann an t-alfa-cháithnín agus núicléas an adaimh héiliam (is é sin, núicléis an iseatóip is coitianta, ar a dtugtar héiliam a ceathair, <sup>4</sup>He). Féach <i>alfa-radaíocht.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>alfa-ghníomhach</b>: An núiclíd a dtagann an t-alfa-mheath uirthi, ionas go n-astaíonn sí alfa-cháithnín, deir muid gur núiclíd alfa-ghníomhach í.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>alfa-radaíocht</b> (an alfa-radaíocht, na halfa-radaíochta) - Is éard is alfa-radaíocht ann ná an cineál is laige den radaighníomhacht. Tá an alfa-radaíocht comhdhéanta as alfa-cháithníní, agus is ionann an t-alfa-cháithnín, go bunúsach, agus núicléas héiliam den ghnáthchineál, is é sin, cnuas a bhfuil dhá phrótón agus dhá neodrón ann. Ní bhíonn an radaíocht seo ródhainséarach don duine, nó is leor páipéar le hí a stopadh. Mar sin féin, is féidir don alfa-radaíocht féin dochar a dhéanamh don orgánach, má tá foinse na halfa-radaíochta suite taobh istigh den cholainn.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Na halfa-cháithníní cosmacha, is é sin na cinn a thagas isteach ón spás, bíonn fuinneamh mór fúthu, agus mar sin, tá siad i bhfad níos dainséaraí ná na halfa-cháithníní a astaítear as na núicléis radaighníomhacha.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is é an t-alfa-mheath is cúis leis an alfa-radaíocht. Meath radaighníomhach atá ann a thagas ar na dúile troma radaighníomhacha, ar nós an úráiniam. Sin é an tuige go mbíonn boilgeoga beaga héiliam taobh istigh de na mianraí úráiniam.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bíonn fuinneamh an alfa-cháithnín chomh híseal, dáiríre, is go bhfuair na fisiceoirí deacair a thuiscint, ar dtús, go bhféadfadh a leithéid éalú ó aon núicléas, nó bíonn na núicléis á gcoinneáil le chéile ag fórsaí láidire núicléacha, fórsaí ar chóir dóibh cáithnín chomh trom, chomh lagfhuinniúil sin a stopadh scun scan. Tá an cáithnín thíos i bpoll domhain, mar a déarfá, agus na fórsaí adamhacha ina mballaí ina thimpeall. Seo an tuiscint atá ag an bhfisic chlasaiceach. Má ghlactar leis an alfa-cháithnín mar thonn radaíochta, mar chineál splaince, áfach, is féidir leis, de réir dóchúlachta áirithe, ”tollánú” a dhéanamh tríd na ballaí - éalú as an ”log póitéinsiúil”, mar a thugtar air. Seo an tuiscint atá ag an bhfisic chandamach ar an alfa-mheath, agus ba mhór an dul chun cinn don fhisic é gur éirigh leis na saineolaithe an t-alfa-mheath a mhíniú go sásúil.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>allatrópacht</b> (an allatrópacht, na hallatrópachta) – Is éard atá i gceist leis an allatrópacht ná go mbíonn dúile áirithe ceimiceacha ar fáil ina bhfoirmeacha difriúla ó thaobh struchtúr na móilíní de. Cé gurb ionann iad na hadaimh, is féidir leo bheith ceangailte go difriúil. Tugtar <b>allatróip</b> (an t-allatróp, an allatróip, na hallatróip, na n-allatróp) ar fhoirmeacha allatrópacha na dúile céanna.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Samplaí den allatrópacht iad:</span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Allatróip an charbóin, is é sin, an diamant agus an ghraifít. (Allatróip shaorga iad na nanaifheadáin charbóin.)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Allatróip na hocsaigine, is é sin, an ghnáthocsaigin agus an t-ózón. Dhá adamh atá i móilín na gnáthocsaigine, agus trí cinn i móilín an ózóin.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Allatróip an fhosfair. Tá an dúrud acu ann, ach aithníonn an gnáthdhuine an fosfar geal agus an fosfar dearg, ach go háirithe.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Allatróip an stáin. Tá a leithéid de rud ann agus galar an stáin nó plá an stáin. Is é is brí leis sin ná an dóigh a gclaochlóidh an stán ó mhiotal geal go púdar neamh-mhiotalach má théann fuacht i bhfeidhm air. Allatróip éagsúla iad an dá chineál stán seo, agus an púdar níos cobhsaí ná an miotal le teocht íseal.</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>An Altóir</b> (An Altóir, na hAltóra) – Réaltbhuíon bheag í an Altóir agus í le feiceáil i leathsféar theas na spéire, dingthe idir Triantán an Deiscirt agus an Scairp. Níl d'ainm ar an réalta is gile sa réaltbhuíon seo ach Alpha Arae (<i>Ara </i>an t-ainm Laidine atá ar an Altóir). Réalta de chuid an phríomhsheichimh í Alpha Arae, ach is réalta sách geal í – B-réalta de réir an chórais speictrigh. Mar sin, is réalta bhánghorm í, agus í ag comhleá a cuid hidrigine go héiliam go tiubh téirimeach. Tá Alpha Arae suite faoi dhá chéad is seachtó solasbhliain dínn, a bheag nó a mhór, agus í naoi n-oiread níos troime ná an Ghrian.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>alúmanam</b> (an t-alúmanam, an alúmanaim) - Is é an t-alúmanam (Al) dúil cheimiceach uimhir a 13, agus é suite i dtríú príomhghrúpa an tábla pheiriadaigh faoi bhun an bhóróin agus os cionn an ghailliam. Is í an chumraíocht leictreonach atá aige ná trí leictreon ar an tríú sceall, ochtréad iomlán ar an dara sceall, agus leictreondís amháin ar an sceall is cóngaraí don núicléas. Ina chuid comhdhúl, tugann an t-adamh alúmanaim uaidh an trí leictreon sin ar an sceall is faide amuigh, agus mar sin, is í an uimhir ocsaídiúcháin is dual don alúmanam ná +3.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is é an t-alúmanam an miotal is coitianta i screamh an Domhain. Scéal eile, áfach, nach furasta é a aonrú as a chuid comhdhúl, agus níl sé le fáil mar mhiotal glan sa dúlra. Mar sin, níor éirigh leis na ceimiceoirí an miotal a tháirgeadh roimh an naoú haois déag (bhí an Danmhargach Hans Christian Ørsted ar an gcéad duine a bhí ábalta eiseamal alúmanaim a chur os comhair shúile an tsaoil mhóir), agus ar feadh i bhfad, bhí an t-alúmanam ní ba dhaoire ná an t-ór féin. Nuair a bhí an naoú haois déag ag druidim chun deiridh, áfach, rith leis an Meiriceánach Charles Martin Hall agus leis an bhFrancach Paul Héroult báicsít (ocsaíd alúmanaim) a thuaslagan i gcrióilít leáite agus an meascán seo a leictrealú.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Inniu, tá an t-alúmanam ar ceann de na miotail is mó a úsáidtear sa tionsclaíocht. Mar is eol do chách, tá sé an-éadrom. Nuair a rachas an t-alúmanam i dteagmháil le hocsaigin an aeir, imoibreoidh sé léi, i gcruth is go dtiocfaidh brat ocsaíde ar an alúmanam a bhainfeas an loinnir de. Murab ionann agus meirg an iarainn, áfach, ní thitfidh an brat seo den alúmanam, a mhalairt ar fad: fanfaidh sé timpeall an mhiotail mar sciath chosanta. Deir an téarmaíocht go n-<i>éighníomhaíonn</i> an brat an t-alúmanam.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Maidir le comhdhúile an alúmanaim, tá a lán acu ar fáil sa dúlra, mar mhianraí. Samplaí iad na hiathchlocha, ar sileacáití alúmanaim iad; an bheiril, ar cioglaisileacáit alúmanaim agus beirilliam í; an chrióilít, ar fluairíd alúmanaim agus sóidiam í; cineálacha áirithe gairnéid, ar nós almaindín, ar sileacáit alúmanaim agus iarainn é, nó pioróp, ar sileacáit alúmanaim agus maignéisiam é; agus mianraí éagsúla ocsaíde alúmanaim. Ocsaíd alúmanaim atá sa bháicsít, arb í foinse thionsclaíoch an alúmanaim í. Corandam a thugtar ar an ocsaíd alúmanaim is ionghlaine dá bhfuil ar fáil sa dúlra, agus é ar ceann de na mianraí is crua dá bhfuil ann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Níl dath ar bith sa ghlanchorandam. Fágann iarsmaí na ndúl eile dath sa chorandam, áfach, agus úsáidtear corandam daite sa tseoideoireacht. Tugtar rúibín ar an gcorandam dearg, agus é truaillithe le cróimiam. Saifír a thugtar ar an gcorandam a bhfuil dath éigin eile ann (gorm nó buí, go tipiciúil), agus iad truaillithe le dúile eile (iarann agus tiotáiniam).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>amagdailin</b> (an amagdailin, na hamagdailine) – Comhdhúil orgánach í an amagdailin atá le fáil sna halmóinní searbha. Nítríl atá inti, is é sin tá adamhghrúpa ciainíde i móilín na hamagdailine, agus murab ionann is a lán nítrílí eile is féidir leis an amagdailin imoibriú le heinsímí áirithe in orgánach an duine ionas go scaoiltear an chiainíd saor. Dá dheasca sin is nimh dhainséarach í an amagdailin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sna laethanta a bhí, bhíodh an amagdailin á díol mar chógas in aghaidh ailse, ach is é tuairim na saineolaithe inniu ná go bhfuil sí i bhfad rónimhiúil le haghaidh a leithéide. Dealraíonn sé freisin nach gcuireann sí isteach ná amach ar an ailse pé scéal é. Mar sin tá cosc uirthi ina lán tíortha.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>amaláis</b> (an amaláis, na hamaláise) – Einsím (catalaíoch nádúrtha) í an amaláis a chuireas luas faoi hiodralú an stáirse go siúcra. Tá amaláis le fáil, abair, i seile an duine.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>amaloipsin</b> (an amaloipsin, na hamaloipsin) – Einsím í an amaloipsin atá le fáil i bpaincréas an duine agus é ag cuidiú le hiodralú an stáirse go siúcra. D'fhéadfá amaláis an phaincréis a thabhairt uirthi freisin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>amalós</b> (an t-amalós, an amalóis) – Cineál stáirse é go bunúsach an t-amalós. Tá sé comhdhéanta de mhóilíní móra polaiméireacha a bhfuil déanamh an héilics orthu.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>amatól</b> (an t-amatól, an amatóil) – Meascán as trínítreatolúéin (TNT) agus níotráit amóiniam (NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>) é an t-amatól, agus ar ndóigh is ábhar pléascach é. D'úsáidtí sa dá chogadh domhanda é i bpléascáin mhíleata, agus bhíodh sé coitianta sa mhianadóireacht ina dhiaidh sin féin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>amfaból</b> (an t-amfaból, an amfabóil, na hamfabóil, na n-amfaból) – Grúpa iomlán mianraí iad na hamfabóil. Sileacáití de chineál ar leith iad agus dath dorcha iontu de ghnáth. Bíonn iain mhaignéisiam agus iarainn sna hamfabóil agus ní mór iain hiodrocsaíde (OH<sup>-</sup>), clóiríde (Cl<sup>-</sup>) nó fluairíde (F<sup>-</sup>) a bheith ann chomh maith. Is iad na hiain bhreise seo a dhealaíos na hamfabóil ó na pirixéiní.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>amfailít</b> (an amfailít, na hamfailíte, na hamfailítí, na n-amfailítí) – Is ionann amfailít agus substaint amfaiteireach nó amfaprótónach, is é sin, substaint ar féidir léi gnó an aigéid <i>agus </i>gnó an bhuin a dhéanamh: thig léi prótón (ian hidrigine) a thabhairt uaithi mar is dual don aigéad, ach san am chéanna tá leictreondís aici le hian hidrigine a cheapadh mar a dhéanas an bun. Amfailítí iad an t-uisce agus na haimínaigéid, mar shampla.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>amfataimín</b> (an t-amfataimín, an amfataimín, na hamfataimíní, na n-amfataimíní) – I gciall chúng an téarma is éard atá san amfataimín ná alfa-meitilfeineitiolaimín, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)NH<sub>2</sub>. Spreagthach láidir é – is é sin spreagann sé lárchóras na néaróg. Cuireann dáileoga beaga amfataimín le cumais chognaíochta an duine (cuimhne, céadfú), ach ón taobh eile de baineann priacail mhóra lena ró-úsáid (siabhráin, síocóis, strus ar an gcroí). An duine a bhíos ag tógáil amfataimín mar dhruga aineasa is dual dó andúil a chur ann; thairis sin is féidir leis tualangacht a fhorbairt, ionas nach dtéann an dáileog chéanna i bhfeidhm air mar a théadh roimhe sin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>amhaire</b> (an t-amhaire, an amhaire, na hamhairí, na n-amhairí) – Is éard atá i gceist leis an amhaire ná callaire atá ceaptha le fuaimeanna ísealmhinicíochta a aithris.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>amleathadh</b> (an t-amleathadh, an amleata) – Deir teoiric na coibhneasachta (teoiric cháiliúil Einstein) go bhfuil imeacht an ama féin coibhneasach, is é sin, go bhfuil fad an ama ag brath ar na himthoscaí. Mar shampla, má fhanann leathchúpla amháin ar an Domhan agus leathchúpla eile ag taisteal an spáis, nuair a thiocfas an spásaire abhaile, beidh a dheartháir níos sine ná é féin, agus tréimhse níos faide ama imithe sa bhaile ná sa spásbhád (”paradacsa an chúpla”). Tugtar amleathadh ar an bhfeiniméan seo. Tá cineálacha éagsúla amleata ann, mar shampla:</span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Amleathadh de bharr an treoluais choibhneasta</i>. Cuirimis i gcás go bhfuil dhá chóras againn nach bhfuil imtharraingt ar bith ag dul i bhfeidhm orthu, agus iad ag gluaiseacht – gach ceann acu ag dul a bhealach féin gan luas ná treo a athrú. Ansin is dóigh leo siúd atá ag brath ar cheann den dá chóras go bhfuil an t-am ag imeacht níos maille sa dá chóras eile.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Amleathadh de bharr na himtharraingthe</i>. Bíonn an t-am ag imeacht níos maille in aice le rinn mhór throm neimhe ná i bhfad uaithi sa spás folamh.</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>amóinealú</b> (an t-amóinealú, an amóinealaithe) – Imoibriú ceimiceach a bhfuil amóinia páirteach ann, agus a fhágfas an t-aimínghrúpa -NH<sub>2</sub> in áit an hiodrocsailghrúpa -OH.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>amóinia</b> (an amóinia, na hamóinia) – Is í an amóinia an ceann is tábhachtaí de hidrídí na nítrigine. Is í foirmle cheimiceach na hamóinia ná NH<sub>3</sub>, agus mar sin tá trí adamh hidrigine agus adamh amháin nítrigine i ngach móilín amóinia. Tá an amóinia sothuaslagtha san uisce (an amóinia atá le ceannach i siopa an phoitigéara is tuaslagán uisce í), agus is bun scothláidir í. Nuair a imoibreos sí le huisce nó le haigéad, gheofar an t-ian amóiniam NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, agus é á iompar mar a bheadh ian miotail ann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Gás nimhe í an amóinia, agus í ag oibriú go dona ar na scamhóga. Cosúil leis na gáis ghreannacha eile (clóirín mar shampla) spreagann sí éidéime na scamhóg, is é sin fágann sí na scamhóga lán uisce a thachtfas an t-othar. Tá boladh bréan so-aitheanta as an amóinia a chuirfeadh mún lofa i gcuimhne duit. Le fírinne tá amóinia le fáil i mún lofa, agus is í is cúis leis an dochar a dhéanas mún na muc (mar shampla) sa dúlra.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Amhábhar tábhachtach í an amóinia sa tionsclaíocht cheimiceach. Is féidir gás amóinia a chur trí thine san aer, ach is dual don dóiteán seo dul as mura bhfuil catalaíoch ar fáil, nó níl an lasair amóinia sách te leis an imoibriú a choinneáil ag imeacht. Is iad an nítrigin agus an t-uisce gnáth-thorthaí an dóiteáin seo. Is féidir amóinia a ocsaídiú go haigéad níotrach fosta, ach arís tá catalaíoch ar leith de dhíth.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>amóiniam </b>(an t-amóiniam, an amóiniam) – Is é an t-amóiniam an t-ian deimhneach is comhchuingeach don amóinia. Is í NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> an fhoirmle. Bíonn an t-ian seo ag dul le hiain dhiúltacha le comhdhúile ianacha a dhéanamh agus iad cosúil le salainn na miotal alcaileach: de ghnáth bíonn siad sothuaslagtha san uisce. Sa chiall leathan tugtar amóiniam ar iain ina bhfuil adamhghrúpaí orgánacha curtha in áit na n-adamh hidrigine sa ghnáthamóiniam.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>amscála geolaíoch</b> (an t-amscála geolaíoch, an amscála geolaíoch) – Amscála a thaispeánas na tréimhsí ama mar a fhreagraíos siad do shraitheanna éagsúla geolaíochta. Is iad na leibhéil éagsúla ama a aithníos an scála seo ná:</span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">na <i>haeóin: </i>an t-aeón Haidéasach (4600-4030 milliún bliain ó shin), an t-aeón Aircéach (4030-2420 milliún bliain ó shin), an t-aeón Prótarasóch (2420-541 mhilliún bliain ó shin) agus an t-aeón Fanarasóch (ó dheireadh an aeóin Phrotarasóch go dtí an lá inniu). Is gnách na haeóin réamh-Fhanarasócha a cheangal in aon ollaeón Réamh-Chaimbriach amháin.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">na <i>réanna: </i>an ré Phailéasóch (541-252 mhilliún bliain ó shin), an ré Mhéiseasóch (252-66 mhilliún bliain ó shin) agus an ré Chaenasóch (i ndiaidh na ré Méiseasóiche go dtí an lá inniu). Aithnítear réanna éagsúla sna haeóin réamh-Phanarasócha freisin.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">na <i>tréimhsí </i>sa chiall chúng: an tréimhse Chaimbriach (tús na ré Pailéasóiche: 541-485 mhilliún bliain ó shin), an tréimhse Ordaivíseach (485-444 mhilliún bliain ó shin), an tréimhse Shiolúrach (444-419 milliún bliain ó shin), an tréimhse Dheavónach (419-359 milliún bliain ó shin), an tréimhse Charbónmhar (359-299 milliún bliain ó shin), an tréimhse Pheirmeach (299-252 mhilliún bliain ó shin), an tréimhse Thriasach (252-200 bliain ó shin), an tréimhse Iúrasach (200-145 mhilliún bliain ó shin), an tréimhse Chailceach (145-66 mhilliún bliain ó shin), an tréimhse Phailéigineach (66-23 mhilliún bliain ó shin), an tréimhse Nuaigineach (23-2.58 milliún bliain ó shin), agus an tréimhse Cheathartha (i ndiaidh na tréimhse Nuaiginí). Go dtí le déanaí, dhearctaí ar an bPailéigineach agus ar an Nuaigineach mar a bheadh aon tréimhse amháin ann, mar atá, an tréimhse Threasach.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">na <i>sealaid. </i>Is fiú ainmneacha na sealad ó thús na tréimhse Pailéiginí ar aghaidh a fhoghlaim: an [...]</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>anóid</b> (an anóid, na hanóide; na hanóidí, na n-anóidí) - Is éard is anóid ann ná leictreoid atá faoi lucht leictreach deimhneach, ionas go bhfuil na hiain dhiúltacha (na hainiain) á n-aomadh (á dtarraingt) aici.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aonad réalteolaíoch</b> (an t-aonad réalteolaíoch, an aonaid réalteolaíoch; na haonaid réalteolaíocha, na n-aonad réalteolaíoch) - Is é an t-aonad réalteolaíoch ná meánfhad an Domhain ón nGrian, nó timpeall ar céad go leith milliún ciliméadar (níos cruinne, céad daichead naoi milliún agus cúig chéad nócha ocht míle ciliméadar, nó 149,598,000 km).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>aonocsaíd sulfair</b> (an aonocsaíd sulfair, na haonocsaíde sulfair) - Ocsaíd éagobhsaí de chuid an tsulfair í an aonocsaíd sulfair SO nach mbíonn ar fáil ar an Domhan ach uaireanta, mar thoradh idirmheánach in imoibriúcháin cheimiceacha. Is dual dó démhéiriú go dé-ocsaíd déshulfair S2O2. Bhí na saineolaithe in ann a aithint, áfach, go mbíonn aonocsaíd sulfair ar fáil sa spás, go háirithe in atmaisféar Io. Ceann de ghealacha móra Iúpatair í Io.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>apaigí</b> (an t-apaigí, an apaigí) - Is é an t-apaigí an cianphointe ón Domhan. An tsatailít atá ag dul timpeall an Domhain - cibé cé acu an Ghealach nó satailít shaorga dhaondéanta atá i gceist - tá déanamh na héilipse ar a fithis, agus an Domhan suite i gceann de dhá fhócas na héilipse. Nuair atá an tsatailít ag an gceann is faide ón Domhan den éilipse sin, deirtear go bhfuil sí sa chianphointe, nó san apaigí.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>apaihéilean</b> (an t-apaihéilean, an apaihéilin) nó <b>aiféilean</b> (an t-aiféilean, an aiféilin) - Is é an t-apaihéilean nó an t-aiféilean (úsáidtear an dá leagan sa Ghaeilge) an cianphointe ón nGrian. An pláinéad, an t-astaróideach, an cóiméad nó an taiscéalaí saorga daondéanta atá ag dul timpeall na Gréine, tá déanamh na héilipse ar a fhithis, agus an Ghrian suite i gceann de dhá fhócas na héilipse.Nuair atá an tsatailít ag an gceann is faide ón nGrian den éilipse sin, deirtear go bhfuil sí sa chianphointe, san apaihéilean, nó san aiféilean.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>apaitít</b> (an apaitít, na hapaitíte) - Mianra fosfáite cailciam í an apaitít. Is í an fhoirmle a bhíonn ag an apaitít ná Ca<sub>10</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>6</sub>X<sub>2</sub>, agus ainiain éagsúla ag déanamh ról an X: OH<sup>-</sup> (hiodrocsaíd), Br<sup>-</sup> (bróimíd), F<sup>-</sup> (fluairíd) nó Cl<sup>-</sup> (clóiríd). Is í an apaitít céim a cúig ar scála cruais Mohs.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>apalár</b> (an t-apalár, an apaláir) nó <b>apaipsis</b> (an apaipsis, na hapaipsise) nó <b>cianphointe</b> (an cianphointe, an chianphointe) - Is é an t-apalár nó an apaipsis an cianphointe ar fhithis éilipseach, is é sin, an pointe is faide atá suite ón bpríomhach (an rinn neimhe a bhfuil an tsatailít ag dul ina timpeall). Tá dhá fhócas ag an éilipse, agus lár imtharraingte an chórais suite i gceann den dá fhócas. Nuair atá an tsatailít sa phointe is faide ón ”meáchanlár” sin, deirtear go bhfuil sí san apalár nó san apaipsis, nó sa chianphointe.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>aqua regia</b></i> - Frása Laidine é ”aqua regia” a chiallaíonn ”uisce ríoga”. Is éard atá ann ná meascán as aigéad nítreach agus aigéad hidreaclórach. Ní chreimeann ceachtar den dá aigéad ann féin an t-ór (”rí na miotal”), ach má mheasctar trí chéile iad, beidh siad in ann an t-ór a ocsaídiú go hiain teitreaclóróráite (III), AuCl<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>argantaiciainíd</b> (an argantaiciainíd, na hargantaiciainíde) - Tugtar argantaiciainídí ar shubstaintí ina bhfuil an t-ainian úd Ag(CN)<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> nó déchianargantáit (I) ceangailte de chaitian miotail éigin - argantaiciainíd sóidiam NaAg(CN)<sub>2</sub> nó argantaiciainíd photaisiam KAg(CN)<sub>2</sub> ach go háirithe. Úsáidtear argantaiciainídí sa phlátáil airgid, is é sin, le brat airgid ghil a chur ar réadanna éagsúla – ionstraimí ceoil, cuir i gcás.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>argón</b> (an t-argón, an argóin) - Is é an t-argón dúil cheimiceach uimhir a hocht déag, agus is é Ar an tsiombail cheimiceach a sheasas dó. Tá sé ar an triathghás is flúirsí in atmaisféar an Domhain. Ós triathghás é, tá ochtréad iomlán - ocht leictreon - ar an leictreonsceall is faide amuigh aige, agus mar sin, níl sé araiciseach chun imoibriú le dúile eile. Is féidir comhdhúile argóin agus fluairín a tháirgeadh, ach ní bhíonn na comhdhúile sin cobhsaí ach amháin le teocht an-íseal.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Úsáidtear argón nuair a bhíos gás támh de dhíth. An cineál substaintí a bhíos ró-araiciseach chun imoibriú le hocsaigin an aeir, is féidir iad a chur ar stóras in atmaisféar argóin. Thairis sin, is féidir argón a úsáid sna feadáin ghás-díluchtúcháin agus sa ghléasra léasair le solas a dhéanamh a bhfuil dath ar leith ann - gorm nó uaine, go bunúsach.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>astaitín </b>(an t-astaitín, an astaitín) – Is é an t-astaitín dúil cheimiceach uimhir a 85, agus is é At an tsiombail a sheasas don dúil seo sna foirmlí ceimiceacha. Níl ach iseatóip radaighníomhacha ag an astaitín, agus iad féin chomh héagobhsaí is nach féidir mórán taighde a dhéanamh ar an dúil seo. Is é an t-iseatóp is cobhsaí ná <sub>210</sub>At, agus é féin gan ach ocht n-uaire an chloig ar leathré. Ní féidir eiseamal astaitín a dhéanamh a bheadh infheicthe gan dul i dtuilleamaí micreascóip, nó bheadh a leithéid galaithe ar an toirt ag teas a radaighníomhaíochta féin. Tá an t-astaitín suite i ngrúpa na halaiginí taobh thíos den iaidín, agus mar sin, is féidir glacadh leis go bhfuil sé cosúil leis an iaidín ó thaobh na ceimice de.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><b>astaróideach </b></span><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;">(an t-astaróideach, an astaróidigh; na hastaróidigh, na n-astaróideach) – is ionann é an t-astaróideach agus an mionphláinéad, is é sin, rinn neimhe atá ag dul timpeall na Gréine agus í níos lú ná na fíorphláinéid. Sa ghnáthchaint is gnách glacadh leis gur astaróidigh iad na mionphláinéid taobh istigh d'fhithis Iúpatair, go háirithe iad siúd atá suite i gcrios na n-astaróideach idir Mars agus Iúpatar. Thairis sin, tá dhá ghrúpa astaróideach ag tionlacan Iúpatair féin – na Gréagaigh agus na Traígh; grúpa eile fós iad na hastaróidigh neas-Domhain.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;">astraláib </span></b><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;">(an astraláib, na hastraláibe; na hastraláibí, na n-astraláibí) – Is éard atá i gceist leis an astraláib ná cineál claonmhéadar a úsáidtear le háit na reann neimhe ar an spéir a aithint agus a chur i gcomparáid le chéile. Ionstraim sheanársa í an astraláib a bhí in úsáid ag na sean-Ghréigigh féin; ba nós leis na Muslamaigh astraláibí maisithe cuidsúlacha a dhéanamh i ré órga an Ioslaim. Bhíodh a ndéanamh féin ar an astraláib ag na mairnéalaigh, agus forbairt uirthi is ea an seachtamhán.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Balla Mór</b> (an Balla Mór, an Bhalla Mhóir) - Sa réalteolaíocht, tugtar ”An Balla Mór” ar struchtúir áirithe mhórscála a aithnítear ar an ollchruinne, mar atá:</span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Balla Mór an Tuaiscirt. Is é seo an rud is réidhe a bhíos i gceist ag na réalteolaithe agus iad ag trácht ar ”an mBalla Mór”. Sreang nó ”filiméad” de réaltraí atá ann agus í leathmhíle milliún solasbhliain ar fad, nó níos faide fós. Cuireadh an chéad sonrú sa Bhalla Mhór seo thiar sa bhliain 1989.</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Balla Mór Sloan. hAithníodh an filiméad seo an chéad uair sa bhliain 2003, agus fuair sé a ainm ón scéim suirbhéireachta spéire ar a dtugtar Suirbhé Digiteach Spéire Sloan, ó ba iad torthaí na scéime sin a chuidigh leis na saineolaithe fionnachtain an Bhalla seo a dhéanamh. Fuair an suirbhé maoiniú ó Fhondúireacht Alfred P. Sloan, agus as an bhfundúireacht sin a hainmníodh an tionscadal. (Innealtóir agus fear gnó a bhí in Alfred P. Sloan a bhí i gceannas ar General Motors ar feadh i bhfad, agus bhunaigh sé an Fhondúireacht sa bhliain 1934 le taighde agus teicneolaíocht a mhaoiniú.) Tá Balla Mór Sloan i bhfad níos faide fós ná Balla Mór an Tuaiscirt.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>bórón</b> (an bórón, an bhóróin): Is é an bórón an dúil atá sa tábla pheiriadach os cionn an alúmanaim, dúil uimhir a cúig. B an tsiombail a sheasann don bhórón sna foirmlí ceimiceacha. Níl an bórón ar fáil sa dúlra ach i mianraí, agus le fírinne tá sé deacair go leor bórón a aonrú mar dhúil. Dealraíonn sé nár éirigh le haon duine bórón réasúnta glan a tháirgeadh ach san fhichiú haois, ach mar sin féin, ba léir do na saineolaithe i bhfad roimhe sin gur dúil ar leith a bhí ann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá an glanbhórón an-chrua, agus is é a leáphointe ná 2080 (dhá mhíle agus ceithre scór) céim Celsius. Tá ceithre allatróp difriúla ag an mbórón, is é sin, ceithre struchtúr difriúla criostalacha, cosúil leis an dóigh a bhfuil dhá allatróp (diamant agus graifít) ag an gcarbón. Is é an béite-bhórón an t-allatróp is cobhsaí le teocht an tseomra agus faoin ngnáthbhrú. Níl mórán difríochta idir na hallatróip éagsúla ó thaobh an dlúis de, nó tá siad go léir timpeall ar dhá ghrám go leith in aghaidh an cheintiméadair chiúbaigh. Criostail chrua dhubha a bhíos ann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá dhá leictreon ar an sceall is cóngaraí don núicléas, agus trí leictreon ar an dara sceall. Mar sin, ní féidir leis an mbórón ochtréad iomlán a fháil ar an dara sceall ina chuid comhdhúl. Is í an ghnáth-uimhir ocsaídiúcháin ná +3, agus an t-adamh bóróin ceangailte de na hadaimh eile le naisc chomhfhiúsacha.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is é an t-aigéad bórach (aigéad bórach, aigéid bhóraigh) an chomhdhúil is tábhachtaí dá bhfuil ag an mbórón. Is í an fhoirmle cheimiceach atá aige ná H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub>, agus is aigéad lag é. Solad bán atá ann, agus é intuaslagtha san uisce. Baintear úsáid as mar fhrithsheipteán (is é sin, leis na baictéir a mharú), mar fheithidicíd (feithidnimh), mar leasaitheach seithe agus i ndéantús snáithínghloine. Is amhábhar tábhachtach é an t-aigéad bórach sa tionsclaíocht cheimiceach freisin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is é an bórás an mianra bóráin is aithnidiúla. Is éard atá ann ná teitreabhóráit an tsóidiam Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, agus ceithre mhóilín uisce sa chriostal in aghaidh an aonaid fhoirmle. Baintear éagsúlacht úsáide as an mbórás (sa mhiotalóireacht, sa chosmaid, sa ghloiniú, sa ghlónrú, sa chruanadóireacht agus araile), agus is foinse thábhachtach bóróin é.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is iad na bóráin, nó na hidrídí bóróin, na comhdhúile is suimiúla dá bhfuil ag an mbórón. Mar a deir an dara hainm - na hidridí bóróin - is éard atá iontu ná comhdhúile hidrigine agus bóróin. Comhdhúile leictreonuireasacha iad, is é sin, ní bhíonn a ndóthain leictreon acu leis na móilíní a choinneáil le chéile, de réir na tuisceana traidisiúnta a bhí ag na saineolaithe ar an nasc ceimiceach. Mar sin, bhí teoiricí agus tuiscintí nua de dhíth leis na naisc idir an bórón agus an hidrigin sna comhdhúile seo a mhíniú. I nasc comhfhiúsach den ghnáthchineál, tá leictreondís amháin ann agus í roinnte idir dhá adamh, ach sna bóráin, bíonn dhá leictreon roinnte idir trí adamh, go minic. Díol mór suime agus ábhar tábhachtach taighde iad na bóráin ag na ceimiceoirí i gcónaí.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>breacsholas</b> (an breacsholas, an bhreacsholais): Is é an breacsholas an coincheap réalteolaíoch a fhreagraíos don chlapsholas sa ghnáthchaint. Mar is eol do chách, ní thagann an dorchadas dubh go díreach i ndiaidh don ghrian dul faoi, ós rud é go mbíonn móilíní gáis an atmaisféir ag scaipeadh sholas na gréine.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Aithníonn na réalteolaithe cineálacha éagsúla breacsholais idir an lá geal agus an oíche dhubh dhorcha, mar atá:</span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">an breacsholas oifigiúil. Le linn an bhreacsholais oifigiúil, tá lárphointe na Gréine níos lú ná sé chéim stua taobh thíos den léaslíne.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">an muir-bhreacsholas, nó breacsholas an mhairnéalaigh. Le linn an mhuir-bhreacsholais, tá lárphointe na Gréine 6-12 chéim stua taobh thíos den léaslíne. Nuair atá an cineál seo breacsholais ann, tá na réaltaí is gile le feiceáil, ach san am chéanna thig leis an mairnéalach amuigh ar an teisclinn mhór an léaslíne a fheiceáil i gcónaí, agus mar sin is féidir leis seiseamhán a úsáid le suíomh na loinge a aithint.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">an bhreacsholas réalteolaíoch. Le linn an bhreacsholais réalteolaíoch, tá lárphointe na Gréine 12-18 gcéim stua taobh thíos den léaslíne. Tá an chuid is mó de na réaltaí le feiceáil, ach san am chéanna tá solas scaipthe na Gréine ag cur isteach ar na breathnuithe réalteolaíocha is mionchruinne.</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Nuair atá lárphointe na Gréine suite 18 gcéim stua taobh thíos den léaslíne, tá sé chomh dorcha agus is féidir, a bheag nó a mhór, agus an breacsholas féin imithe. Ar ndóigh scéim shimplithe í an scéim thuas, nó go praiticiúil bíonn imeacht an tsolais agus teacht an dorchadais ag brath go mór mór ar an aimsir agus ar imthoscaí eile na huaire.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>bróimín </b>(an bróimín, an bhróimín) – Is é an bróimín dúil cheimiceach uimhir a 35, agus is é Br an tsiombail a sheasas dó sna foirmlí ceimiceacha. Ceann de na halaiginí atá ann agus mar sin tá gaol aige leis an bhfluairín, leis an gclóirín agus leis an iaidín. Tá sé ina leacht ruadhearg le teocht an tseomra agus faoi bhrú an atmaisféir, ach san am chéanna is dual dó galú go héasca. Mar sin bíonn boladh láidir as an mbróimín, agus a ainm féin bunaithe ar fhocal Gréigise a chiallaíos ”drochbholadh”. Cosúil leis an gclóirín tá an bróimín féin iontach fonnmhar chun imoibriúcháin, agus mar sin greannaíonn gal an bhróimín na scamhóga go dona.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ó thaobh na ceimice de tá an bróimín cosúil leis na halaiginí eile, is é sin, is é -1 an uimhir ocsaídiúcháin is coitianta – ocsaídíonn an bróimín na dúile eile le haon leictreon amháin a fháil ar iasacht uathu agus ochtréad iomlán a bhaint amach ar an leictreonsceall is faide amuigh. Tá an bróimíd hidrigine cosúil leis an gclóiríd hidrigine, is é sin gás atá inti agus é sothuaslagtha san uisce. Ar ndóigh is aigéad láidir é tuaslagán uisce na bróimíde hidrigine, cosúil leis an aigéad hidreaclórach. Bróimídí a thugtar ar shalainn an aigéid seo, agus iad sothuaslagtha san uisce amach ó chúpla eisceacht, ar nós na bróimíde airgid AgBr (díreach cosúil leis an gclóiríd airgid).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Brúnghluaisne</b> (an Bhrúnghluaisne, na Brúnghluaisne) – Brúnghluaisne a thugtar ar an dóigh a n-athraíonn cáithníní beaga treo a ngluaiseachta agus iad á staidéar faoi mhicreascóp. Ba é an luibheolaí Albanach Robert Brown (Roibeard de Brún, más fearr leat an leagan sin) ba thúisce a d'aithin an ghluaisne seo thiar sa bhliain 1827 agus ba iad na gráinní pailine a bhí á mbreathnú aige. Go bunúsach is éard a chonaic sé go raibh na gráinní ag déanamh a mbealaigh tríd an uisce ach nach raibh sé féin in ann cúiseanna ná dlíthe na gluaiseachta sin a shainmhíniú. Mar a thuigtear inniu is iad na móilíní indibhidiúla uisce a bhíos ag bualadh faoin ngráinne pailne, agus is éard a chonaic an Brúnach ná na cora a chuireas na himbhuailte seo i mbealach an ghráinne. Cruthaíonn an Bhrúnghluaisne go bhfuil an damhna comhdhéanta as cáithníní neamhleanúnacha (adaimh nó móilíní), is é sin nach contanam é a d'fhéadfá a roinnt chomh mion agus is mian leat.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Búdachas</b> (an Búdachas, an Bhúdachais) - Is córas creidimh (reiligiún) nó traidisiún spioradálta é an Búdachas a d'fhorbair sa Chian-Oirthear i ndiaidh bhás Siddhartha Gautama, bunaitheoir an reiligiúin, a mhair timpeall na bliana 500 roimh bhreith Chríost. Is é is brí leis an bhfocal Búda ná duine dúisithe, duine múscailte - is é sin, duine a fuair tuiscint cheart ar an saol - agus is é an rud a chreideas lucht leanúna an Bhúdachais gurbh é Siddhartha Gautama an chéad Bhúda, an chéad duine ar éirigh leis staid seo na hardtuisceana a bhaint amach.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is gnách príomh-choincheapanna an Bhúdachais a ainmniú as Sanscrait nó as Pailis, nó is iad an tSanscrait agus an Phailis príomhtheangacha an traidisiúin, agus gaol réasúnta dlúth acu le chéile freisin. Eochairfhocal é <i>karma</i>, a chiallaíos ”gníomh, obair” sa tSanscrait. Creideann na Búdaithe go bhfuil tionchar ag gníomhartha suáilceacha agus duáilceacha an duine ar a chinniúint, ar a <i>karma</i>, agus go gcaithfidh sé deachú a chuid duáilcí agus drochghníomhartha a íoc ar an saol seo nó ar an gcéad saol eile i ndiaidh dó bás a fháil agus athbhreith a dhéanamh. (Cuid de traidisiún an Bhúdachais é an creideamh san athbhreith agus in ath-ionchollú an anama.) Cineál tomhsaire é an <i>karma</i> a thaispeánas, cá mhéad gníomhartha duáilceacha nó suáilceacha atá déanta ag an duine agus cén éiric a chaithfeas sé a íoc as na gníomhartha suáilceacha.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>caitian</b> (an caitian, an chaitiain; na caitiain, na gcaitian): Ian a bhfuil lucht leictreach deimhneach aige. Má sháitear leictreoidí i dtuaslagán uisce a bhfuil substaint ianach ann, beidh na caitiain ag tarraingt ar an leictreoid dhiúltach, ar a dtugtar catóid.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>ceirneoir</b> (an ceirneoir, an cheirneora; na ceirneoirí, na gceirneoirí): Is é an ceirneoir an duine – an láithreoir dioscó nó an craoltóir – a roghnaíos na popamhráin atá le seinm agus a dhéanas tráchtaireacht éigin idir dhá amhrán. ”Mútálaí ceirníní” a moladh mar théarma ar cheirneoir freisin, go greannmhar b'fhéidir. Inniu, ar ndóigh, ní bhíonn na ceirneoirí ag mútáil le ceirníní a thuilleadh, ó tháinig na dlúthdhioscaí agus na fuaimchomhaid ina n-áit.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>ceirnín</b> (an ceirnín, an cheirnín; na ceirníní, na gceirníní) - Is éard atá sa cheirnín ná meán stórála fuaime i gcruth an diosca a bhfuil eitre bhíseach ann. Is í an eitre seo iompróir na fuaime, agus teastaíonn seinnteoir ceirníní leis an bhfuaim a chloisteáil. Cuirfear an ceirnín ar chaschlár an tseinnteora, agus socrófar luas an chaschláir de réir an cheirnín (78, 45, nó 33 1/3 imrothlú sa nóiméad - is iad na ceirníní is sine is luaithe a chastar). Ansin, ísleofar an fhuaimlámh ar an gceirnín, ionas go bhfaighidh an tsnáthaid (an stíleas) ag ceann na fuaimláimhe greim ar an eitre. Ansin, beidh an tsnáthaid ag crith de réir na gcor san eitre. An gléas i gceann na fuaimláimhe a bhfuil an stíleas feistithe de, is é sin, an glacaire, - tiontóidh sé creathanna na snáthaide go comharthaí leictreacha. Is é an t-aimplitheoir a dhéanfas fuaim cheart de na comharthaí seo ansin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Méan analógach é an ceirnín. Is é sin, tá atáirgeadh na fuaime ón gceirnín bunaithe ar ghluaiseacht leanúnach na snáthaide ar an eitre. Ón taobh eile de, is meán digiteach é an dlúthdhiosca. Is ionann sin is a rá go bhfuil an fhuaim ar an dlúthdhiosca mionghearrtha ina bíoga beaga neamhleanúnacha.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bhí an-tábhacht leis an gceirnín mar mheán fuaime roimh na nóchaidí, ach d'imigh sin agus tháinig seo: tá na dlúthdhioscaí i bhfad níos coitianta ná na ceirníní inniu, cé nach bhfuil an ceirnín imithe go fóill.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">As vinil is mó a fháisctear na ceirníní inniu, agus is minic a thugtar ”vinil” ar na ceirníní féin. Giorrúchán é d'fhíorainm an chineál seo plaistigh, is é sin, an chlóiríd pholaivinile, PVC.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>clóiríd</b> (an chlóiríd, na clóiríde, na clóirídí, na gclóirídí) - Tugtar clóirídí ar na comhdhúile ina bhfuil clóirín nasctha de dhúil nach bhfuil chomh leictridhiúltach leis an gclóirín - is ionann sin agus na dúile go léir ach amháin an ocsaigin agus an fluairín, ó tá an bheirt sin níos leictridhiúltaí ná an clóirín. Thar aon rud eile is clóirídí iad comhdhúile an chlóirín agus na miotal, nó tá siad comhdhéanta as iain dheimhneacha na miotal agus na hiain dhiúltacha chlóiríde. Is éard atá san ian clóiríde ná adamh clóirín a fuair leictreon amháin ar iasacht, ionas go bhfuil lucht leictreach diúltach aige, agus ochtréad iomlán ar an leictreonsceall is faide amuigh aige. Cosúil leis na halaiginí go léir tá seacht leictreon ar an leictreonsceall sin ag an gclóirín, agus an t-ochtú ceann ag teastáil go géar leis an ochtréad a bhaint amach.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>clóiríd sóidiam</b> (an chlóiríd sóidiam, na clóiríde sóidiam) - Is ionann an chlóiríd sóidiam agus an gnáthshalann a chuirtear leis an mbia. Ó thaobh na ceimice de, is éard atá ann ná comhdhúil dhénártha an tsóidiam agus an chlóirín. NaCl an fhoirmle cheimiceach. Tá sé comhdhéanta as iain sóidiam agus as iain chlóiríde, agus iad á gcoinneáil le chéile ag an nasc ianach. Is é sin, tá lucht leictreach deimhneach ag gach ian sóidiam, agus lucht leictreach diúltach ag gach ian clóiríde. Aomann an dá lucht leictreach sin a chéile, agus is é an t-aomachán a choinníos criostal na clóiríde sóidiam le chéile.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bíonn na comhdhúile an-difriúil leis na dúile as a bhfuil siad comhdhéanta, agus ní eisceacht í an chlóiríd sóidiam. Is miotal alcaileach é an sóidiam agus é iontach araiciseach chun imoibriú leis na substaintí eile: mar shampla, má chuirtear i gcoimeádán uisce é, beidh lasair mhór ann agus an sóidiam ag imoibriú leis an uisce.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ón taobh eile de, is halaigin í an clóirín, agus é an-imoibríoch freisin. Le teocht an tseomra is gás uaine nó buí é, agus é ag greannú na scamhóg.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">An chomhdhúil a dhéanfas siad in éineacht, áfach, is solad criostalach é nach bhfuil dath an mhiotail ná dath buí an gháis ann, agus ní dual dó imoibriú leis na substaintí eile: nuair a chuaigh an dá dhúil le chéile fuair an fonn imoibriúcháin a shásamh. Is féidir leat an salann a thuaslagadh san uisce, ach ní imoibreoidh sé leis an uisce: má bhlaiseann tú an t-uisce sin aithneoidh tú go bhfuil an salann ann i gcónaí cé nach bhfuil sé le feiceáil; agus má ghalaíonn tú an t-uisce fágfar an salann ina dhiaidh sa choimeádán.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá dúile na bpríomhghrúpaí, ar nós an chlóirín agus an tsóidiam, ag iarraidh ochtréad iomlán a bhaint amach. Is é is ochtréad ann ná ocht leictreon a bheith ar an leictreonsceall is faide amuigh san adamh. Tá leictreon amháin ag an sóidiam ar an leictreonsceall is faide amuigh, agus ochtréad ar an dara leictreonsceall is faide amuigh. Ón taobh eile de, tá seacht leictreon ag an gclóirín ar an leictreonsceall is faide amuigh. Má thugann an t-adamh sóidiam an leictreon sin ar iasacht don adamh clóirín, beidh ochtréad ag an mbeirt acu - margadh iontach é, agus ní bhíonn sé éasca an chomhdhúil a bhriseadh agus na dúile a aonrú arís.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>clóirín</b> (an clóirín, an chlóirín): Is é an clóirín dúil cheimiceach uimhir a 17, agus é ar an dara halaigin is éadroime. Le teocht an tseomra is gás buí nó uaine é, agus é dainséarach don duine, nó oibríonn sé ar na scamhóga ionas go líonfaidh siad le huisce, agus sa deireadh tachtfaidh an t-uisce seo an duine a bhí faoi lé an chlóirín (tugtar éidéime na scamhóg ar an riocht seo). Má mheasctar oiread is aon chodán faoin gcéad (1 %) den chlóirín tríd an aer, nó níos lú fós, ní bheidh an duine i bhfad beo á análú, agus an clóirín ag greannú na scamhóg aige.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Baineann nimhiúlacht seo an chlóirín le chomh himoibríoch is atá sé. Mar is dual do na halaiginí tá seacht leictreon ar an leictreonsceall is faide amuigh aige, agus leictreon breise ag teastáil uaidh leis an ochtréad a bhaint amach. Mar sin, is é -1 an staid ocsaídiúcháin is coitianta aige.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Gás nimhiúil é an chlóiríd hidrigine freisin, comhdhúil ina bhfuil nasc comhfhiúsach idir adamh hidrigine amháin agus adamh clóirín amháin. Aigéad láidir í má thuaslagtar san uisce é, agus tugtar aigéad hidreaclórach ar an tuaslagán. Is féidir comhdhúile ianacha an chlóirín leis na miotail, cosúil leis an gclóiríd sóidiam (an gnáthshalann), a chiallú mar shalainn de chuid an aigéid seo.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Má thuaslagtar an clóirín féin san uisce, gheofar meascán an aigéid hidreaclóraigh (HCl) agus an aigéid ar a dtugtar aigéad hipeaclórúil (HClO). Ní féidir aigéad hipeaclórúil a aonrú as an tuaslagán uisce. Is é an t-ocsaigéad is laige dá bhfuil ag an gclóirín, agus i móilín an aigéid seo tá adamh amháin clóirín, adamh amháin ocsaigine agus adamh amháin hidrigine. Nuair a thabharfas an móilín an t-ian hidrigine uaidh, gheofar an t-ian hipeaclóiríte, ian ina bhfuil adamh amháin ocsaigine agus adamh amháin clóirín, agus lucht leictreach diúltach ag an iomlán seo. Is féidir salainn an aigéid seo a aonrú, agus baintear leas astu sa teicneolaíocht mar ocsaídeoirí is mar thuarthóirí. Is í an staid ocsaídiúcháin atá ag an gclóirín sna hipeaclóirítí agus san aigéad hipeaclórúil ná +1.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ocsaigéad eile de chuid an chlóirín é an t-aigéad clórúil. Tá adamh amháin clóirín, dhá adamh ocsaigine agus adamh amháin hidrigine i móilín an aigéid seo (HClO<sub>2</sub>). Is ar éigean is féidir é a aonrú as an tuaslagán uisce, ach oiread leis an aigéad hipeaclórúil. Bíonn salainn an aigéid seo cobhsaí, áfach, agus baintear úsáid as an gclóirít sóidiam (salann sóidiam an aigéid chlórúil) mar ocsaídeoir. Is í an uimhir ocsaídiúcháin atá ag an gclóirín sna comhdhúile seo ná +3.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ó tá sraith iomlán ocsaigéad ag an gclóirín, is féidir an t-aigéad clórach a lua freisin. Tá trí adamh ocsaigine, adamh amháin clóirín agus adamh amháin hidrigine i móilín an aigéid chlóraigh (HClO<sub>3</sub>), ach ní féidir é a aonrú as an tuaslagán uisce ach oiread leis na hocsaigéid thuasluaite. Is í an staid ocsaídiúcháin atá ag an gclóirín san ocsaigéad seo ná +5, agus is féidir a struchtúr a chur i gcomparáid leis an aigéad nítreach. Ocsaídeoirí láidire iad salainn an aigéid seo, is é sin, na clóráití, agus úsáidtear an chlóráit sóidiam, mar shampla, sna pléascáin, mar ocsaídeoir agus mar dhíghalrán.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is é an t-ocsaigéad is airde uimhir ocsaídiúcháin ná an t-aigéad sárchlórach. I móilín an aigéid seo tá ceithre adamh ocsaigine, adamh amháin clóirín, agus adamh amháin hidrigine (HClO<sub>4</sub>), agus tugtar sárchlóráití ar a chuid salann. Aigéad láidir agus ocsaídeoir láidir é, agus creimeann sé an chuid is mó de na miotail. Bíonn a chuid salann sothuaslagtha san uisce, agus baintear úsáid astu mar ocsaídeoirí. Is féidir aigéad sárchlórach a aonrú - is é sin, aigéad glan a tháirgeadh nach bhfuil deoir uisce ann - ach is substaint dhainséarach é an t-aigéad glan a bhfuil de chlaonadh ann pléascadh. Is í an staid ocsaídiúcháin atá ag an gclóirín sna comhdhúile seo ná +7.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>clóiríneacht </b>(an chlóiríneacht, na clóiríneachta): Ceann d'airíonna an tsáile í an chlóiríneacht. Is ionann í agus meáchan an oiread clóirín (nó clóiríde) atá in aon chileagram sáile. Is gnách meáchan an chlóirín a áireamh de réir an oiread airgid ghil atá de dhíth leis an gclóirín sin a dheascadh (tabhair faoi deara go bhfuil an chlóiríd airgid dothuaslagtha san uisce, agus mar sin, má mheascann muid salann sothuaslagtha airgid tríd an sáile, go bhfaighidh muid deascán clóiríd airgid). Má tá an chlóiríd truaillithe le hiaidíd agus le bróimíd, ní féidir iad a aithint thar an gclóiríd leis an modh oibre seo, agus mar sin, glactar leo mar a bheadh clóiríd iontu – mar chuid de chlóiríneacht an tsáile.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>clóiríniú</b> (an clóiríniú, an chlóirínithe) nó <b>clóiríniúchán</b> (an clóiríniúchán, an chlóiríniúcháin) - Is éard is brí le clóiríniú ná imghlanadh an uisce le clóirín. Cosúil lena lán ocsaídeoirí eile tá an clóirín an-éifeachtúil ag marú frídíní (baictéir agus aiméibí) agus mar sin is féidir é a úsáid mar fhrithsheipteán. In áit an chlóirín féin, is minic a bhaintear leas as comhdhúile de chuid an chlóirín arb ocsaídeoirí láidire iad, go háirithe an hipeaclóirít sóidiam.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>clóraform</b> (an clóraform, an chlórafoirm), nó <b>tríchlóraimeatán</b> (an tríchlóraimeatán, an tríchlóraimeatáin) - Mar a léiríos an t-ainm córasach, is éard atá sa chlóraform ná hidreacarbón clóirínithe simplí ina bhfuil trí adamh clóirín agus aon adamh hidrigine amháin ceangailte d'aon adamh carbóin amháin. I laethanta luatha na máinliachta nua-aoisí ba nós leis na dochtúirí na hothair a chur chun suain (a ainéistéisiú) le clóraform, ach is féidir leis an tsubstaint seo taom croí (stad cairdiach) a tharraingt ar an othar, is é sin, an croí a stopadh go tobann. Mar sin, d'éirigh na dochtúirí as an gclóraform mar ainéistéiseach. Ina dhiaidh sin, bhaintí leas as sna cuisneoirí, ach ós dual don chlóraform, mar hidreacarbón hailiginithe, luas a chur faoi dhíscaoileadh an ózóin thuas san atmaisféar, táthar ag éirí as an úsáid seo chomh maith.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Táirgeann a lán cineálacha feamainne - leathach, rufa, míoránach, caisíneach, feamainn bhuí, glasán, feamainn choiréalach - clóraform go nádúrtha. Is dócha gur seachthoradh don fhótaisintéis é.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Má thagann clóraform i dteagmháil le hocsaigin agus é ar stóras, is dual dó claochlú go foisgéin, gás nimhe a d'úsáidtí mar arm ceimiceach sa Chéad Chogadh Domhanda.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>clóráit</b> (an chlóráit, na clóráite, na clóráití, na gclóráití) - Tugtar clóráití ar shalainn an aigéid chlóraigh HClO<sub>3</sub>. Níl an t-aigéad seo ar fáil mar shubstaint aonraithe, ach is féidir tuaslagán uisce dhá fhichead faoin gcéad a dhéanamh. Aigéad láidir é an t-aigéad clórach, agus ocsaídeoir láidir atá ann chomh maith. Ocsaídeoirí láidire iad na clóráití freisin, agus is féidir iad a úsáid i bpléascáin agus i dtine ealaíne, cosúil leis na níotráití. Bíonn siad cuíosach sothuaslagtha san uisce.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>clóral</b> (an clóral, an chlórail) - Aildéad é an clóral, nó an <b>tríchlóireatanál</b>, CCl<sub>3</sub>CHO. Is ionann an clóral agus an t-aicéataildéad CH<sub>3</sub>CHO, ach amháin go bhfuil an trí adamh hidrigine sa mheitilghrúpa CH<sub>3</sub>- malartaithe ar adaimh chlóirín. Is é ”eatanál” ainm córasach an aicéataildéid, agus mar sin, is é ”tríchlóireatanál” ainm córasach an chlórail.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Nuair a rachas aildéad RCHO i dteagmháil leis an uisce, is dual dó hiodráit aildéid a dhéanamh - is é sin, comhdhúil ina bhfuil dhá hiodrocsalghrúpa ceangailte d'aon adamh carbóin amháin, RCH(OH)<sub>2</sub>. De ghnáth, ní bhíonn a leithéid cobhsaí, agus ní féidir an hiodráit aildéid a aonrú gan é titim as a chéile go haildéad agus uisce arís. Scéal eile é áfach nuair atá malartaithe leictridhiúltacha - cosúil le hadaimh chlóirín - ceangailte den adamh carbóin in aice leis an aildéadghrúpa. Ansin, is féidir an hiodráit a aonrú. Mar sin, is comhdhúil réasúnta cobhsaí í an <i>hiodráit chlórail</i> CCl<sub>3</sub>CH(OH)<sub>2</sub>, agus sna laethanta a bhí, d'úsáidtí mar dhruga ainéistéiseach í. Bhí an-ráchairt ar an hiodráit chlórail ar feadh i bhfad, ach ó thosaigh na daoine ag cur andúile inti, fuair na húdaráis leighis ina lán tíortha riachtanach srianta a chur lena húsáid nó í a chosc scun scan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>cóbalt</b> (an cóbalt, an chóbailt) - Is é an cóbalt (Co) dúil cheimiceach uimhir a 27. Tá sé suite idir an t-iarann agus an nicil i dtábla peiriadach na ndúl ceimiceach, agus é cosúil go maith leis na comharsana seo. Miotal crua liath lonrúil atá ann, agus cé go n-imoibríonn sé le hocsaigin an aeir, ní thagann meirg air mar a thagas ar an iarann. Má thagann brat ocsaíde ar an gcóbalt ní thitfidh sé ina scraitheanna mar a dhéanfadh meirg an iarainn, ach fanfaidh sé ina sciath chosanta idir an miotal agus an t-aer. Deirtear go n-éighníomhaítear an cóbalt, mar sin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bíonn traidhfilín beag cóbailt de dhíth ar an duine – deirtear gur riandúil é an cóbalt – toisc gur comhábhar tábhachtach é in einsímí áirithe. Is iad na huimhreacha ocsaídiúcháin is tipiciúla ná +2 agus +3. Úsáidtear an miotal féin i gcóimhiotail, go háirithe i gcóimhiotail sárfheidhmíochta a chaithfeas an-teocht a sheasamh – taobh istigh den scairdinneall mar shampla. Maidir leis na comhdhúile cóbailt, is iomaí cineál tairbhe a bhaintear astu. Úsáidtear an ocsaíd chóbailt sna ceallraí litiam-ianacha. A lán comhdhúl de chuid an chóbailt tagann siad isteach áisiúil i gcatalú na bpróiseas ocsaídiúcháin. Is dócha fosta gur chuala tú iomrá ar ghorm an chóbailt: tá dath gorm nó uaine i gcomhdhúile áirithe cóbailt, agus bíonn an-teacht aniar sa dath sin. Mar sin baintear leas as na comhdhúile seo mar ábhar datha (dathlí).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Níl ach aon iseatóp cobhsaí amháin ag an gcóbalt, mar atá, <sup>59</sup>Co. Thairis sin tá iseatóip éagsúla radaighníomhacha aige, ach níl siad le fáil sa dúlra chomh héagobhsaí is a bhíos siad. Is é an raidiseatóp is fadsaolaí atá aige ná <sup>60</sup>Co, agus é breis is cúig bliana ar leathré. Astaíonn sé gáma-radaíocht, agus úsáidtear mar fhoinse radaíochta é.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">I mblianta an Chogaidh Fhuair bhí eagla ar a lán daoine roimh ”bhuama cóbailt”. Is éard a bhí i gceist acu ná buama adamhach agus é líneáilte le cóbalt. Nuair a mhadhmfaí an buama d'iompódh an cóbalt nádúrtha ina chóbalt radaighníomhach rud a chuirfeadh go mór mór leis an truailliú i ndiaidh na pléisce. Cineál ”buama salach” a bheadh ann mar sin. Is dealraitheach, áfach, nach raibh sa bhuama cóbailt riamh ach scéal uafáis, agus nár cuireadh oiread is aon bhuama amháin den chineál sin i dtoll le chéile riamh. Ba é an fisiceoir Leo Szilard ba thúisce a thrácht ar an mbuama cóbailt mar choincheap. Buaileadh Szilard breoite le hailse an lamhnáin roinnt bhlianta ina dhiaidh sin, agus leigheas na dochtúirí le radaíocht an chóbailt é, íorónta go leor.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>codlaidín</b> (an codlaidín, an chodlaidín) nó <b>óipiam</b> (an t-óipiam, an óipiam) - Tugtar codlaidín nó óipiam ar laitéis an phoipín óipiam, <i>Papaver somniferum</i>. Tá moirfín sa chodlaidín, chomh maith le cóidín agus alcalóidigh eile. Druga támhshuanach é an moirfín, agus is féidir leis na daoine andúil a chur ann. Sna laethanta a bhí, ba nós leis na handúiligh óipiam a chaitheamh sa phíopa le sult a bhaint as an támhshuan, ach inniu, is gnách le déantúsóirí na ndrugaí mídhleathacha an t-óipiam a phróiseáil go hearóin. Mar instealladh a ghlacas na handúiligh an hearóin. As an Afganastáin a thagas an chuid is mó de chodlaidín an domhain.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>comhréir</b> (an chomhréir, na comhréire) - Is í an chomhréir an chuid den ghramadach agus den teangeolaíocht a chardálas an dóigh a mbíonn na focail ag brath ar a chéile agus an t-ordú ar leith a bhíos orthu agus iad ag teacht sna sálaí ag a chéile. D'fhéadfá a rá gurb í an chraobh teangeolaíochta a dhéanas staidéar ar céard is dul nádúrtha cainte ann agus conas a bhíos na focail faoi réir a chéile. Tá a lán teoiricí éagsúla ann, áfach, a bhíos ag plé leis an gcomhréir.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Deirtear gurbh é an gramadóir Indiach, Panini, a bhí ina cheannródaí ag plé ceisteanna na comhréire sa tráchtas a scríobh sé faoi ghramadach na Sanscraite thiar sa cheathrú haois roimh bhreith Chríost. Teanga í an tSanscrait a bhfuair a cainteoir deireanach dúchais bás sular scríobhadh litríocht chlasaiceach na teanga, agus mar sin, nuair a bhí an cultúr Sanscraite faoi lán an tseoil, chaithfeadh na scríbhneoirí agus na léitheoirí araon í a fhoghlaim mar theanga iasachta. Dá réir sin, bhí áiseanna cruinne teagaisc de dhíth le go bhféadfaí an teanga a mhúineadh de réir a caighdeáin chlasaicigh. D'ainmnigh Panini a lán feiniméan sa ghramadach, idir mhorfeolaíocht agus chomhréir, roimh aon duine eile, agus úsáidtear téarmaí áirithe Sanscraite dá chuid i mbéarlagair na dteangeolaithe inniu féin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Maidir leis na teoiricí nua-aoiseacha comhréire, is dócha gurb iad teoiricí Noam Chomsky - gramadach ghiniúnach na dtrasfhoirmithe, teoiric na réire is an cheangail, agus eile - is mó a bhíos i mbéal an phobail inniu. Tá an ghramadach ghiniúnach bunaithe ar an tuiscint nach bhfuil sa ráiteas i dteanga áirithe ach struchtúr éadomhain, agus go bhfuil gramadach uilechoitianta, struchtúr domhain, taobh thiar den struchtúr éadomhain. Mar sin, caithfidh an teangeolaí tuiscint a fháil ar an struchtúr domhain, ar an dóigh a mbraitheann na focail ar a chéile go fíor fírinneach, agus ansin, níl i gcomhréir teanga áirithe - comhréir na Gaeilge, cuir i gcás - ach na rialacha a cheadaíos dúinn an fíorstruchtúr sin - arb ionann é beag beann ar an teanga a labhraímid - a aistriú, nó a ”thrasfhoirmiú”, go Gaeilge. Is é is impleacht dó seo ná gurb ionann, cuir i gcás, an struchtúr domhain don Ghaeilge agus don Bhéarla (nó pé teanga eile is mian leat a lua).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Faigheann a lán teangeolaithe locht ar theoiricí Chomsky, agus iad den tuairim nach bhfuil siad úsáideach acu siúd a bhíos ag doiciméadú teangacha neamhfhorleathana a bhfuil a gcomhréir agus a ngramadach an-difriúil leis na teangacha Eorpacha. Is é a mbarúil siúd ná nach bhfuil gramadach ”uilechoitianta” Chomsky in aon chóngar don uilechoitiantacht i ndáiríre.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>cróimiam</b> (an cróimiam, an chróimiam) - Is é an cróimiam dúil cheimiceach uimhir fiche a ceathair. Cr an tsiombail cheimiceach. Miotal crua é ach tá sé insínte mar sin féin, agus úsáidtear an chuid is mó de leis an iarann a dhíonadh ar mheirg. Dealraíonn sé go bhfuil iarsmaí beaga cróimiam riachtanach leis an orgánach a choinneáil ag imeacht, ach go bunúsach, tá sé sábháilte a rá gur dochar is mó a dhéanas an cróimiam don duine.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá ainm an chróimiam bunaithe ar an bhfocal Gréigise a chiallaíos ”dath”. Tá a lán staideanna éagsúla ocsaídiúcháin ag an gcróimiam, agus dath láidir iontu. Bíonn an dath ag brath ar an staid ocsaídiúcháin: mar shampla, bíonn dath dubhuaine sna comhdhúile ina bhfuil an staid ocsaídiúcháin +III ag an gcróimiam – cróimiam trífhiúsach, mar a deirtear: úsáidtear ocsaíd thrífhiúsach an chróimiam (an tseisce-ocsaíd chróimiam Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) le dath uaine a chur sa ghloine; agus sna laethanta a bhí, dathlí bhuí a bhí in ocsaíd mheasctha an chróimiam dhéfhiúsaigh (+II) agus na luaidhe, PbCrO<sub>2</sub>. Ní úsáidtear an buí cróimiam seo a thuilleadh, áfach, nó tá sé rónimhiúil, ós rud é go bhfuil luaidhe ann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">An cineál cróimiam a bhíos de dhíth ar an duine, is é an cróimiam trífhiúsach é. Ní féidir le meitibileacht an duine staid ocsaídiúcháin an chróimiam a athrú, áfach: nimh atá sa chróimiam nuair nach bhfuil sé trífhiúsach, agus níl ródháileog an chróimiam thrífhiúsaigh sláintiúil don duine ach an oiread.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá a leithéid de chomhdhúil ann agus trí-ocsaíd chróimiam CrO<sub>3</sub>. Criostail dhúdhearga atá ann. Is í an staid ocsaídiúcháin atá ag an gcróimiam sa chomhdhúil seo ná +VI, agus má thuaslagtar san uisce í, gheofar tuaslagán aigéadach. An t-aigéad atá sa tuaslagán seo, is é an t-aigéad crómach é, ach ní féidir é a aonrú ón tuaslagán gan é titim as a chéile go huisce agus go trí-ocsaíd chróimiam arís. Is féidir salainn de chuid an aigéid chrómaigh (crómáití) a aonrú, agus tábhacht áirithe trádála ag baint leo, nó úsáidtear mar dhathlíonna agus i bplátáil chróimiam na miotal eile iad.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>débhéascna</b> (an débhéascna, na débhéascna) - Is éard atá i gceist leis an débhéascna ná dhá theanga a bheith á labhairt go coitianta ag an gcuid is mó de na daoine sa tsochaí chéanna, agus iad ag freastal ar riachtanais éagsúla. Is féidir go bhfuil gaol nó lúb ghaoil idir an dá theanga, nó nach bhfuil gaol ar bith acu le chéile.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sampla den chéad chineál í an Araibis, nó tá an Araibis chaighdeánaithe bunaithe ar an gcanúint chaighdeánaithe a bhí á cleachtadh ag na filí Arabacha nuair a bhí an Fáidh Mahamad beo - is é sin, bhí blas na saorgachta is na fileatachta ar an teanga seo san am sin féin. Níl an saghas sin Araibise ag aon duine ó dhúchas, agus dá labhrófá sa tsráid í, bheadh na daoine marbh ag gáire fút.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ní meafar amháin é seo, nó d'inis teangeolaí Éigipteach amháin go raibh sé ag iarraidh a iníon a thógáil le hAraibis Chlasaiceach, ach nuair a chuala na paisinéirí ar bhord an bhus é agus é ag labhairt na teanga clasaicí leis an bpuirtleog girsí, phléasc a ngáire orthu ar an toirt. Sa deireadh ní raibh de rogha aige ach éirí as an iarracht seo agus canúint na hÉigipte a labhairt lena chlann, ar nós gach uile dhuine sa tír. Na canúintí Araibise a bhíonn ag na daoine go nádúrtha, tá siad an-difriúil leis an teanga scríofa, agus bíonn sé iontach deacair ag na cainteoirí dúchais féin an Araibis liteartha a fhoghlaim go maith.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sampla den dara cineál débhéascna í Poblacht Pharagua. Is í an Ghuaráinis caint na ndaoine i bParagua, agus is teanga bhundúchasach Mheiriceánach í. Is í teanga na scéilíní magaidh agus na seanfhocal í. Is í an Spáinnis teanga an oideachais agus an ardchultúir, áfach. D'inis bean Pharaguach dom gur le Spáinnis amháin a tógadh í, ó shíl a hathair gur teanga mhadrúil mhíchuibhiúil a bhí sa Ghuaráinis. Ina duine fásta di, áfach, is minic a thagadh uaigneas agus coimhthíos uirthi ina tír dhúchais féin, nó cé go raibh sí ina múinteoir i scoil scothaicme do na daoine saibhre, ba í an Ghuaráinis teanga an ghnáthchaidrimh i seomra scíthe na múinteoirí ansin féin, agus ise dall ar fad ar an teanga.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bhí débhéascna i bhfeidhm ar feadh i bhfad sa Ghréig. Ba é an cineál Gréigise a bhí le léamh ar na nuachtáin agus ar na doiciméid oifigiúla ná an ghlan-Ghréigis nó <i>katharevousa</i>, teanga shaorga a bhí ag iarraidh gramadach agus stór focal na sean-Ghréigise a choinneáil beo. Bhí leagan caighdeánach de chaint na ndaoine ann freisin, Gréigis an phobail nó <i>dhimotiki</i>. Nuair a tháinig deireadh le rialtas míleata na gcoirnéal a bhí i gceannas ar an nGréig sna blianta 1967-1974, áfach, caitheadh an <i>katharevousa</i> i dtraipisí, agus ba í caint na ndaoine a fuair an lámh in uachtar i saol poiblí na tíre.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>an Domhan</b> (an Domhan, an Domhain) - Is é an Domhan an pláinéad is dúchas dúinn go léir, agus é ar an gceann is mó den chuid de na pláinéid nach gásfhathaigh iad inár ngrianchóras. Is é an tríú pláinéad is cóngaraí don Ghrian. Tá atmaisféar an Domhain comhdhéanta as nítrigin (78%), ocsaigin (21%) agus gáis eile, triathgháis ach go háirithe (is é an t-argón an triathghás is flúirsí san atmaisféar - 0.93 % den atmaisféar, argón atá ann). Tá an chuid is mó de dhromchla an Domhain clúdaithe ag na farraigí, ach tá ilchríocha móra ann freisin: an Eoráis, an dá Mheiriceá, an Afraic agus an Astráil.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá satailít nádúrtha amháin ag an Domhan, mar atá, an Ghealach. Tá an Ghealach ar ceann de na gealacha is mó sa Ghrianchóras: níl aon tsatailít eile sa Ghrianchóras chomh mór sin i gcoibhneas a príomhaigh, agus ní sháraíonn ach Ganymede, Callisto, Io agus Tíotán í ar trastomhas. (Gealacha de chuid Iúpatair iad an chéad trí cinn acu, agus is é Tíotán an tsatailít is mó atá ag Satarn.) Bíonn tionchar nach beag ag imtharraingt na Gealaí ar an Domhan, nó cuireann sí an taoide ag tuile is ag trá. Tógann sé beagáinín níos mó ná aon tsoicind amháin ar an solas teacht ón nGealach go dti an Domhan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ag trácht ar struchtúr inmheánach an Domhain dúinn, is gnách linn screamh, maintlín, agus croí a aithint.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is éard atá i screamh an Domhain, go bunúsach, ná carraig - an cineál bruthcharraig bholcánach ar a dtugtar aindéisít. Is iad comhábhair thipiciúla na haindéisíte ná na plagacláis agus na pirixéiní. Is sileacáití alúmanaim iad na plagacláis agus cailciam nó sóidiam iontu freisin, agus is furasta iad a aithint ar an dóigh ar leith a mbristear iad. Is minic a chuireas dromchla eitrithe na cloiche plagacláis ceirnín den tseanchineál (ceirnín plaisteach ón tréimhse roimh na dlúthdhioscaí) i gcuimhne duit. Tugtar cúpláil pholaisintéiseach ar an struchtúr seo i mbéarlagair na n-eolaithe. Maidir leis na pirixéiní, is sileacáití iad freisin, nó meascáin as sileacáití agus alúmanáití, agus iad saibhir i maignéisiam agus in iarann. Bíonn comhdhéanamh ceimiceach na bpirixéiní an-éagsúil, áfach, toisc go bhfuil struchtúr cineál solúbtha iontu, ionas gur féidir le caitiain a lán miotal difriúil áit a fháil i gcriostail phirixéine.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is é an <i>Moho</i>, nó dromchla neamhleanúnachais Mohorovičić, an teorainn idir an screamh agus an maintlín, arb é an chuid den Domhan faoin screamh é. Fuair an dromchla neamhleanúnachais seo a ainm ón ngeolaí Crótach Andrija Mohorovičić, a rinne taighde ar thonnta seismeacha, is é sin, na tonnta a iompraíos na talamhchreathanna, agus d'aithin sé go raibh dromchla ann a d'fhrithchaitheadh na tonnta seo – is é sin, dromchla nach ligeadh tríd iad.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ritheann an <i>Moho</i> cúig chiliméadar déag is fiche faoin talamh tirim, ar meán, ach go praiticiúil bíonn sé an-éagsúil ag brath ar an áit agus ar stair gheolaíoch na háite. Faoi na farraigí móra, ní bhíonn screamh an Domhain ach cúig nó deich gciliméadar ar tiús.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is iad an screamh agus uachtar an mhaintlín in éineacht an litisféar, nó sféar na cloiche. Tá litisféar an Domhain dealaithe ina bplátaí teicteonacha, agus bolcánas is talamhchreathanna coitianta san áit a bhfuil na plátaí ag cuimilt le chéile nó ag bualadh faoi chéile. Faoin litisféar atá an t-astanaisféar, nó sféar na laibhe, a bhfuil na plátaí teicteonacha ag snámh air. Tá an teorainn idir an litisféar agus an t-astanaisféar níos doimhne thíos ná an <i>Moho</i>, timpeall ar chéad nó dhá chéad ciliméadar, agus sroicheann an t-astanaisféar síos go doimhneacht seacht gcéad ciliméadar. Is í an tslaodacht a dhealaíos an t-astanaisféar ó na cisil taobh thuas agus taobh thíos de, agus iad i bhfad níos righne ná é.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Faoi bhun an astanaisféir atá íochtar an mhaintlín. Is é an comhdhéanamh an difríocht is suntasaí idir an dá chiseal seo. Peireadóitít is mó atá in uachtar an mhaintlín, is é sin, meascán as pirixéiní agus olaivín. Is éard atá san olaivín ná meascán as sileacáit mhaignéisiam agus sileacáit iarainn - ní dual don mhianra seo alúmanam a bheith ann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Maidir leis an gcroí, creidtear go bhfuil sé comhdhéanta as iarann agus as nicil, rud is cúis le réimse maighnéadach an Domhain, mar is dóigh leis na heolaithe.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>fithiseán</b> (an fithiseán, an fhithiseáin; na fithiseáin, na bhfithiseán) - Is éard is fithiseán ann ná feidhm mhatamaiticiúil a thugas cur síos ar iompraíocht na leictreondíse timpeall an adaimh nó an mhóilín. Is féidir a rá, freisin, gurb é an fithiseán an rannóg den néal leictreoin a thugas ”lóistín” don leictreondís áirithe seo.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is féidir áit gach leictreon san adamh a shainmhíniú leis na candamuimhreacha is dual dó. Deir an phríomh-chandamuimhir cén leictreonsceall ar a bhfuil an leictreon. Ar an gcandamuimhir asamatach a aithnítear an leibhéal fuinnimh (an ”fo-sceall”) ar a bhfuil an leictreon suite. Léiríonn an chandamuimhir mhaighnéadach, cé acu de na fithiseáin ar an leibhéal fuinnimh sin atá i gceist. Sa deireadh, sainíonn candamuimhir na guairne, cé acu den dá leictreon ar an bhfithiseán sin atá ann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Fomalhaut –</b> réalta phríomhsheichimh atá le feiceáil i réaltbhuíon Iasc an Deiscirt, agus í suite faoi chúig solasbhliana fichead dínn. Le fírinne is tríréalta í, ós rud é go bhfuil dhá réalta eile mar leathbhádóirí ag Fomalhaut, agus iad i bhfad níos fainne ná í. D'aithin na réalteolaithe sa bhliain 2008 pláinéad ag fithisiú Fomalhaut. Bhí an pláinéad seo ina chúis achrainn ar feadh tamaill, ach dealraíonn sé inniu go bhfuil sé ann i ndáiríre.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Chomh cóngarach is atá Fomalhaut, feictear dúinn go bhfuil sí ar an réalta is gile in Iasc an Deiscirt, cé nach fathachréalta í. Tá sí beagnach dhá oiread chomh mór leis an nGrian, is é sin ábhairín níos lú ná Sirius.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>gásfhathach</b> (an gásfhathach, an ghásfhathaigh; na gásfhathaigh, na ngásfhathach) - Tugtar gásfhathaigh ar an gceithre phláinéad is mó sa Ghrianchóras, is é sin, Iúpatar, Satarn, Úránas, agus Neiptiún. Glactar leis go bhfuil croí soladach ag na pláinéid seo, ach má tá féin, níl ann ach cloch bheag i gcomparáid leis an gcuid eile den phláinéad. An chuid is mó den phláinéad, is éard atá ann ná hidrigin, héiliam agus substaintí eile a bheadh ina ngáis le teocht an tseomra agus faoin ngnáth-aerbhrú ar an Domhan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is deacair a rá cá bhfuil ”dromchla” an ghásfhathaigh, ós rud é nach féidir an pláinéad féin a aithint thar a atmaisféar. Ní féidir mapaí a tharraingt de na gásfhathaigh, nó níl geograife ná geolaíocht acu, ach is féidir crioslaigh éagsúla aeráide a aithint orthu, chomh maith le feiniméin fhadsaolacha aimsire, cosúil leis an Spota Mór Dearg ar Iúpatar. Bíonn gaotha móra agus tornádónna millteanacha ag séideadh in atmaisféar na ngásfhathach, agus glactar leis gur tornádó den chineál sin atá sa Spota Mór Dearg féin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Gearmáinis </b>(an Ghearmáinis, na Gearmáinise) nó <i>Gearmáiltis </i>(an Ghearmáiltis, na Gearmáiltise; leagan Albanach é seo ach d'fheicfeá ag na seanscríbhneoirí Ultacha féin é) nó <i>Almáinis</i> (an Almáinis, na hAlmáinise; seo an leagan a bhí ag Amhlaoibh Ó Súilleabháin mar shampla) - Ceann de na teangacha Gearmáinice (nó na teangacha Gearmánda) í an Ghearmáinis, agus í á labhairt sa Ghearmáin, san Ostair, san Eilvéis, i Lichtinstéin agus i Lucsamburg. Thairis sin, is féidir teacht ar mhionlaigh eitneacha i dtíortha eile a bhfuil Gearmáinis nó canúint ghaolmhar á labhairt acu san Fhrainc, san Iodáil, sa Danmhairg agus, fiú, in áiteanna san Oileán Úr féin. Ní raibh impireacht mhór choilíneachta ag na Gearmánaigh riamh, agus mar sin, ní dheachaigh an Ghearmáinis ar fud an domhain mar a chuaigh an Béarla, an Fhraincis, an Spáinnis agus an Phortaingéilis féin. Ón taobh eile de, glactar leis go coitianta gur ceann de theangacha móra cultúrtha na hEorpa agus an domhain í an Ghearmáinis, agus déantar staidéar agus saothrú éigin uirthi ar fud an domhain.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá canúintí Gearmáinice á labhairt i Lár na hEorpa ó Ré na nImircí Móra anuas, ar a laghad - ba iad na himircí seo, go bunúsach, a chuir deireadh le hImpireacht na Róimhe agus tús leis an Meánaois san Eoraip. As na canúintí seo a fáisceadh an Ghearmáinis agus an Ollainnis (an Ísiltíris) araon. Le fírinne, na canúintí a bhí á labhairt go traidisiúnta i dTuaisceart na Gearmáine (an Íseal-Ghearmáinis), bhí siad i bhfad níos cosúla leis an Ísiltíris ná leis an nGearmáinis sa chiall chúng (is é sin, an Ard-Ghearmáinis), nó ní dheachaigh an ”Dara Fuaimaistriú” i bhfeidhm ar an Íseal-Ghearmáinis.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is é an ”Dara Fuaimaistriú” nó an ”Fuaimaistriú Gearmánach” (<i>die zweite Lautverschiebung</i> nó <i>die deutsche Lautverschiebung</i>) a fhágas ”cuma na Gearmáinise” ar na focail. (Ba é an ”Chéad Fhuaimaistriú” nó an ”Fuaimaistriú Gearmáinice/Gearmánda” a dhealaigh na teangacha Gearmánda nó Gearmáinice ó na teangacha Ind-Eorpacha eile - sampla den Chéad Aistriú é go bhfuil f- san fhocal Béarla <i>father</i> nuair atá p- san fhocal Spáinnise <i>padre</i>.) Is é an Dara hAistriú is cúis le crobhaingí consan cosúil le Pf san fhocal <i>Pfad</i> (cosán - cf. <i>path</i> an Bhéarla) nó Z san fhocal <i>Zahn</i> (fiacail - cf. <i>tönn</i> na hÍoslainnise, <i>tand</i> na Sualainnise nó <i>tooth</i> an Bhéarla).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tugann na Gearmánaigh féin <i>Hochdeutsch</i>, is é sin, an Ard-Ghearmáinis, ar an teanga chaighdeánach a chleachtas siad, toisc go bhfuil sí bunaithe ar na canúintí deisceartacha, ar a dtugtaí Ard-Ghearmáinis go traidisiúnta. Ní féidir a rá, áfach, go mbeadh an Ghearmáinis chaighdeánach róchosúil le haon chanúint ar leith. Is gnách glacadh leis gurbh é Máirtín Liútar, athair an Reifirméisin, a chuir bun leis an nGearmáinis scríofa mar is aithnid dúinn inniu í, agus is léir go raibh an-tábhacht leis an aistriúchán a rinne sé ar an mBíobla, ó rinne sé a dhícheall le teanga nádúrtha na cosmhuintire - caint na ndaoine - a aithris ina stíl féin. Mar sin féin, bhí traidisiúin áirithe liteartha ann roimh a lá-san, agus é ag tabhairt airde ar nósanna na dtraidisiún seo lena chinntiú go mbeadh glacadh chomh fairsing lena shaothar agus ab fhéidir. I gcoimhthéacs amháin, ar a laghad, dúirt Liútar féin go raibh sé ag baint úsáid as teanga na Seansailéireachta Impiriúla, ar a dtugtaí <i>Gemeines Deutsch</i> nó an Ghearmáinis Choitianta, agus is léir go raibh tionchar nár bheag ag cleachtais na Seansailéireachta ar an nGearmáinis a scríobhadh sé. Pé scéal é, chuir sé casadh stíle ar an teanga seo a rinne i bhfad ní b'intuigthe ag an gcosmhuintir í, agus sin é an fáth gur glacadh lena aistriúchán Bíobla go fairsing forleathan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá litríocht agus filíocht á scríobh sa teanga ó ré na Meánaoise i leith, ach is dócha gurb i ré an <i>Sturm und Drang</i> - ”ré na stoirme agus na sainte” - ba túisce a chuaigh litríocht na Nua-Ghearmáinise i bhfeidhm ar an Eoraip go léir. Go bunúsach, is éard a bhí i gceist leis an stoirm seo ná frithghníomh ar an réasúnachas a bhí san fhaisean roimhe sin, i ré na hEagnaíochta. Mar sin, chuir an <i>Sturm und Drang</i> béim ar na mothúcháin mhóra, ar an míréasúntacht.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ba iad Johann Wolfgang von Goethe agus Friedrich Schiller scríbhneoirí móra na linne. D'éirigh siad as an <i>Sturm und Drang</i>, áfach, nó b'fhearr leo smaointí na gluaiseachta seo agus réasúnachas na hEagnaíochta a chomhleá. Mar sin, tugann lucht an léinn <i>Weimarer Klassik</i> nó Clasaiceachas Weimar ar an gcuid aibí de shaothar na scríbhneoirí seo. Chaith siad seal fada dá saol i Weimar, cathair réasúnta beag i gcroílár na Gearmáine a bhfuil clú an ardchultúir uirthi inniu, buíochas le Goethe agus Schiller.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Roimh laethanta Chlasaiceachas Weimar, bhí an Ghearmáinis go mór faoi chois ina tír dhúchais féin, ó b'fhearr leis na maithe is na móruaisle Fraincis a labhairt, agus lucht na gceard is na gcuallachtaí féin ag dul go dtí an Fhrainc ar lorg foghlama agus oiliúna. D'éirigh le Goethe, Schiller agus lucht a gcomhaimsire sracadh nua a chur i litríocht na Gearmáinise, agus mar sin, chuaigh a lán filí agus scríbhneoirí i mbun pinn sna sálaí acu.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">I ndiaidh an Chlasaiceachais, ba é an Rómánsachas a tháinig ar an bhfód. Scríbhneoirí tábhachtacha Rómánsacha sa Ghearmáin ab ea na filí Novalis (fíorainm: Friedrich von Hardenberg) agus Ludwig Tieck, chomh maith leis an bprós-scríbhneoir E. T. A. Hoffmann (seasann na litreacha d'Ernst Theodor Amadeus). Cuid d'fhaisean liteartha na linne ab ea an tsuim a cuireadh i ndánta agus i scéalta na cosmhuintire. D'fhoilsigh Achim von Arnim agus Clemens Brentano <i>Des Knaben Wunderhorn</i> (”Corn Miorúilteach an Bhuachalla”), bailiúchán amhrán tíre, agus le ré an Rómánsachais a bhaineas díolaim síscéalta Jacob agus Wilhelm Grimm chomh maith. Taobh amuigh den Ghearmáin, is iad na scéalta seo is mó a shamhlaítear leo, ach thairis sin, rinne siad obair thábhachtach foclóiríochta agus gramadóireachta freisin. Scríbhneoir tábhachtach Rómánsach a bhí i mBettina von Arnim fós. Deirfiúr le Brentano a bhí inti agus í pósta ar Achim von Arnim. Gníomhaí sóisialta ab ea í agus í ag éileamh cothrom Féinne do na mná is do na Giúdaigh sa tsochaí.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ba é Heinrich Heine an file deireanach Rómánsach agus an chéad fhile Réalaíoch. Scríobh sé a lán dánta Rómánsacha, ach san am chéanna, ba mhinic a d'aithneofá dearcadh íorónta ar an Rómánsachas ina chuid saothar. Is é an dán úd <i>Lore-Ley</i> an ceann is clúití leis i mbaile is i gcéin - an dán faoi bhean sí na Réine, Lore-Ley, agus í ag cur draíochta ar na bádóirí lena ceol. (D'aistrigh Proinsias Mac an Bheatha an dán seo go Gaeilge, fiú.) Sa Ghearmáin féin, áfach, is dócha gur mó meas an lucht léinn ar shaothar eile le Heine, ar nós <i>Deutschland, ein Wintermärchen</i> (”An Ghearmáin - scéal geimhridh”). Dán fada é a thugas cur síos cuimsitheach ar dhearcadh scoilte an údair ar Ghearmáin a linne: ó thaobh amháin de, bhí grá mór aige dá theanga dhúchais agus do chultúr a thíre, ach ón taobh eile de, bhí sé in umar an éadóchais ag an bpolaitíocht.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sna blianta 1815-1848, is féidir dhá mhórshruth a aithint i litríocht na Gearmáinise, mar atá, an <i>Biedermeier</i> agus an <i>Vormärz</i>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ba í Comhdháil Vín sa bhliain 1815 a chuir deireadh leis an tréimhse réabhlóideach san Eoraip a thosaigh le Muirthéacht na Fraince, agus ansin, roghnaigh cuid de na scríbhneoirí Gearmánacha droimh láimhe a thabhairt leis an bpolaitíocht agus díriú ar áilleacht an nádúir agus ar théamaí neamhpholaitiúla eile. Tugtar <i>Biedermeier</i> ar an sruth seo. Ba iad Franz Grillparzer agus Adalbert Stifter scríbhneoirí móra an <i>Biedermeier</i>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Maidir leis an <i>Vormärz</i>, is é is ciall leis an bhfocal féin ná ”an Réamh-Mhárta”, agus is é an Márta atá i gceist ná trioblóidí réabhlóideacha na bliana 1848 (”bliain mire na hEorpa” nó ”Earrach na Náisiún”). Sa Ghearmáin, is gnách ”réabhlóid an Mhárta” a thabhairt ar imeachtaí na bliana sin, ó thosaigh siad i mBeirlín i Mí an Mhárta 1848, agus mar sin, ba iad lucht an ”Réamh-Mhárta” iad siúd a bhí ag ullmhú an ”Mhárta” - na scríbhneoirí radacacha, mar shampla. Ba é an drámadóir Georg Büchner an scríbhneoir ba tábhachtaí de chuid an <i>Vormärz</i>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">I ndiaidh an <i>Vormärz</i>, tháinig an réalachas. Ba iad Gottfried Keller, Theodor Storm, agus Theodor Fontane ceannródaithe an réalachais. Eilvéiseach a bhí in Keller, agus b'as Tuaisceart na Gearmáine do Storm, ach mar sin féin bhí caidreamh maith acu le chéile, agus meas acu ar shaothar a chéile. Scríobhadh Storm gearrscéalta fada nó mionúrscéalta, ach ba é an mórúrscéal úd <i>Der grüne Heinrich</i> (”Annraoi Glas”) a thabhaigh a chlú do Keller, chomh maith leis na gearrscéalta sa chnuasach <i>Die Leute von Seldwyla</i> (”Muintir Seldwyla”). Maidir le Theodor Storm, is dócha gurb é an scéal <i>Der Schimmelreiter</i> (”An Marcach Sí”) an saothar is clúití dár tháinig óna pheann-san.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">I dtús na fichiú haoise a thosaigh ré an nua-aoiseachais. Bhí Thomas Mann agus a dheartháir Heinrich ar scríbhneoirí móra na linne, chomh maith le Rainer Maria Rilke, Hermann Hesse, agus, ar ndóigh, Franz Kafka.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ba é an mórúrscéal úd <i>Buddenbrooks</i> (”Muintir Buddenbrook”) a bhain amach clú, cáil, agus Duais Nobel do Thomas Mann. Tugann an t-úrscéal seo cur síos ar theaghlach lucht gnó i Lübeck a dtagann meath air de réir a chéile, agus sliocht sleachta na dtrádálaithe móra ag dul le ceol is le healaíontóireacht beag beann ar thoil na seanghlúine.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mórúrscéal eile le Thomas Mann ón tréimhse seo é <i>Der Zauberberg</i> (”An Sliabh Draíochta”). Sa leabhar seo caitheann an scríbhneoir súil ar shruthanna intleachtúla nó cultúrtha na linne roimh an gCéad Chogadh Domhanda, ach tá an scéal suite i dteach téarnaimh na n-othar eitinne thuas i sléibhte na hEilvéise, in aice le Davos. Ní thiteann mórán amach sa leabhar amach ó chomhráite na n-othar, ach mar sin féin, is dual don úrscéal seo dul i bhfeidhm ar an léitheoir go domhain, nó tá carachtair dhodhearmadta ann, cosúil leis an daonlathach Iodálach Lodovico Settembrini, ionchollú an daonnachais nua-aimseartha, agus Naphta, an tÍosánach frithghníomhach nó fiú réamh-Fhaisisteach, a sheasas d'fhórsaí scriosacha an antoisceachais agus an dorchadais. (Ní mór cuimhne a choinneáil air gurbh as Tuaisceart na Gearmáine, as ríocht an Phrotastúnachais, do Thomas Mann, agus mar is dual don Phrotastúnach, ní raibh mórán measa aige ar Chumann Íosa.)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Maidir le Heinrich Mann, is dócha gurb é <i>Professor Unrat </i>(”An tOllamh Unrat” is brí leis sin, ar ndóigh, ach is deacair an t-imeartas focal i dteideal an leabhair a aistriú) an t-úrscéal is tábhachtaí dár tháinig óna pheann-san. Scannánaíodh an leabhar sin faoin teideal <i>Der blaue Engel</i>, nó ”An tAingeal Gorm”, agus ba í Marlene Dietrich féin a rinne páirt an phríomhcharachtair mhná. Múinteoir dian é an tOllamh Unrat, agus cnagaois aige cheana féin, ach lá amháin, tugann sé teasghrá do chailín ceabairé, Lola, agus déanann sé dearmad is neamhshuim de nósanna an fhir mheasúil go hiomlán.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>geoid </b>(an gheoid, na geoide) – Is éard atá i gceist leis an ngeoid ná samhail de dhromchla an Domhain atá bunaithe ar an domhantarraingt agus an dóigh a n-athraíonn sí ó áit go háit. Tá an gheoid níos leibhéalta ná fíordhéanamh an Domhain, ach tá sí i bhfad níos neamhrialta ná an <i>eileapsóid thagartha</i>, arb í an tsamhail shiméadrach mhatamaiticeach de dhromchla ár bpláinéid í.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Glactar leis go mbeadh droim na n-aigéan ag cloí leis an ngeoid, dá mbeadh an t-uisce iontu ar aon dlús ar fud an domhain, agus dá mbeadh na haigéin saor ó oibriú na haimsire, na taoide agus na sruthanna farraige – is é sin dá mbeadh an domhantarraingt ag múnlú na n-aigéan beag beann ar imthoscaí eile.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Coincheap tábhachtach í an gheoid i gcúrsaí tíreolaíochta, geolaíochta, léarscáilíochta agus geodasaíochta.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>grianghaoth</b> (an ghrianghaoth, na grianghaoithe) - Grianghaoth a thugtar ar an sruth cáithníní a thagas as an nGrian. Den chuid is mó, prótóin agus leictreoin atá sa ghrianghaoth agus iad chomh saibhir i bhfuinneamh cinéiteach (is é sin, fuinneamh gluaiseachta) is gur féidir leo éalú ó imtharraingt na Gréine. Aithnítear tionchar na grianghaoithe ar a lán bealaí, mar shampla, is éard atá i gceist leis na Saighneáin (an Chaor Aduaidh, an <i>aurora borealis</i>) ná an ghrianghaoth ag bualadh faoi na hadaimh ocsaigine agus nítrigine in uachtar an atmaisféir.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is léir go bhfuil grianghaoth, nó <i>réaltghaoth</i>, ag na réaltaí eile freisin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>halaigin</b> (an halaigin, na halaigine; na halaiginí) - Is iad na halaiginí na dúile i seachtú príomhghrúpa an tábla pheiriadaigh. Tá seacht leictreon ar an sceall is faide amuigh acu, agus na scealla is cóngaraí don núicléas tá siad lán. Mar sin, is dual do na dúile seo an t-ochtú leictreon a fháil ar iasacht ó dhúil éigin is leictridheimhní ná iad, le hochtréad iomlán leictreon a fháil ar an sceall is faide amuigh. Is iad na halaiginí an fluairín, an clóirín, an bróimín, an t-iaidín agus an t-astaitín, ach is dúil radaighníomhach éagobhsaí é an t-astaitín nach féidir mórán a fháil amach faoina saintréithe ceimiceacha.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Téann na halaiginí i gcomhdhúil leis an hidrigin le halaiginídí hidrigine a dhéanamh. Is gáis iad na halaiginídí hidrigine, agus iad sothuaslagtha san uisce. Is aigéid láidire iad agus mar sin, is nimheanna dainséaracha iad a dhéanann an-dochar do na scamhóga.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>hidrigin</b> (an hidrigin, na hidrigine) - Is í an hidrigin an dúil cheimiceach is éadroime agus is simplí ó thaobh an struchtúir de. Níl in adamh na hidrigine ach aon phrótón amháin agus aon leictreon amháin, go bunúsach, ach amháin go bhfuil dhá iseatóp tearca ag an dúil seo, a bhfuil ainmneacha dá gcuid féin orthu: an deoitéiriam, a bhfuil prótón amháin agus neodrón amháin ina núicléas, agus an tritiam, a bhfuil prótón amháin agus dhá neodrón ina núicléas. Iseatóp radaighníomhach é an tritiam. Neamh-mhiotal í an hidrigin, cé go bhfuil sí in aon ghrúpa leis na miotail alcaileacha i dtábla peiriadach na ndúl. Sna comhdhúile a bhíos aici leis na neamh-mhiotail eile, ceanglaíonn sí nasc comhfhiúsach leo, agus is í an uimhir ocsaídiúcháin is tipiciúla a bhíos aici ná +1, ó nach bhfuil sé ar na neamh-mhiotail is leictridhiúltaí amuigh.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is gás gan dath gan bholadh í an hidrigin le teocht an tseomra agus faoi ghnáthbhrú an aeir, nuair atá sí ina dúil aonraithe. Tá an gás sin comhdhéanta as móilíní dhá adamh. Ní féidir a rá go mbeadh nimh inti i gciall cheart an fhocail, ach is léir go dtachtann an hidrigin ghlan an duine, cosúil le gach gás eile seachas an ocsaigin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá sé de chlaonadh sa hidrigin imoibriú le dúile leictridhiúltacha cosúil leis an ocsaigin, agus mar sin, is dual do mheascán na hidrigine is na hocsaigine pléasc a dhéanamh, chomh fíochmhar is a théann an hidrigin trí thine. Tá lasair na hidrigine beagnach dofheicthe, cé gur féidir beagáinín den chorcra a shonrú inti. Cuireann seo leis an dainséar atá i ndóiteán hidrigine: is deacair é a aithint in am.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is é an t-uisce - ocsaíd na hidrigine - an chomhdhúil is tábhachtaí dá bhfuil ag an hidrigin, gan amhras. Má chuirtear hidrigin trí thine, is é an t-uisce a gheofar. Is ábhar tábhachtach tógála é an t-adamh hidrigine sna comhdhúile orgánacha, ach tá a lán comhdhúile neamhorgánacha ag an hidrigin freisin, ar ndóigh. Na comhdhúile atá ag an hidrigin leis na halaiginí, is gáis nimhe iad le teocht an tseomra, agus iad ina n-aigéid láidire sa tuaslagán uisce. Is í clóiríd na hidrigine an ceann is tábhachtaí acu. Tugtar aigéad hidreaclórach ar thuaslagán na clóiríde seo.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Má théann an hidrigin i gcomhdhúil le dúil is ísle leictridhiúltacht ná í, gheofar hidríd, agus is í an uimhir ocsaídiúcháin atá ag an hidrigin ina leithéid ná -1. Bíonn na hidrídí seo an-éagobhsaí, áfach, agus is dual dó imoibriú a dhéanamh leis an uisce. Gás hidrigine agus hiodrocsaíd is torthaí don chineál sin imoibriúcháin de ghnáth.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>ian</b> (an t-ian, an iain; na hiain, na n-ian) - Tugtar ian ar an adamh nó ar an ngrúpa adamh a bhfuil lucht leictreach aige. Tugtar caitiain ar na hiain a bhfuil lucht leictreach deimhneach acu, agus is ainiain iad na hiain a bhfuil lucht leictreach diúltach acu. Aomann an dá shaghas lucht leictreach a chéile, agus mar sin, is dual don dá shórt iain dul le chéile i gcomhdhúile ianacha. Mar shampla, tá an gnáthshalann, an chlóiríd sóidiam, comhdhéanta as iain dhiúltacha chlóiríde agus iain dheimhneacha sóidiam.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>iarann</b> (an t-iarann, an iarainn) - Is é an t-iarann dúil cheimiceach uimhir a 26. Miotal liathgheal atá ann, ach tagann meirg (smúid ruadhearg ocsaíde) air go luath faoi thionchar an aeir agus an uisce. Is iad +2 agus +3 na staideanna ocsaídiúcháin is minice a bhíos ag an iarann, agus is ar an dath ruadhearg a aithnítear an uimhir ocsaídiúcháin is airde acu seo. I gcomhdhúile áirithe, áfach, is féidir staid ocsaídiúcháin eile a bheith ag an iarann. Baintear úsáid fhorleathan as an iarann mar amhábhar, ach de ghnáth, cuirtear breiseáin leis lena dhéanamh níos daingne agus a dhíonadh ar mheirg. Go tipiciúil, measctar codán áirithe carbóin tríd an iarann, agus tugtar <i>cruach</i> (an chruach, na cruach) ar an iarann a bhfuil carbón curtha leis. Is féidir, áfach, saintréithe na cruach a athrú ar an dúrud dóigheanna ach an miotal ceart a mheascadh tríthi, agus mar sin a fhaightear cineálacha speisialta cruach le freastal ar éilimh agus riachtanaisí éagsúla.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>iarmhairt Purkinje –</b> Is éard atá i gceist le hiarmhairt Purkinje ná an dóigh a dtéann an tsúil in oiriúint an dorchadais, agus an t-athrú a thagas ar íogaireacht na súile do na dathanna éagsúla. Tá dhá chineál cealla i reitine na súile, mar atá, slatchealla agus cónchealla. Is iad na cónchealla a aithníos na dathanna, ach is iad na slatchealla is íogaire don tsolas ar fad. Mar sin, nuair a bhíos dorchadas ann is iad na slatchealla amháin atá ag obair, agus ní féidir leis an tsúil mórán de na dathanna a aithint: tá sé fágtha i dtuilleamaí na codarsnachta amháin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá sé tábhachtach a thuiscint nach ionann íogaireacht na súl do gach dath. Feictear don tsúil go bhfuil dath áirithe níos ”gile” ná dath eile nó a mhalairt. Mar shampla, sílimid go bhfuil an dath buí níos ”gile” ná an dath dearg, toisc go bhfuil an tsúil níos íogaire don bhuí.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is é an scéal, anois, nach ionann uasmhéid na híogaireachta ag na slatchealla agus ag na cónchealla. Athraíonn uasmhéid íogaireachta na súile go léir i dtreo uasmhéid na slatcheall sula n-imeoidh aithint na ndathanna go léir – is é sin, i dtreo na huaine nó an ghoirm. Mar sin, an chodarsnacht atá idir dhá dhath le teacht an dorchadais, is féidir go bhfuil sí bun os cionn leis an gcodarsnacht atá eatarthu le solas an lae. Sin é iarmhairt Purkinje.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Fuair an iarmhairt a hainm ó Jan Evangelista Purkyně, anatamaí Seiceach a mhair ón mbliain 1787 go dtí an bhliain 1869. Leagan Gearmáinise dá shloinne é ”Purkinje” agus é le feiceáil go minic i gcoimhthéacs na heolaíochta.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Io </b>- Ceann de ”ghealacha Galileo” í Io, is é sin, ceann de shatailítí móra Iúpatair. Tá Io timpeall ar trí mhíle, sé chéad, dhá fhichead ciliméadar ar trastomhas, agus í ag fithisiú a príomhaigh níos cóngaraí ná aon cheann eile de ghealacha Galileo.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is é an bolcánachas a thabhaigh a clú d'Io, nó tá sí ar coipeadh le laibhe. Is í imtharraingt na ngealach mór eile de chuid Iúpatair, chomh maith le himtharraingt an phríomhaigh féin, a fhágas Io mar sin: go bunúsach is iad na fórsaí taoide is cúis leis an mbolcánachas sin, agus na reanna neimhe eile ag iomaíocht le chéile ag iarraidh Io a tharraingt a mbealach féin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is minic a dhealraítear Io le píotsa: is iad na bolcáin na ”slisní tráta”, agus an chuid is mó den ghealach chomh buí le cáis – sulfar is cúis leis an dath seo.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Iúpatar</b> (Iúpatar, Iúpatair) - Is é Iúpatar an pláinéad is mó inár ngrianchóras, agus is gásfhathach é. Is féidir sonrú a chur ann gan dul i dtuilleamaí teileascóip, agus bhí aithne ag na sean-Rómhánaigh féin air: ba iadsan a bhaist an t-ainm sin air, ainm an dé is cumhachtaí i seanchreideamh na Róimhe. Tá mais Iúpatair breis is trí chéad oiread níos mó ná mais an Domhain, agus is ionann a thrastomhas agus trastomhas an Domhain méadaithe faoina haon déag. Is ionann mais Iúpatair agus mais na bpláinéad is na ngealach eile sa Ghrianchóras méadaithe faoina dó go leith. Mar sin, tá an pláinéad seo as pabhar mór i gcoibhneas na reann neimhe eile a théann timpeall na Gréine. Tá a lán gealach ag fithisiú Iúpatair féin, agus creidtear gur cóiméid nó astaróidigh a bhí i gcuid mhór acu i dtosach agus gur cheap Iúpatar ar a gcamchuairt iad.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is é tuairim a lán saineolaithe gurb é Iúpatar ”folúsghlantóir an Ghrianchórais” a ghlacfas chuige na cóiméid is na hastaróidigh dhainséaracha sula dtiocfaidh siad ag bagairt ar an Domhan. Níltear ar aon bharúil faoin teoiric seo, ach tá fianaise áirithe phraiticiúil ann: i mí Iúil 1994, bhí na réalteolaithe in ann súil a choinneáil ar an dóigh ar bhuail an cóiméad úd Shoemaker-Levy a Naoi faoin bpláinéad. Stróic imtharraingt Iúpatair an cóiméad as a chéile ar dtús, agus bhí na bloghanna ag dul timpeall an phláinéid ar feadh tamaill sular tháinig siad anuas ón bhfithis ceann i ndiaidh a chéile. Sa mhatalang seo scaoileadh saor le fuinneamh a sháródh buamaí adamhacha an chine dhaonna go léir.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá réimse mór maighnéadach ag Iúpatar, agus é an-fhadaithe faoi bhrú na grianghaoithe: deirtear, fiú, go bhfuil ”maighnéadeireaball” ag an bpláinéad, agus é ag sroicheadh thar Shatarn amach. Tarchuradóir láidir raidió é an réimse maighnéadach seo freisin, agus ag minicíochtaí áirithe sáraíonn sé an Ghrian féin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mar is dual don ghásfhathach, ní féidir an cheist a fhreagairt go sásúil, cá bhfuil dromchla Iúpatair, nó má théann muid síos ó imeall an atmaisféir, ní thiocfaidh muid ach ar thuilleadh de na gáis chéanna atá le fáil san atmaisféar féin, ach amháin go n-iompóidh siad ina leacht nuair a thiocfas muid sách domhain isteach.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is iad fáinní Shatarn is mó ar chuala muid iomrá orthu, ach tá fáinní cosúil leosan ag Iúpatar freisin, cé nach bhfuil siad chomh cuidsúlach céanna. Le fírinne, níl iontu go bunúsach ach dusta is deannach. Ba é an taiscéalaí spáis Voyager a hAon a d'aithin fáinní Iúpatair, thiar sa bhliain 1979. Glactar leis go bhfuil ceithre fháinne ann: an ”Fáinne Luain”, an ”Príomhfháinne”, agus dhá ”Fháinne Scáineacha”, mar atá, Fáinne Scáineach Amalthea agus Fáinne Scáineach Thebe. Tá an Príomhfháinne ag dul timpeall ar an bpláinéad in aice le fithis na gealaí úd Adrastea, agus an chuma ar an scéal go bhfuil Adrastea ina ”gealach tréadaíochta” ag an bhfáinne sin, is é sin, go bhfuil an fáinne ag brath ar imtharraingt na gealaí sin lena chuma a choinneáil. Cosúil leis sin, tá na fáinní scáineacha i dtuilleamaí na ngealach úd Amalthea agus Thebe, agus tá gealacha tréadaíochta den chineál chéanna le fáil i gcóras fáinní Shatarn freisin. Maidir leis an bhFáinne Luain, is é an fáinne is cóngaraí don phláinéad, agus é ar déanamh taoschnó (is é sin dónat).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>leictrealú</b> (an leictrealú, an leictrealaithe) - Is éard atá i gceist leis an leictrealú ná próiseas ina soláthraítear leictreoin don dúil is leictreadheimhní sa chomhdhúil agus ina mbaintear leictreoin den dúil is leictreadhiúltaí acu, ionas go ndealaítear an dá dhúil ó chéile. Is féidir triail a bhaint as an leictrealú sa bhaile féin: má mheasctar cuid mhaith gnáthshalainn, nó clóiríd sóidiam, trí uisce, is féidir hidrigin agus clóirín a tháirgeadh trí leictrealú an tuaslagáin seo. Má sháimid dhá leictreoid isteach ann - is féidir linn leictreoidí a dhéanamh as dhá bharra graifíte a cheanglaítear le sreanga leictreacha de phoil an ghnáthchadhnra - feicfidh muid bolgáin bheaga gháis ag foirmiú timpeall na leictreoidí.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">San ócáid áirithe seo, beidh na hiain dheimhneacha sóidiam ag tarraingt ar an gcatóid, nó ar an leictreoid atá faoi lucht diúltach leictreachais, agus na hiain chlóiríde á haomadh ag an leictreoid eile, agus í faoi lucht deimhneach. Bainfidh an anóid na leictreoin bhreise de na hiain chlóiríde, ionas go gcruthaítear clóirín i bhfoirm dúile. Ag an gcatóid, gheobhaidh na hiain sóidiam na leictreoin a iompóidh ina n-adaimh shóidiam iad. Is dual don tsóidiam, ar miotal alcaileach é, imoibriú leis an uisce ar an toirt, ionas go bhfaighfear hiodrocsaíd sóidiam agus hidrigin. Is í an hidrigin an gás a chruthaítear timpeall na catóide, agus clóirín atá i gceist ag an leictreoid eile.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is féidir a rá go bhfuil dainséar áirithe ag roinnt leis an turgnamh seo, áfach. Má bhaineann tú triail as, is fearr duit éirí as chomh túisce is a aithneos tú go bhfuil an trealamh ag obair. Is féidir leis an mbeagán féin den chlóirín dochar a dhéanamh do do scamhóga, go háirithe mura bhfuil aeráid mhaith agat. Thairis sin beidh an tuaslagán uisce saibhir i hiodrocsaíd sóidiam, nó sóid loiscneach, bun láidir a chreimeas an craiceann agus na fíocháin bheo eile.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Úsáidtear leictrealú go forleathan sa tionsclaíocht le dúile éagsúla a aonrú le haghaidh úsáide sa teicneolaíocht - alúmanam, mar shampla. Is í an bháicsít an mianra is tábhachtaí mar fhoinse alúmanaim, agus is éard atá ann ó thaobh na ceimice de ná seiscea-ocsaíd alúmanaim (tá dhá ian alúmanaim ann in aghaidh an trí ian ocsaíde). Má leictrealaítear báicsít, is éard a gheofar ná alúmanam agus ocsaigin, mar sin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Níl an bháicsít intuaslagtha san uisce, áfach, agus dá mbeadh féin, tharlódh an rud céanna do na hadaimh alúmanaim ag an gcatóid agus a tharlaíos do na hadaimh shóidiam, is é sin, d'imoibreoidís leis an uisce le gás hidrigine a dhéanamh agus iad ag iompú ina n-iain arís. Tá leáphointe na trí-ocsaíde alúmanaim chomh hard is nach bhfuil sé praiticiúil í a leá le haghaidh leictrealú. Is éard a dhéantar, mar sin, ná an bháicsít a thuaslagan i gcrióilít leáite.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mianra alúmanaim eile í an chrióilít a bhfuil a leáphointe i bhfad níos ísle ná leáphointe na trí-ocsaíde alúmanaim, agus an trí-ocsaíd intuaslagtha inti. Mar sin, is féidir alúmanam a aonrú ón mbáicsít trí mheascán leáite na báicsíte agus na crióilíte a leá. Is í an chomhdhúil cheimiceach atá sa chrióilít ná heicseafluairíd tríshóidiam alúmanaim, nó heicseafluaralúmanáit tríshóidiam, Na<sub>3</sub>AlF<sub>6</sub>. Ar na saoltaibh seo, ní úsáidtear crióilít nádúrtha in aonrú alúmanaim a thuilleadh, chomh tearc is atá sí sa dúlra; tá sé níos saoire an heicseafluaralúmanáit sin a tháirgeadh as mianraí eile.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>leictreon</b> (an leictreon, an leictreon; na leictreoin, na leictreon) - Ceann de na buncháithníní é an leictreon, agus áirítear ar na leaptóin, ar na buncháithníní éadroma, é. In éineacht leis na núicléóin, is é sin, na prótóin is na neadróin, tá na leictreoin riachtanach mar bhloic thógála don damhna mar is aithnid dúinn é. Tá an t-adamh comhdhéanta as an núicléas, a bhfuil na prótóin is na leictreoin ann, agus as an néal leictreon timpeall ar an núicléas.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá guairne ag na leictreoin. Is éard atá i gceist leis an nguairne ná ceann de na hairíonna fisiceacha, cineál móiminteam uilleach, a chuirtear in iúl go minic mar ”chineál rothlú timpeall na haise”, cé nach ionann go hiomlán í, ó thaobh na matamaitice de, agus an rothlú timpeall na haise a dhéanfadh réad macrascópach. I néal leictreon na n-adamh, bíonn na leictreoin innealta go néata ina leictreondíseanna, agus guairne an dá leictreon i ndís den chineál seo ag neodrú a chéile. Fithiseán a thugtar ar an gcuid den néal leictreon is ”lóistín” d'aon leictreondís amháin, agus na fithiseáin féin tá siad scaipthe ar leibhéil éagsúla fuinnimh. Na leibhéil fuinnimh seo, arís, is cineál ”fo-scealla” iad do na leictreonscealla, as a bhfuil néal leictreon an adaimh comhdhéanta.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is í gluaiseacht na leictreon is cúis leis an sruth leictreach. Nuair a thosaigh na daoine ag fáil tuisceana ar an leictreachas, shocraigh na heolaithe go bhfuil an sruth leictreach ag dul ón bpol deimhneach go dtí an pol diúltach. Ní raibh ann go bunúsach ach sórt comhthuiscint áisiúil nó caighdeánú a chuidigh le heolaithe ó thíortha éagsúla ciall a bhaint as saothar a chéile. Tá a fhios againn anois go bhfuil sruth na leictreon ag dul a mhalairt de bhealach sa chiorcad leictreach - tá an lucht deimhneach leictreachais agus an lucht diúltach leictreachais ag aomadh a chéile agus ag tarraingt i dtreo a chéile, agus mar sin, is dual do na leictreoin dul ag triall ar an bpol deimhneach, ós rud é go bhfuil lucht diúltach acu féin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Neodraíonn lucht diúltach an leictreoin lucht deimhneach an phrótóin. Mar sin, is ionann líon na leictreon agus líon na bprótón san adamh, mura bhfuil nasc ceimiceach ar bith ceangailte ag an dúil le haon dúil eile. Má cheanglaíonn an dá dhúil nasc comhfhiúsach, beidh leictreondís amháin i bpáirt acu. Má cheanglaíonn siad nasc ianach, gheobhaidh an dúil is leictridhiúltai acu leictreon amháin ar iasacht, ionas go n-iompóidh an t-adamh ina ainian, agus tabharfaidh an dúil is lú leictridhiúltacht leictreon amháin uaidh, ionas go n-iompóidh an t-adamh ina chaitian.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>leictridhiúltacht </b>(an leictridhiúltacht, na leictridhiúltachta) - Is éard atá i gceist leis an leictridhiúltacht ná an claonadh atá i ndúil áirithe leictreoin a ghlacadh chuici i gcomhdhúil cheimiceach, ionas go bhfaighidh an dúil lucht diúltach leictreachais sa chomhdhúil. Is iad na neamh-mhiotail, na halaiginí ach go háirithe, is leictridhiúltaí, agus is iad na miotail, na miotail alcaileacha thar aon chineál miotal eile, na dúile is ísle leictridhiúltacht, nó na dúile is leictridheimhní - is é sin, tá sé de chlaonadh iontu leictreoin a thabhairt uathu sna comhdhúile, ionas go bhfaighidh siad lucht deimhneach.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>litriú</b> (an litriú, an litrithe) - Is é an litriú nó an <i>ceartlitriú</i> ná an dóigh cheart le fuaimeanna na teanga labhartha a chur in iúl i bhfoirm scríofa. Tugtar litriú foghraíochta nó litriú fóinéimeach ar an gcineál litriú atá ag iarraidh na fuaimeanna a chur in iúl chomh cruinn agus is féidir, ionas go bhfreagraíonn gach litir (gach carachtar san aibítir) d'fhuaim nó d'fhoghar amháin - d'fhóinéim amháin, mar a deir béarlagair na saineolaithe. Litriú sanasaíochta atá i gceist má dhéantar iarracht aird a thabhairt ar bhunús stairiúil na bhfocal (ar shanasaíocht na bhfocal) agus ar an ngaol nó ar an mbaint stairiúil atá ag focail áirithe le chéile, fiú nuair nach bhfuil an gaol sin le cloisteáil sa chaint a thuilleadh. Litriú morfafóinéimeach é an litriú a chuireas béim ar struchtúr inmheánach na bhfocal, ionas gur féidir na hiarmhíreanna, na réimíreanna agus na tamhain a aithint thar a chéile sa teanga scríofa, cé go n-imríonn siad tionchar ar fhuaimniú a chéile sa teanga labhartha. Litriú stairiúil é an litriú a choinníos cuimhne ar fhoirm stairiúil na bhfocal, beag beann ar na hathruithe a tháinig ar na focail sa chaint.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Go praiticiúil, is dual do litriú na teanga tipiciúla bheith idir eatarthu idir na córais seo go léir. Mar shampla, an litriú a bhí sách fóinéimeach i dtús, is minic a chloítear leis thar na céadta bliain agus an teanga labhartha ag athrú, ionas go mbeidh an litriú sa deireadh níos cosúla le litriú sanasaíochta nó le litriú morfafóinéimeach.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>macrascópach</b> - Rudaí macrascópacha iad na rudaí is féidir leat a fheiceáil le do shúile cinn, gan dul i muinín an mhicreascóip.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>meán-aimhrialtacht </b>(an mheán-aimhrialtacht, na meán-aimhrialtachta) – Comhordanáid (”aimhrialtacht”) í an mheán-aimhrialtacht atá de dhíth le háit an réid neamhaí ar fhithis éilipseach Kepler a shainmhíniú. Murab ionann agus an dá aimhrialtacht eile, ní uillinn í an mheán-aimhrialtacht, cé go dtomhaistear in aonaid stua í, cosúil le huillinn. Tá an mheán-aimhrialtacht ag brath ar an achar a scuab an líne ón réad go dtí an fócas den éilips ón uair dheireanach a chuaigh an réad thart le garphointe na fithise. Is iad íosmhéid agus uasmhéid na meán-aimhrialtachta ná 0 raidian agus 2π raidian. Aonad stua é an raidian. Is ionann an raidian agus timpeall ar 57.295 céim stua, nó an stua a fhreagraíos do gha an chiorcail.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>mearcair</b> (an mearcair, an mhearcair) - Is é an mearcair an t-aon mhiotal amháin atá ina leacht le teocht an tseomra agus faoin ngnáth-aerbhrú. Tugtar <i>airgead beo</i> air freisin. Go dtí le déanaí, d'úsáidtí mearcair go han-choitianta sna teirmiméadair agus sna manaiméadair, is é sin, in ionstraimí tomhaiste aerbhrú agus teochta. Tá an mearcair agus comhdhúile an mhearcair chomh nimhiúil don duine agus don dúlra agus go bhfuiltear ag éirí astu inniu, ámh. Tá an mearcair in aon ghrúpa leis an gcaidmiam agus leis an tsinc i dtábla peiriadach na ndúl.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tugtar <i>malgaim</i> (an malgam, an mhalgaim; na malgaim, na malgam) ar chóimhiotail an mhearcair, agus baintear úsáid as malgam an airgid ghil san fhiaclóireacht. Is féidir an chuid is mó de na miotail a mhalgamú (a chóimhiotalú leis an mearcair), ach is eisceachtaí iad an t-iarann agus an platanam, ar a laghad.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Trom-mhiotal é an mearcair agus bíonn a chuid comhdhúl díobhálach dainséarach don duine, do chóras na néaróg ach go háirithe: bhainfeadh an nimhiú mearcair an lúth as do chuid géag i bhfad sula maródh sé thú. Sampla uafásach de chontúirtí an mhearcair é scéal Bhá Minamata sa tSeapáin a chuaigh ar fud an domhain thiar sna caogaidí. Bhí monarcha cheimiceach de chuid an chomhlachta úd <i>Chisso</i> suite in aice leis an mbá seo a chuir an t-uisce ó mhaith lena cuid truailleán, nó ní dhearna an comhlacht iarracht ar bith leis an nimh a bhaint den uisce fuíll. Carnadh an mearcair sna héisc agus sna sliogéisc, agus muintir Minamata á n-ithe – ní mór cuimhne a choinneáil air gur cuid lárnach de bhia thraidisiúnta na Seapáine torthaí na farraige, idir iasc, sliogiasc, agus fheamainn. Bhí an truaillitheoireacht seo ag dul ar aghaidh ó na tríochaidí anuas, agus nuair a fuair an saol mór amach fúithi, bhí ródach uafásach déanta cheana féin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá dhá staid ocsaídiúcháin ag an mearcair, +1 (comhdhúile mearcarúla) agus +2 (comhdhúile mearcaracha). Glactar leis go bhfuil nasc idir dhá adamh mearcair san ian mearcarúil – mar sin, is í an fhoirmle is cruinne ná Hg<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>, seachas Hg<sup>+</sup>. Bíonn na comhdhúile mearcarúla réasúnta éagobhsaí, áfach, agus claonadh iontu chun díréiriú a dhéanamh – is éard is ciall le díréiriú ná go n-ocsaídítear leath na n-ian go hiain mhearcaracha, Hg<sup>2+</sup>, agus go ndí-ocsaídítear an chuid eile go mearcair miotalach, Hg.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is dócha gurb é an chlóiríd mhearcarúil HgCl, nó Cl-Hg-Hg-Cl, an ceann is tábhachtaí de na comhdhúile mearcarúla. Tugtar <i>calaiméal</i> (an calaiméal, an chalaiméil) uirthi freisin. Úsáidtear sna leictreoidí é, nó is caighdeán maith tagartha sa leictriceimic é. Ba ghnáth calaiméal a úsáid i bpurgóidí éagsúla mar chineál cógas fadó, rud a scanródh dochtúirí ár linne.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Maidir leis na comhdhúile mearcaracha, tá siad i bhfad níos líonmhaire ná na comhdhúile mearcarúla: samplaí iad an ocsaíd HgO, an tsuilfíd HgS, agus a lán eile. Ceann acu an fhulmanáit mhearcair, Hg(CNO)<sub>2</sub>, ábhar pléascach a úsáidtear i gcaipíní pléasctha – is é sin, mar phléascán príomhúil, le hábhair phléascacha eile a mhadhmadh.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sna laethanta a bhí, bhíodh lucht déanta na hataí ag úsáid na níotráite mearcaraí, Hg(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, le feilt a dhéanamh den fhionnadh. Ba é ba thoradh dó seo ná síor-nimhiú mearcair a chuaigh go dona i bhfeidhm ar an inchinn agus ar an néarchóras. Sin é an tuige go ndeirtear <i>mad as a hatter –</i> chomh craiceáilte leis an haitéir – as Béarla: bhíodh na haitéirí á n-iompar mar a bheadh galar <i>intinne</i> orthu, ach le fírinne, galar <i>inchinne</i> a bhí i gceist a tholg siad ón mearcair.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>NCG</b>: Giorrúchán é seo a sheasas do na focail <i>Nua-Chatalóg Ghinearálta.</i> Seo an leagan Gaeilge – is é an giorrúchán Béarla ná <i>NGC, </i>ó na focail <i>New General Catalogue</i>. Catalóg réalteolaíochta atá ann agus ní féidir a rá go mbeadh sí chomh nua is a thugas an t-ainm le fios, nó is sa bhliain 1888 a foilsíodh an chéad uair í. Ba é John Dreyer, réalteolaí Éireannach de phór na Danmhairge, a d'eisigh an chatalóg, agus é ag tarraingt go mór ar obair William Herschel roimhe. Baintear úsáid as an Nua-Chatalóg Ghinearálta i gcónaí, ach is follasach go raibh a lán athruithe de dhíth idir an dá linn. Tá leaganacha leasaithe éagsúla ar fáil inniu, agus d'fhoilsigh Dreyer féin cúpla ”catalóg innéacsaithe” nó <i>Index Catalogue </i>(IC) le botúin an chéad eagráin a cheartú.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>ocsaídiú </b>(an t-ocsaídiú, an ocsaídithe) nó <b>ocsaídiúcháin </b>(an t-ocsaídiúchán, an ocsaídiúcháin) – Is éard atá i gceist leis an ocsaídiú ná próiseas ceimiceach ina dtugann dúil áirithe leictreoin ar iasacht uaithi agus í ag dul i gcomhdhúil le dúil eile. Sa cheimic orgánach, tugtar ocsaídiú ar an dóigh a n-ardaítear uimhir ocsaídiúcháin an adaimh charbóin i bhfeidhmghrúpa na comhdhúile. Mar shampla, is féidir an t-eatánól CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH, ar alcól é, a ocsaídiú go haicéataildéad CH<sub>3</sub>C(H)O, ar aildéad é, agus ansin, is féidir an t-aildéad seo a ocsaídiú go haigéad aicéiteach CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)OH.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>ocsaigin</b> (an ocsaigin, na hocsaigine) - Is í an ocsaigin dúil cheimiceach uimhir a hocht i dtábla peiriadach na ndúl. Le teocht an tseomra agus faoi gnáthbhrú an aeir, is gás gan dath í, agus í an-fhonnmhar chun imoibriúcháin leis na dúile eile. Is ocsaídeoir láidir í an ocsaigin, ní nach ionadh, ós as an ocsaigin a fuarthas an téarma sin ”ocsaídiú” freisin. Is éard atá i gceist leis an tine agus an dóiteán ná imoibriú na hocsaigine le dúile eile, ionas go gcruthaítear ocsaídí, is é sin, comhdhúile ina bhfuil an ocsaigin ar an dúil is leictridhiúltaí. Níl ach an fluairín níos leictridhiúltaí ná an ocsaigin, agus mar sin, is ocsaídí iad formhór mór na gcomhdhúl ocsaigine.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá an ocsaigin ar an dara gás is flúirsí in atmaisféar an Domhain, agus an nítrigin ar an ngás is coitianta. Maolaíonn an nítrigin ar fhonn imoibriúcháin na hocsaigine, nó mura mbeadh san aer ach ocsaigin, d'fhéadfadh na miotail féin dul trí thine. Má chuirtear tairne iarainn, cuir i gcás, i gcoimeádán glanocsaigine, is féidir an tairne sin a chur trí thine mar a bheadh cipín adhmaid ann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Shílfeá nach féidir don ocsaigin bheith nimhiúil ná dochrach don duine, ós rud é go bhfuil soláthar ocsaigine géar-riachtanach dó, ach le fírinne, má tá an ocsaigin ag teacht isteach faoi bhrú atá níos mó ná brú na hocsaigine sa ghnáthaer, is féidir di cineál nimhiú a tharraingt ar an duine. Is iad na tumadóirí scúba is mó a bhíos thíos leis an mbagairt seo, ós rud é go bhfuil siad faoi bhrú ard an uisce a oibríos ar an ngás a análaíos siad. Tugtar <i>hipearocsacht</i> ar an nimhiú ocsaigine.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá an ghnáthocsaigin comhdhéanta as móilíní dhá adamh - mar sin, tugtar dé-ocsaigin ar an ngnáthocsaigin go minic. Tá allatróp eile ag an ocsaigin, an trí-ocsaigin nó an t-<i>ózón</i> (an t-ózón, an ózóin), a bhfuil a mhóilíní comhdhéanta as trí adamh ocsaigine. Is nimh é an t-ózón don duine, cé go bhfuil an ciseal ózóin in uachtar an atmaisféir ina sciath chosanta thábhachtach ar an radaíocht ultraivialait. Greannaíonn an t-ózón na scamhóga, cosúil leis an gclóirín. Tá an glanózón claonta chun pléasctha freisin. Tá dath gorm san ózón, go háirithe nuair atá sé ina leacht nó ina sholad, agus is féidir an t-ózón a aithint ar an mboladh a chuirfeadh an clóirín i gcuimhne duit. Bíonn boladh an ózóin as na gléis leictreacha uaireanta, mar shampla. Baintear úsáid as an ózón nuair a bhíos ocsaídeoir láidir de dhíth, agus is minic a úsáidtear in íonú uisce é freisin, leis na baictéir a mharú.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>ollphléasc</b> (an ollphléasc, na hollphléisce) nó <i>olltailm</i> (an olltailm, na holltailme) - Is í an ollphléasc nó an olltailm an phléasc mhór a chuir tús leis an Ollchruinne.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>ózaiceirít</b> (an ózaiceirít, na hózaiceiríte) - Is éard atá san ózaiceirít ná cineál céir nádúrtha atá le fáil sa talamh cosúil leis an artola. Ina lán teangacha tugtar céir thalún uirthi. Tá sí comhdhéanta as hidreacarbóin éagsúla fhadslabhracha (is ionann í agus an pairifín ó thaobh na ceimice de, a bheag nó a mhór), agus boladh láidir aisti. As an Úcráin, as na ceantair timpeall Shléibhte Chairp, a thagas an chuid is mó den ózaiceirít trádála.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>pailéagrafaíocht</b> (an phailéagrafaíocht, na pailéagrafaíochta) - Is í an phailéagrafaíocht an brainse léinn a dhéanas taighde ar an dóigh ar athraigh cruth na litreach (cruth na gcarachtar san aibítir) i rith na gcéadta bliain. Bíonn scileanna pailéagrafaíochta de dhíth ar na teangeolaithe agus na focleolaithe agus iad ag iarraidh seanscríbhinní a léamh is a thuiscint. Is féidir leis an bpailéagrafaí lámhscríbhinní brionnaithe a aithint freisin. Má bhain an falsaitheoir úsáid as litreacha ó thréimhsí difriúla i stair na haibítre, is é an pailéagrafaí an duine is túisce a chuirfeas sonrú ina leithéid.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Pailis </b>(an Phailis, na Pailise) nó <i>Páilis</i> (an Pháilis, na Páilise) - Is í an Phailis an teanga inar breacadh síos cuid mhór de scrioptúir naofa na mBúdaithe, an <i>Tripitaka </i>nó ”Scríbhinní na dTrí gCiseán” mar is féidir linn a thabhairt orthu as Gaeilge. Tá sí gaolmhar leis an tSanscrait, ach is ceann de na teangacha Pracraite í, is é sin, tá sí níos ”óige” agus níos cosúla leis na canúintí labhartha ná an tSanscrait. Teanga mharbh í an Phailis inniu, áfach, teanga nach bhfuil ag aon duine ó dhúchas, díreach cosúil leis an tSanscrait féin. Teireaváda a thugtar ar an gcineál Búdachais is mó a chuireas béim ar thábhacht na Pailise, agus is é an creideamh is láidire sa Chambóid agus sa Téalainn, mar shampla. Is é an sruth is coimeádaí sa Bhúdachas.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>platanam</b> (an platanam, an phlatanaim) - Is é an platanam an ceann is mó le rá de na miotail phlatanamchosúla, agus is é Pt an tsiombail a sheasas dó sna foirmlí ceimiceacha. Triathmhiotal atá ann agus é ar fáil ina dhúil sa dúlra. Fuair an platanam a ainm ó na <i>conquistadores</i> Spáinneacha, nó bhí siad ar lorg óir bhuí agus airgid ghil i Meiriceá Theas, agus iad míshásta leis an ”airgead beag” (<i>platina</i>, cf. <i>plata</i>, an focal Spáinnise ar ”airgead geal”) a thóg cuid acu in ainriocht an fhíor-airgid.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Le fírinne, áfach, is miotal iontach úsáideach é an platanam. Tá an platanam in ann cuid mhór hidrigine a ól chuige nó a shú isteach, agus mar sin, catalaíonn sé (is é sin, cuireann sé luas faoi) imoibriúcháin cheimiceacha a bhfuil an hidrigin páirteach iontu. Sin é an fáth a gcuirtear i dtiontóirí catalaíocha na ngluaisteán é, ach is féidir úsáid chosúil a bhaint as sna saotharlanna ceimiceacha freisin, ar acht is go bhfuil na ceimiceoirí, nó lucht a n-urraithe, sách saibhir le híoc as na gléis phlatanaim!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is iad na staideanna ocsaídiúcháin a bhíos ag an bplatanam ina chuid comhdhúl ná +2 agus +4. Níl an platanam ró-araiciseach chun imoibriúcháin, ach is féidir é a thuaslagan in <i>aqua regia </i>te, is é sin, i meascán an aigéid hiodraclóraigh agus an aigéid nítrigh. Mar sin a fhaightear ian heicseaclóraplatanáite, PtCl<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup>. Is í an staid ocsaídiúcháin atá ag an bplatanam san ian sin ná +4. Tá an t-ian seo le fáil sa chuid is úsáidí de chomhdhúile an phlatanaim.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Comhdhúil eile de chuid an phlatanaim é ”catalaíoch Adams”, arb ionann é agus dé-ocsaíd phlatanaim, PtO<sub>2</sub>. Ní catalaíoch ann féin é, ach is dual dó ”platanam dubh” a dhéanamh, is é sin púdar fíneáilte platanaim a bhfuil an-chumas catalaíoch ann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>príomhach</b> (an príomhach, an phríomhaigh; na príomhaigh, na bpríomhach) - An rinn neimhe a bhfuil satailít ag dul timpeall uirthi, deirtear gurb í príomhach a satailíte í. Is é an Domhan príomhach na Gealaí, agus is í an Ghrian príomhach an Domhain.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>príomhsheicheamh </b>(an príomhsheicheamh, an phríomhsheichimh) – Is iad na réaltaí príomhsheichimh na ”gnáthréaltaí” nach bhfuil ina bhfathaigh ná ina habhaic bhána. Má chuirtear sonraí na réaltaí go léir i gcóras déthoiseach comhordanáidí a thaispeánas an dóigh a bhfuil dath agus gile na réalta ag brath ar a chéile (is gnách <i>léaráid Hertzsprung-Russell</i> a thabhairt ar an gcineál sin learáide, ó ba iad an réalteolaí Danmhargach Ejnar Hertzsprung agus an Meiriceánach Henry Norris Russell a chéadcheap is a d'fhorbair an léaráid), feicfear banda mór dlúth ina bhfuil an chuid is mó de na réaltaí ar fáil – sin é an príomhsheicheamh.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is gnách abhacréaltaí a thabhairt ar réaltaí an phríomhsheichimh, ach is úsáid é seo a chuirfeadh an tuata ar strae. Ní réaltaí príomhsheichimh iad na habhacréaltaí bána, mar shampla, ó tá siad i bhfad níos teo ná mar is dual do réaltaí príomhsheichimh ar aon mhéid leo.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Réaltaí aithnidiúla príomhsheichimh iad, mar shampla, an Ghrian, Sirius, Réalta Barnard, Procyon, Réalta Kapteyn, Altair, Vega, agus Fomalhaut.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Réalta Barnard –</b> réalta bheag atá le feiceáil i réaltbhuíon Fhear na bPéisteanna, agus í suite faoi shé solasbhliana dínn. Chomh fann agus atá sí ní féidir í a aithint gan dul i dtuilleamaí teileascóip, cé go bhfuil sí chomh cóngarach sin. Réalta M-aicme í, is é sin, abhacréalta dhearg. Creidtear go bhfuil sí ar ceann de na réaltaí is sine sa réaltra s'againn: chomh fann fuar is atá sí, níl sí ach ag cráindó, agus mar sin, níl sí ag teacht i ndeireadh a cuid hidrigine ach go mall. Réalta shuntasach í mar sin féin, nó sáraíonn sí gach réalta eile ar dhualghluaisne. Fuair sí a hainm ón réalteolaí Meiriceánach Edward Emerson Barnard a chuir sonrú sa dualghluaisne sin sa bhliain 1916.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Réalta Kapteyn –</b> réalta bheag atá le feiceáil i réaltbhuíon an Phéintéara, agus í suite faoi thrí solasbhliana déag dínn. Ba é an tOllannach Jacobus Kapteyn a chuir sna catalóga í sa bhliain 1898. San am sin ba í an réalta ba mó dualghluaisne amuigh. Abhacréalta dhearg í, díreach cosúil le Réalta Barnard. Dealraíonn sé go bhfuil cúpla pláinéad á fithisiú.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>réaltra</b> (an réaltra, an réaltra; na réaltraí, na réaltraí) - Is éard is réaltra ann ná crobhaing réaltaí, gáis agus deannaigh sa spás, agus í á coinneáil le chéile ag an imtharraingt. Tá an chuid is mó de dhamhna na hollchruinne comhchruinnithe sna réaltraí, agus an spás eatarthu beagnach folamh. Is é an réaltra ina bhfuil cónaí orainn féin ná Bealach na Bó Finne.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is gnách na réaltraí a rangú de réir an déanamh atá orthu. Is iad na réaltraí bíseacha agus na réaltraí éilipseacha na cinn is feiceálaí, ach thairis sin, tá cineálacha eile ann, cosúil leis na réaltraí fáinne, nach bhfuil iontu ach fáinne réaltaí ag dul timpeall an lomnúicléis, agus na réaltraí lionsacha. Tá réaltraí neamhrialta ann chomh maith, réaltraí nach féidir a gcosúlacht a rangú de réir na ngnáthaicmí. Tá réaltraí abhaic ann freisin, agus iad i bhfad níos lú ná Bealach na Bó Finne agus na réaltraí móra eile. Mar sin féin, creidtear gurb iontu atá an chuid is mó de dhamhna na hOllchruinne, chomh líonmhar is atá siad.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Aicmítear Bealach na Bó Finne mar bhís bharrach, nó réaltra bíseach barrach. Is é sin, dá bhfeicfeá ón taobh amuigh é, is éard an déanamh a bheadh ar an réaltra ná barra mór ramhar a mbeadh núicléas (croí) an réaltra ina lár, agus géaga bíseacha an réaltra ag téacht as dhá cheann an bharra seo. Go dtí le déanaí, chreidtí go raibh ceithre mhórghéag ag ár réaltra, mar atá, <i>Géag Pheirséis</i>, <i>Géag na hEala </i>(ar a dtugtar <i>Géag na Rialach</i> freisin), <i>Géag na Scéithe is na Croise</i> (nó <i>Géag an Cheinteáir</i>), agus <i>Géag an tSaighdeora agus na Cíle</i>. Is é an chuma atá ag teacht ar an scéal inniu, áfach, nach bhfuil ach dhá mhórghéag ann - <i>Géag Pheirséis</i> agus <i>Géag na Scéithe, na Croise is an Cheinteáir</i>. Na géaga eile, is géaga beaga breise iad. Tá ár ngrianchóras féin suite i gceann de na mionghéaga, mar atá, Géag an Bhodaigh.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Creidtear go bhfuil dúpholl mór - an Díothóir Mór - i gcroí Bhealach na Bó Finne, agus ní rud as an ngnáth é ag na réaltraí. Bíonn na dúphoill i gcroíthe na réaltraí ag astú cineálacha éagsúla radaíochta, chomh maith le roiseanna damhna a bhrúchtann amach as poil an dúphoill. Tugtar scairdeanna coibhneasaíocha ar na roiseanna seo, toisc nach féidir a saintréithe a mhíniú gan dul i dtuilleamaí theoiric na coibhneasachta, an teoiric a thabhaigh a mhórchlú d'Albert Einstein. Más féidir roiseanna móra radaíochta nó damhna a aithint ag teacht as croí an réaltra, deirtear go bhfuil núicléas (croí) gníomhach ag an réaltra, agus tugtar réaltraí gníomhacha ar na cinn a bhfuil núicléas gníomhach acu.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is féidir do dhá réaltra teacht chomh cóngarach dá chéile is go dtosóidh siad ag oibriú is ag dul i bhfeidhm ar a chéile. Is í an imtharraingt is cúis leis an idirghníomhaíocht seo. Dhá réaltra atá curtha as a riocht ag a chéile, is féidir dóibh luas mór a chur le foirmiú na réaltaí nua i scamall gáis a chéile. Tugtar réaltraí réaltroise ar réaltraí ina bhfuil na réaltaí nua ag teacht chun saoil mar sin, i bhfad níos luaithe ná sna gnáthréaltraí.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Réaltra an Ghuairneáin –</b> leasainm an réaltra arb é réad uimhir a 51 i gcatalóg Messier, nó M51. Le fírinne dhá réaltra atá i gceist leis an réad sin, is é sin, Réaltra an Ghuairneáin (M51a) agus réaltra beag atá suite in aice leis, M51b. Glactar leis go bhfuil Réaltra an Ghuairneáin suite fiche-tríocha milliún solasbhliain uainn, ach bíonn na meastacháin an-éagsúil le chéile dháiríre. Tá an réaltra seo suite i réaltbhuíon na Madraí Fiaigh, agus is féidir é a aithint sna déshúiligh féin gan trácht ar theileascóp. Réaltra bíseach é Réaltra an Ghuairneáin agus is féidir a chuid géag a aithint go soiléir – deirtear gur réaltra ”dea-dheartha” atá ann. An réaltra beag úd M51b, áfach, is abhacréaltra é, agus níl se in aon neasacht do bheith chomh cuidsúlach leis an nGuairneán. Réaltraí idirghníomhacha iad an dá cheann seo, is é sin, tá siad ag aomadh a chéile agus ag tarraingt dusta agus gáis as a chéile. D'fhéadfá a rá go bhfuil an dá réaltra nasctha dá chéile le cineál droichead gáis agus dusta mar sin, agus dealraíonn sé go bhfuil réaltaí nua ag teacht chun saoil sa droichead seo. Díol spéise agus ábhar taighde do na réalteolaithe é sin, nó is gnách nach taobh amuigh den réaltra a fhoirmítear na réaltaí, ach taobh istigh de.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Réaltra an tSoimbréaró –</b> leasainm an réaltra arb é réad uimhir a 104 i gcatalóg Messier (M104). Réaltra bíseach neamhbharrach atá ann agus é le feiceáil i réaltbhuíon na Maighdine. Is féidir an ”hata Meicsiceánach” seo a aithint le teileascóp den chineál a úsáideas na réalteolaithe amaitéaracha. Tá sé suite faoi ocht milliún fichead de sholasbhlianta dínn, ach tá sé as pabhar geal i gcomparáid leis an gcuid is mó de na réaltraí atá chomh cianmhar sin uainn.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>réaltsruth </b>(an réaltsruth, an réaltsrutha; na réaltsruthanna, na réaltsruthanna) – Is éard atá i gceist le réaltsruth ná dornán réaltaí atá ag gluaiseacht in aon treo le chéile ina bhfáinne timpeall ar réaltra.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Rúisis</b> (an Rúisis, na Rúisise) - Is í an Rúisis an teanga atá ó dhúchas ag an gcuid is mó de mhuintir na Rúise, agus í á labhairt sna tíortha iar-Shóivéadacha go forleathan, toisc go mbíonn pobail mhóra Rúiseacha iontu agus cuid den mhuintir dhúchasach féin tar éis líofacht a bhaint amach sa teanga. Ceann de na teangacha Slavacha Oirthearacha í, cosúil leis an Úcráinis agus an Bhealarúisis, ach is féidir tionchar láidir ón tSlaivis Dheisceartach a aithint ar a lán de na focail theibí nó léannta, a fuarthas ar iasacht ón tSean-Slaivis Eaglasta. Bhí an Rúisis fáiltiúil riamh roimh fhocail ó theangacha eile: is féidir iasachtaí ón Ollainnis, ón nGearmáinis, ón bhFraincis agus ón mBéarla a aithint i mbunstór focal na teanga.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is í an aibítir Rúiseach an leagan is coitianta den aibítir Choireallach. Treoir réasúnta maith atá ann d'fhuaimniú na teanga, cé nach dtaispeánann sí an siolla faoi bhéim, rud a chuireas go mór mór isteach ar fhoghlaimeoirí na teanga. Bíonn an bhéim ag athrú ó shiolla go siolla, ó thamhan go hiarmhír agus ó iarmhír go tamhan i bhfoirmeacha éagsúla díochlaonta nó réimnithe, agus is deacair rialacha na n-athruithe seo a leagan amach chomh soiléir is go bhféadfadh an foghlaimeoir iad a thabhairt leis trí staidéar teoiriciúil. Mar sin, is fusa aithris a dhéanamh ar an gcaint bheo agus caidreamh na Rúiseach féin a lorg.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mar chuidiú leis na foghlaimeoirí, áfach, bíonn eagráin ”aiceannaithe” de chlasaicigh Rúiseacha le fáil ó fhoilsitheoirí sa Rúis agus sna tíortha eile araon, agus iad ag taispeáint na béime le hagúidí (sínte fada) a chuirtear leis na gutaí faoi bhéim. Sna heagráin atá dírithe ar na Rúisigh féin, ní fheicfeá agúid ach an chorruair, le dhá fhocal nó dhá fhoirm a dhealú ó chéile nach bhfuil de dhifríocht eatarthu ach an bhéim.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ar feadh i bhfad, ní raibh ach an tSean-Slaivis Eaglasta á saothrú mar theanga liteartha sa Rúis. Teanga Shlavach Dheisceartach a bhí ann go bunúsach, agus í níos gaolmhaire leis an tSeirbea-Chróitis agus leis an mBulgáiris ná leis an Rúisis ó thús. Na chéad mhisinéirí Críostaí a d'fhéach leis an gcreideamh nua a chraobhscaoileadh i measc na Slavach, tháinig siad ó theorainn na Gréigise agus na dteangacha Slavacha Deisceartacha, agus mar sin roghnaigh siad canúint Dheisceartach le haghaidh a gcuid scríbhinní cráifeacha nó Bíoblúla.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Nuair a chuir an tImpire Peadar Mór a chuid leasuithe i bhfeidhm ar an Rúis leis an tír a thabhairt chun nua-aimsearthachta, tháinig borradh mór faoi shaothrú liteartha na teanga dúchais, nó bhí an tImpire ag iarraidh an Rúisis a chur in áit na Sean-Slaivise mar theanga chultúrtha. Is léir, áfach, gur fhág an tSean-Slaivis a lorg ar stór focal na Rúisise, go háirithe ar an téarmaíocht theibí.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">I rith na naoú haoise déag, bhain na scríbhneoirí Rúiseacha amach clú idirnáisiúnta leis an gcineál speisialta réalachais a chleacht siad ina gcuid úrscéalta agus gearrscéalta.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ba é Aleksandr Pushkin (1799-1837) an chéad chlasaiceach. Scríobh sé dánta fada eipiceacha cosúil le <i>Yevgeniy Onegin</i>, a bhfuair an saol mór aithne air mar cheoldráma, ach thairis sin, d'fhág sé ina dhiaidh an t-úrscéal <i>Kapitanskaya dochka</i> (Iníon an Chaptaein), úrscéal stairiúil i stíl Walter Scott.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ansin, tháinig Mikhail Lermontov (1814-1841). Saighdiúir agus file a bhí ann, ach is dócha gurb é an t-úrscéal <i>Geroy nashego vremeni </i>(Laoch ár Linne) an chuid is tábhachtaí dá shaothar, mar is dóigh le léitheoir an lae inniu.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ní féidir dearmad a dhéanamh de Nikolay Gogol (1809-1852), ach an oiread. Úcránach a bhí ann, ach ó nár glacadh leis an Úcráinis mar theanga san am - is é an meas oifigiúil a bhí uirthi nach raibh inti ach canúint de chuid na Rúisise, ”Mion-Rúisis” - roghnaigh sé an Rúisis mar mheán liteartha, cé go bhfuil blas na hÚcráine agus na hÚcráinise ar a lán dá chuid luathshaothair. Ba é an t-úrscéal <i>Mërtvye dushi </i>(Anamnacha Marbha) a thabhaigh a cháil dó, áfach. Aoir atá ann a thugas cur síos ar amhantraí aisteach: bíonn laoch (nó frithlaoch) seo an scéil ag ceannach ”anamnacha marbha”, is é sin, seirfigh atá sna rollaí i gcónaí cé go bhfuil siad tar éis bháis cheana féin. (”Anam” a thugtaí ar sheirfeach sa tsean-Rúis i dtéarmaíocht an daonáirimh - d'fhéadfá a rá gur aonad tomhais a bhí ann - agus ba nós na ”hanamnacha marbha” a bhaint de na rollaí lá an daonáirimh.) Saothar clúiteach eile le Gogol é an dráma úd <i>Revizor</i> (An Cigire).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Prós-scríbhneoir réadúil agus drámadóir ab ea Ivan Turgenev (1818-1883). hAistríodh leabhar amháin leis go Gaeilge, fiú – <i>Cuimhní Cinn an tSealgaire </i>(<i>Zapiski okhotnika</i> sa bhunteanga). Gearrscéalta iad na cuimhní cinn seo a thugas cur síos suimiúil ar shaol na tuaithe, agus is féidir a aithint orthu go raibh an scríbhneoir iontach míshásta leis an bhfeodachas agus leis an seirfeachas a bhí i bhfeidhm sa Rúis san am. Tháinig sraith úrscéalta óna pheann chomh maith, ar nós <i>Dvoryanskoye gnezdo </i>(Nead na nUasal), a chaith súil ar shaol na ndaoine uaisle faoin tuath, agus <i>Ottsy i deti </i>(Aithreacha agus Mic, nó b'fhéidir Aithreacha agus a gClann Mhac), inar chardáil Turgenev an dóigh a raibh na coimhlintí sa tsochaí agus teacht an réabhlóideachais ag cur dinge idir na glúnta agus ag dealú na mac óna n-aithreacha.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Scríbhneoir fadsaolach próis ab ea Leon (Lev) Tolstoy (1828-1910). Ar dtús scríobh sé trí úrscéal beaga faoina shaol féin, <i>Detstvo </i>(An Chéad Óige), <i>Otrochestvo</i> (Aois an Ghearrbhodaigh) agus <i>Yunost' </i>(An Óige); ina dhiaidh sin, áfach, bhain sé amach clú domhanda leis na húrscéalta móra réalaíocha úd <i>Voyna i mir </i>(Cogadh agus Síocháin) agus <i>Anna Karenina</i>. Ní raibh iontu siúd ach cuid bheag dá shaothar, chomh bisiúil is a bhí sé. Timpeall ar an mbliain 1870, chuaigh sé trí ghéarchéim mhór phearsanta ina shaol, agus chrom sé ar a idé-eolaíocht féin a bhaint amach – Tolstaíochas, a bhí bunaithe ar chineál ainrialachas Críostaí. Chuaigh an idé-eolaíocht seo go mór mór i bhfeidhm ar chuid mhór d'intleachtóirí a linne sa bhaile agus i gcéin, agus d'fhág sí a blas ar a chuid saothar deireanach. Níor thaitin an radacachas Críostaí leis an Eaglais Ortadocsach, a d'eascoiteannaigh an scríbhneoir sa bhliain 1901.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Saíceachas </b>(an Saíceachas, an tSaíceachais) – Creideamh é an Saíceachas a tháinig ar an bhfód sa Phuinseaib (réigiún Indiach agus é roinnte idir an India agus an Phacastáin inniu) sa chúigiú haois déag. Is éard a deir lucht staidéir an reiligiúin chomparáidigh ná gur ”panindiachas” é an Saíceachas, is é sin creideann na Saícigh go bhfuil an chruinne ábhartha ar maos le diachas ach go bhfuil idirdhealú idir an saol saolta agus an diachas i gcónaí. Ní mór an cineál seo reiligiún a scaradh ón ”bpandiachas” a deir gurb ionann an ollchruinne agus Dia.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">An spiorad sin atá le haithint gach áit, tugann na Saícigh <i>Vahiguru </i>nó an Teagascóir Iontach air. Tugtar gúrúnna ar na teagascóirí móra reiligiúnacha sa Saíceachas, an deichniúr acu: focal Sanscraite é <i>guru </i>a chiallaíos ”múinteoir, oide”. Ba é Guru Nanak (1469-1539) a bhunaigh an Saíceachas; maidir leis na gúrúnna eile, chuidigh gach duine acu ar a bhealach féin le forbairt an tSaíceachais mar chreideamh neamhspleách.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is é leabhar naofa na Saíceach an t-aonú gúrú déag, agus tugtar <i>Guru Granth Sahib</i> air. Tá sé scríofa in aibítir speisialta ar a dtugtar <i>Gurmukhi</i> – sin í an aibítir a úsáideas na Saícigh leis an bPuinseaibis a scríobh freisin. Tá an scrioptúr Saíceach breactha síos i roinnt teangacha éagsúla: tá idir Phuinseaibis, Pheirsis agus Hiondúis ann chomh maith le teangacha nó canúintí eile.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Sanscrait</b> (an tSanscrait, na Sanscraite) - Is í an tSanscrait teanga chlasaiceach na hIndia, inar chuir lucht léinn na sean-India i míotar miotaseolaíocht agus seanchas a dtíre fadó. Bhí an-tábhacht ag an tSanscrait i stair na teangeolaíochta Ind-Eorpaí, nó nuair a d'aithin na teangeolaithe Iartharacha go raibh lúb ghaoil éigin ag an tSanscrait leis an Laidin agus an tSean-Ghréigis, tuigeadh dóibh an chéad uair go raibh a leithéid de rud ann agus fine na dteangacha Ind-Eorpacha.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá dlúthbhaint ag an tSanscrait leis an gcreideamh Hiondúch, agus is dóigh lena lán de lucht leanúna an Hiondúchais go bhfuil fórsaí neamhshaolta sa teanga féin agus gur féidir leat do shláinte a fheabhsú trí théacsanna naofa a reic os ard sa teanga. Ón taobh eile de, breacadh a lán scríbhinní saolta síos as Sanscrait chomh maith, tráchtais mhatamaitice mar shampla.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is é is brí le hainm na teanga ná ”imghlan” nó ”ardnósach”, rud a thugas le fios gur teanga ealaíonta chaighdeánaithe chlasaiceach í. Le fírinne, scríobhadh litríocht chlasaiceach na teanga, nó an chuid is mó di, i ndiaidh don chainteoir dheireanach dúchais bás a fháil. Na teangacha a bhí á labhairt ag an gcosmhuintir san am chéanna, thugtaí ”Pracraití” orthu. As na Pracraití a d'fhorbair an Hiondúis, an Urdais agus na teangacha nua-aimseartha eile a labhraítear i dtuaisceart na hIndia.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is í an aibítir Dhéiveanágrach is mó a shamhlaítear leis an tSanscrait, ach tá aibítrí eile in úsáid san India, go háirithe ag lucht labhartha na dteangacha Dráivideacha i ndeisceart na tíre - ag na Tamalaigh, mar shampla. Hiondúigh iad an chuid is mó acu seo freisin, agus cé nach bhfuil an Tamailis gaolmhar leis an tSanscrait ar aon nós, tá meas mór ag a lán Tamalach ar an teanga sin ar chúiseanna reiligiúnacha. Mar sin, níl sé as an ngnáth Sanscrait a scríobh nó a chlóbhualadh san aibítir Thamalach.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>saobhdhiallas</b> (an saobhdhiallas, an tsaobhdhiallais) - Is é an saobhdhiallas an ghluaiseacht dhealraitheach, an ghluaiseacht a aithníos tú le súile do chinn, trasna réimse do radhairc. Na rudaí atá in aice leat, feictear níos mó duit iad ná na cinn atá i bhfad uait - sin é an rud is peirspictíocht ann. Ar an dóigh chéanna, na rudaí atá ag gluaiseacht trasna, má tá siad in aice leat, feictear an fad a chuireas siad díobh níos mó duit ná an fad céanna a chuireas na rudaí i bhfad uait díobh. Sin é an rud is saobhdhiallas ann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tomhaistear an saobhdhiallas mar stua, agus is iad na haonaid a úsáidtear ná na céimeanna, na nóiméid agus na soicindí.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>sféar neamhaí </b>(an sféar neamhaí, an sféir neamhaí) – Sna laethanta a bhí shíleadh na daoine nach raibh sna réaltaí ach poill i gcineál sféar nó liathróid, agus go raibh solas Dé ag teacht isteach tríd na poill seo ó Neamh. D'athraigh an tuiscint ar na cúrsaí seo go mór mór idir an dá linn, ach ina dhiaidh sin féin is gnách leis na réalteolaithe inniu féin an spéir a mhapáil mar a bheadh sféar ann agus sinn suite i lárphointe an sféir sin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>scitsibhéascna</b> (an scitsibhéascna, na scitsibhéascna) - Tugtar scitsibhéascna ar an staid ina bhfuil pobal labhartha na teanga idir eatarthu faoin gcineál caighdeán a mba chóir dóibh cloí leis ina gcuid scríbhneoireachta foirmeálta nó oifigiúla. Deirtear go minic go bhfuil scitsibhéascna ag luí ar chuid mhór de lucht na Gaeilge, ós rud é nach bhfuil siad siúráilte faoi cé acu ba chóir dóibh aithris a dhéanamh ar an gcaighdeán oifigiúil, nó ar ”chaighdeán” neamhoifigiúil na scríbhneoirí canúnacha.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>scitsifréine</b> (an scitsifréine, na scitsifréine) – Galar tromchúiseach intinne í an scitsifréine. Bíonn siabhráin agus bréagchreidimh éagsúla ag cur isteach ar thuiscint na réaltachta, agus is minic a bhíos eagla mhíréasúnta agus mothúcháin mhístiúrtha eile ag luí ar an othar.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ní mór scitsifréine a scaradh ó mhí-ordú dícheangailte na féinaithne. Sa mhí-ordú seo síleann an t-othar go bhfuil níos mó ná duine (pearsa) amháin ann. Is minic a shíltear gurb ionann scitsifréine agus ”pearsantacht scoilte”, ach le fírinne ní hionann an dá rud ar aon nós. B'fhearr a rá go bhfuil intinn an othair scitsifréinigh ina smidiríní ar fad.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Go bunúsach ní féidir leis an othar imeachtaí na réaltachta a scaradh ó imeachtaí a intinne, ionas go n-aithníonn sé lena chéadfaí rudaí nach bhfuil ann ar aon nós. Thairis sin bíonn na smaointí féin á gceangal dá chéile ar dhóigh anordúil, agus ní féidir leis an scitsifréineach cumarsáid a dhéanamh le daoine eile, ós rud é nach bhfuil baint cheart ag a chuid focal le chéile. Déanann sé neamhshuim den ghlaineacht phearsanta agus ní bhíonn sé in ann cuideachta a choinneáil do dhaoine eile.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Creidtear go bhfuil claonadh géiniteach (oidhreachtúil) ag daoine áirithe chun scitsifréine, ach ní féidir a rá gurb í an scitsifréine an chinniúint dhosheachanta ag na daoine sin féin. Bíonn strus nó brú éigin de dhíth leis an ngalar a spreagadh. Cuid mhór de na hothair is daoine óga iad agus iad fós ag iarraidh fódú a dhéanamh sa saol, agus is follas go bhfuil strus mór ag dul le héiginnteacht seo na hóige ag aon duine. Cuireann ró-úsáid na biotáille agus na ndrugaí leis an bpriacal, chomh maith. An dainséar is mó a ghabhas leis an gcanabas (an chnáib, an haisis, an marachuan) ná gur féidir leis síocóis nó scitsifréine a tharraingt ar dhuine óg a bhfuil an claonadh sin ann ó dhúchas.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is minic a thagas mionchomharthaí síocóiseacha ar an othar sula mbuailfidh an galar féin é, agus is é an cur chuige is fearr ná na réamhchomharthaí seo a admháil is a aithint le teacht chun cabhrach in am, go háirithe más duine óg atá i gceist agus galar den chineál seo ag luí ar dhlúthghaol leis.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Sirius</b> nó <i>Réalta an Mhadra</i> nó <i>Sopdet</i> nó <i>Sotis</i> – Is é Sirius an réalta is gile amuigh ar an spéir de réir mar a fheictear dúinn (is é sin má fhágtar an Ghrian féin as an áireamh). Tá sé le feiceáil i réaltbhuíon an Mhadra Mhóir, agus sin é an fáth go dtugtar Réalta an Mhadra air. Tá sé suite réasúnta gar dúinn, is é sin, níl sé ach faoi naoi solasbhliana dínn. Ní fathachréalta atá ann mar sin ach ceann de réaltaí an phríomhsheichimh, ach ní mór a thabhairt faoi deara go bhfuil sé níos mó ná an Ghrian s'againn féin. Tá sé níos teo fosta agus é ag dó a chuid hidrigine go géar gasta. Mar sin níl fad saoil i ndán dó i gcomparáid leis an nGrian.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Réalta bhánghorm é Sirius – is é sin, réalta den aicme speictreach A. Tá lámhscríbhinní áirithe ó laethanta na seanársaíochta ag áitiú gur réalta dhearg a bhí ann san am sin, rud a chuireas isteach go mór mór ar na réalteolaithe. Sa naoú haois déag, tugadh faoi deara go bhfuil leathbhádóir beag ag Sirius, réalta bheag ar a nglaoitear Sirius B inniu. Tá an teoiric ann gur fathachréalta dhearg a bhí sa leathbhádóir seo fadó agus gur iompaigh sé ina abhacréalta bhán idir an dá linn, ach is ar éigean is féidir a chreidiúint go raibh Sirius dearg nuair a bhí réalteolaithe na sean-Róimhe ag obair, nó bíonn forbairt na réaltaí i bhfad níos maille ag teacht i gcrann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>struchtúr mórscála</b> (an struchtúr mórscála, an struchtúir mhórscála; na struchtúir mhórscála, na struchtúr mórscála) - Tá na réaltaí ordaithe ina réaltraí, cosúil le Bealach na Bó Finne, ach níl na réaltraí féin scaipthe ar fud na hollchruinne gan eagar nó inneall de shórt éigin a bheith orthu. Tá na réaltraí ordaithe ina mbraislí, agus na braislí féin ina bhforbhraislí. Tugtar struchtúir mhórscála ar na forbhraislí agus ar struchtúir eile ar aon mhéid nó ar aon diminsiún leo. Struchtúir mhórscála iad an Balla Mór agus an tOllaomthóir, mar shampla. Bíonn na struchtúir seo dealaithe óna chéile le folúis mhóra nach bhfuil ach an corr-réaltra le fáil iontu.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Sualainnis </b>(an tSualainnis, na Sualainnise) – Teanga Lochlannach í an tSualainnis a labhraítear sa tSualainn agus ar chóstaí is ar oileáin na Fionlainne. Is í an teanga Lochlannach is líonmhaire cainteoirí. Tá sí intuigthe ag lucht labhartha na hIoruaise agus na Danmhairgise, ach cé go bhfuil sí níos gaolmhaire leis an Danmhairgis ná leis an Ioruais, is doiligh leis na Sualannaigh mórán céille a bhaint as caint na nDanmhargach.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá stór focal na Sualainnise ar maos le hiasachtaí ón bhFraincis agus ón mBéarla, chomh maith leis na teangacha clasaiceacha (an Laidin agus an Ghréigis). Cosúil leis an Ioruais agus an Danmhairgis, bhí an tSualainnis go mór mór faoi thionchar na Gearmáinise sa Mheánaois, agus mar sin tá lorg na teanga sin ar stór focal na Sualainnise – d'fhéadfá a rá go bhfuil cuid mhór den tSualainnis lomaistrithe ón nGearmáinis. Ní mór cuimhne a choinneáil air, áfach, gurb í an Ghearmáinis Íochtarach – seanchanúint Thuaisceart na Gearmáine – foinse na n-iasachtaí Gearmáinise sa tSualainnis, rud a fhágas go mbíonn siad níos comhoiriúnaí le córas foghraíochta na Sualainnise ná focail na Gearmáinise caighdeánaí.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bhí trí inscne ag na hainmfhocail sa teanga ar dtús, ach tá an difríocht idir an bhaninscne agus an fhirinscne beagnach imithe inniu. Maireann an neodar, an inscne neodrach, beo sa teanga i gcónaí.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cuirtear an t-alt deimhneach leis an ainmfhocal mar a bheadh iarmhír ann: <i>ett hus </i>'teach', <i>huset </i>'an teach'; <i>en man </i>'fear', <i>mannen</i> 'an fear'.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>an Tábla </b>nó <i>Mensa –</i> réaltbhuíon nach bhfuil le feiceáil ach ó leathsféar theas an Domhain. Ba é an réalteolaí Francach Nicolas Louis de La Caille a shainmhínigh an réaltbhuíon seo san ochtú haois déag. Níl réaltaí geala sa réaltbhuíon seo ar aon nós, ach tá cuid de Scamall Mór Magellan suite inti. Tá an Tábla dingthe idir an Caimileon, an Colgán, an Phéist Bheag, an tOchtamhán agus an tIasc Eitilte.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>taifeach </b>(an taifeach, an taifigh) – Is éard atá i gceist leis an taifeach ná cumas an ghléas tomhais nó taispeána mionsonraí a aithint nó a thaispeáint.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>táimhe </b>(an táimhe, na táimhe) – Is éard atá i gceist leis an táimhe ná an dóigh a mbíonn na réada go léir ag iarraidh a seanluas agus a seantreo gluaiseachta a choinneáil, ionas go bhfuil sé riachtanach fórsa a oibriú ar aon réad lena chur óna sheanbhealach, le tuilleadh luas a chur faoi, nó le luas a bhaint de.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>na Táirídí </b>(na Táirídí, na dTáirídí) – Cith dreigí is ea na Táirídí a bhíos le feiceáil timpeall ar thús Mhí na Samhna, agus an chuma orthu go bhfuil siad ag teacht as áit áirithe i réaltbhuíon an Tairbh, óna bhfuair siad a n-ainm. Creidtear gur iarsmaí cóiméid atá iontu.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>tairiseach </b>(an tairiseach, an tairisigh; na tairisigh, na dtairiseach) – luach i bhfoirmle matamaitice nach bhfuil inathraithe.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>tairiseach Hubble –</b> Glacann na réalteolaithe leis go coitianta go bhfuil an Ollchruinne ag dul i bhfairsinge (”an chruinne fhairsingíoch”), agus na réaltraí ag druidim ó chéile. Meastachán ar luas an fhairsingiúcháin seo é tairiseach Hubble, agus é ainmnithe as an réalteolaí Meiriceánach Edwin Hubble. Níl luach an tairisigh socraithe go fóill, ach faoi láthair, glactar leis go bhfuil sé timpeall ar 70 (km/s)/Mpc. Is ionann Mpc agus meigeaparsoic, is é sin, milliún parsoic, agus is ionann parsoic agus timpeall ar 3.26 solasbhliain, sin nó tuairim is 30,856,775,813,100 ciliméadar. Go bunúsach, má tá dhá réad suite aon mheigeaparsoic (milliún parsoic) amháin ó chéile, tiocfaidh seachtó ciliméadar breise leis an bhfad sin in aghaidh na soicinde ar an t-aon chúis amháin go bhfuil an spás féin ag dul i méadaíocht.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>taiscéalaí spáis </b>(an taiscéalaí spais, an taiscéalaí spáis; na taiscéalaithe spáis, na dtaiscéalaithe spáis) – Spásbhád taighde nach bhfuil aon duine ar bhord á stiúradh.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>tais-scópach –</b> más dual do shubstaint éigin taise a timpeallachta a ól chuici, deirimid gur substaint thais-scópach atá ann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>taoide </b>(an taoide, na taoide) – Tuile agus trá an uisce in éadan an chósta. Is é is cúis leis an taoide ná imtharraingt na Gealaí agus na Gréine chomh maith le rothlú an Domhain féin. Oibríonn na fórsaí taoide seo ar an gcloch leáite taobh istigh den Domhan chomh maith.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>an Tarbh </b>(an Tarbh, an Tairbh) nó <i>Taurus </i>– ceann de na réaltbhuíonta ar an Stoidiaca, agus ceann de chomharthaí astralaíochta an Stoidiaca chomh maith. Tá an réaltbhuíon ag críochantacht le seacht gceann eile: an tAra, Peirséas, an Reithe, an Míol Mór, an Abhainn, an Bodach (Oirían) agus an Cúpla. Is é Aldebaran an réalta is gile sa réaltbhuíon seo, ”súil an Tairbh”. Fathachréalta fhlannbhuí atá ann. Tá réada cuidsúlacha eile le feiceáil sa Tarbh, áfach: an Phléadach (an tÉillín, an Streoillín, an Tréidín – <i>Seven Sisters </i>a deir an Béarla), na <i>Hyades</i>, Réaltnéal an Phortáin (iarsmaí an ollnóva a chonacthas sa bhliain 1054, agus é curtha i míotar ag réalteolaithe Síneacha na linne), agus a lán eile.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Taygeta</b> – ceann de na réaltaí sa Phléadach. Déréalta speictreascópach í, is é sin, ní féidir í a aithint mar dhéréalta ach amháin ar an speictream. Réalta den aicme ”B” í, is é sin, réalta the a bhfuil dath gorm inti, agus í cuíosach gearrshaolach.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Taygete –</b> gealach bheag de chuid Iúpatair. Satailít chasiompaithe neamhrialta í. Ceann de na gealacha i ngrúpa Carme í.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>teascóg </b>(an teascóg, na teascóige; na teascóga, na dteascóg) – an chuid d'achar an chiorcail idir dhá gha agus stua, nó an chuid de théagar an sféir taobh istigh de chón gathanna as lárphointe an sféir.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>teicteonaic </b>(an teicteonaic, na teicteonaice) – an chraobh den gheolaíocht a dhéanas staidéar ar screamh an Domhain, ar a struchtúr agus ar a forbairt in imeacht na milliún bliain. Cuid thábhachtach den teicteonaic í teicteonaic na bplátaí, is é sin taighde ar na plátaí ilchríochacha agus ar an dóigh ar ghluais siad in imeacht ama. Ábhar taighde don teicteonaic é fás agus forbairt na sliabhraonta chomh maith.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>teictít </b>(an teictít, na teictíte; na teictítí, na dteictítí) – Is éard atá i gceist leis na teictítí ná clocha beaga dímhorfacha a foirmíodh nuair a bhuail dreigít ón spás faoi dhroim an Domhain. Leáigh imbhualadh den chineál sin cuid mhór cloiche, agus na deora leáite a cruthaíodh mar sin chuaigh siad i bhfuacht arís chomh sciobtha is nár criostlaíodh iad. Rinneadh ábhar dímhorfach – ábhar gan struchtúr ceart criostalach, cineál gloine – díobh sa teagmháil, mar sin. Murab ionann agus an cineál clocha gloine a foirmíodh ar bhealach bholcánach bíonn na teictítí beagnach saor ó uisce.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>teileascóp </b>(an teileascóp, an teileascóip; na teileascóip, na dteileascóp) – Gléas aonsúileach cianradhairc é an teileascóp. Sa bhunchiall is éard is teileascóp ann ná cineál píopa a bhfuil lionsa mór dronnach, an réadlionsa, i gceann amháin de, agus lionsa beag, an súil-lionsa nó an súilphíosa, sa cheann eile. Déantóirí spéaclaí ón Ollainn a chéadcheap an cineál seo teileascóp – <i>teileascóp athraonta </i>nó <i>athraonadóir</i> – thiar i dtús na seachtú haoise déag. Is féidir gur éirigh le duine aonair éigin i bhfad roimhe sin féin teileascóp a thógáil, nó bhí tuiscint áirithe ag saoithe na sean-Ghréige agus na sean-Róimhe féin ar chúrsaí optaice agus ar athraonadh an tsolais sna lionsaí.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá an bunphrionsabal sách simplí: nuair a chuala Galileo Galilei iomrá ar theileascóip na nOllannach, níor theastaigh uaidh ceann acu a fheiceáil lena shás féin a chur i dtoll le chéile. Breathnóir dúthrachtach spéire agus réalteolaí ceannródaíoch a bhí in Galilei, ach thairis sin rinne sé an-fhorbairt agus an-fheabhsú ar an teileascóp mar ghléas.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tháinig lucht na ceirde go luath ar an tuiscint go mbeadh sé praiticiúil scáthán mór cuasach, réadscáthán, a úsáid in áit an réadlionsa – is é sin <i>teileascóp frithchaite </i>nó <i>frithchaiteoir</i> a thógáil. Ba é Isaac Newton an chéad duine ar éirigh leis frithchaiteoir inúsáidte a dhearadh is a dhéanamh.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bhí fabhtaí agus fadhbanna éagsúla ag cur isteach ar na réalteolaithe agus iad ag úsáid na dteileascóp. Mar shampla, athraíonn innéacs athraonta an tsolais beagáinín de réir an tonnfhaid (agus an datha), rud a chiallaíos go bhfágann an lionsa cineál ”bogha báistí” timpeall ar shonraí na réad – an t-iomrall crómatach, mar a deir an téarmaíocht (is é <i>kroma</i> an focal Gréigise a chiallaíos ”dath”). San ochtó haois déag tosaíodh ag cur lionsaí as cineálacha éagsúla gloine le chéile le súil is go neodróidís iomrall crómatach a chéile – tugtar <i>lionsaí neamhchrómatacha</i> ar chnuaslionsaí den chineál seo.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>an Teileascóp </b>(an Teileascóp, an Teileascóip) nó <i>Telescopium –</i> Réaltbhuíon bheag é an Teileascóp atá ag críochantacht leis an Altóir, le Coróin an Deiscirt, leis an Indiach, leis an Micreascóp, leis an bPéacóg agus leis an Saighdeoir. Ba é an réalteolaí Francach Nicholas Louis de La Caille a shainmhínigh agus a d'ainmnigh an réaltbhuíon áirithe seo faoi lár na hochtú haoise déag, ach ina dhiaidh sin rinne réalteolaithe eile athruithe ar theorainneacha na réaltbhuíonta ina gcuid mapaí féin, agus is é is toradh do na hathruithe nach bhfuil ach iarsmaí fágtha den réaltbhuíon mhór a bhí ann ar dtús. Is é Alpha Telescopii an réalta is gile sa réalbhuíon seo. Fo-fhathachréalta bhánghorm í atá suite faoi 250 solasbhliain dínn.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>teileascóp athraonta –</b> is ionann é agus athraonadóir, is é sin teileascóp atá bunaithe ar athraonadh an tsolais amháin, ionas nach bhfuil ach lionsaí ann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>teileascóp buaice, teileascóp forair –</b> teileascóp atá feistithe le pointeáil go díreach ar an bhforar nó ar an teascóg den sféar neamhaí atá timpeall ar an bhforar. Is é an forar an pointe den sféar neamhaí atá suite díreach os cionn an bhreathnóra.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>teileascóp Cassegrain –</b> cineál frithchaiteoir (teileascóp frithchaite, nó scáthánbhunaithe) ina bhfuil dhá scáthán. An príomhscáthán a dhéanas gnó an réadscátháin, tá poll ina lárphointe, agus réadlionsa nó scannán ceamara suite taobh thiar den pholl. Tá scáthán beag suite os comhair an phríomhscátháin leis na gathanna solais a dhíriú ar an bpoll. Fuair an dearadh seo a ainm ón Athair Laurent Cassegrain, sagart agus múinteoir eolaíochta a bhí beo sa seachtú haois déag.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>teileascóp frithchaite –</b> is ionann é agus frithchaiteoir, is é sin teileascóp scáthánbhunaithe. I dteileascóp den chineál seo úsáidtear réadscáthán in áit réadlionsa leis na gathanna solais a fhócasú.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>teileascóp Maksutov</b>, nó <b>teileascóp meiniscis</b> – teileascóp frithchaite inaa bhfuil lionsa cuasdronnach, nó ”meinisceas”, curtha i mbéal an phíopa le maolú ar an iomrall cómatach. Is é is iomrall cómatach ann ná an claonadh atá sna teileascóip ”cóma” (cf. ”cóiméad”) nó cineál ”eireaball solais”, cosúil le scuab na scuabréalta, a chur leis na réaltaí. Fuair an t-aireagán seo a ainm ó Dmitriy Maksutov (1896-1964), innealtóir optaice ón Aontas Sóivéadach a raibh suim aige sa réalteolaíocht.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>teileascóp Schmidt</b> – cineál teileascóp frithchaite a úsáidtear le grianghraif a thógáil den spéir. Tá lionsa ceartúcháin ar déanamh neamhghnách i mbéal an phíopa i dteileascóp den chineál seo, agus é, go bunúsach, plánadhronnach ar an imeall agus plánachuasach timpeall an láir. Baineann an lionsa seo den iomrall sféarúil. Fuair an dearadh a ainm ón optaiceoir Eastónach Bernhard Schmidt (1879-1935), ach tá sé incheaptha gur tháinig an réalteolaí Fionlannach Yrjö Väisälä (1891-1971) ar an dearadh céanna beag beann ar Schmidt.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>teiliméadrú </b>(an teiliméadrú, an teiliméadraithe; na teiliméadruithe, na dteiliméadruithe) – Is éard atá i gceist leis an teiliméadrú nó leis an teiliméadracht (an teiliméadracht, na teiliméadrachta) ná gléas a chur go háit dhoshroicthe nó aistreánach le cáilíocht éigin a thomhas agus luachanna na cáilíochta sin a thraschur chuig an ngléas mónatóireachta. Sampla de seo is ea an dóigh a gcuirtear ionstraimí tomhaiste ar bhord balúin le sonraí a bhailiú i dtaobh na haimsire; ar ndóigh, teiliméadrú atá i gceist leis na satailítí freisin a bhíos ag bailiú sonraí ón spás agus ag aistriú na sonraí go dtí an stáisiún stiúrtha. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>teimhneacht </b>(an teimhneacht, na teimhneachta) – An rud nach bhfuil trédhearcach ná tréshoilseach – an rud nach ligeann solas ar bith tríd – deirtear go bhfuil sé teimhneach.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>teirmeachúpla</b> (an teirmeachúpla, an teirmeachúpla; na teirmeachúplaí, na dteirmeachúplaí) – Gléas tomhaiste teochta a bhfuil dhá sheoltóir as miotail dhifriúla ann. Is féidir leis an ngléas seo voltas leictreach a ghineadh murab ionann an teocht san áit a bhfuil sé agus an teocht thagartha. Ar an voltas leictreach sin a thomhaistear an teocht ansin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>teirpéin</b> (an teirpéin, na teirpéin; na teirpéiní, na dteirpéiní) - Tugtar teirpéiní ar na hidreacarbóin a bhfuil an tuirpintín comhdhéanta astu agus uaireanta, ar chomhdhúile dlúthghaolmhara nach hidreacarbóin iad, ach is fearr <i>teirpéineoidigh</i> a thabhairt orthu siúd. Is féidir gach teirpéin a mhíniú mar pholaiméir (nó mar olagaiméir is fearr a rá) isipréine. Comhdhúil cheimiceach í an isipréin a bhfuil cúig adamh carbóin agus ocht n-adamh hidrigine ina móilín, CH<sub>2</sub>=C(CH<sub>3</sub>)CH=CH<sub>2</sub>. Má mhéadaítear na huimhreacha seo faoin tslánuimhir chéanna, is é an toradh a gheofar ná líon na n-adamh carbóin agus na n-adamh hidrigine i móilíní na dteirpéiní.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mar shampla, tá deich n-adamh carbóin agus sé adamh déag hidrigine i móilín na pínéine, arb í an teirpéin is tábhachtaí dá bhfuil sa tuirpintín féin. Deirtear go bhfuil dhá aonad isipréine sa phínéin. Is féidir a rá gur cineál teirpéine é an rubar nádúrtha freisin, nó tá sé comhdhéanta as móilíní móra a bhfuil na céadta aonad isipréine iontu.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Teirpéin í an scuailéin freisin, cé nach bhfuil sí le fáil sa tuirpintín. Is í an scuailéin an chomhchuid is tábhachtaí in ola ae siorc, agus creidtear gur cosaint nádúrtha ar an ailse atá sa scuailéin. Níl anseo ach cúpla sampla i ndáiríre, áfach, nó is grúpa mór comhdhúl orgánach iad na teirpéiní agus na teirpéineoidigh, agus a lán acu le fáil sna hainmhithe, sna plandaí agus sa duine féin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>teocht </b>(an teocht, na teochta) – an cháilíocht fhisiciúil a thomhaiseas chomh fuar nó chomh te agus atá an réad. Ní hionann é agus an teas, arb ionann é agus an fuinneamh a aistrítear ó réad go réad (agus a aithnítear ar athrú na teochta).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>teodailít </b>(an teodailít, na teodailíte; na teodailítí, na dteodailítí) – Gléas tomhaiste uilleann den chineál a d'fheicfeá á úsáid ag lucht suirbhéireachta an tír-raoin. Is éard atá ann go bunúsach ná teileascóp beag agus é feistithe ar bhealach ar leith ionas gur féidir é a chasadh ar feadh na haise ceartingearaí agus na haise cothrománaí.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>teoiric </b>(an teoiric, na teoirice; na teoiricí, na dteoiricí) – córas idéanna atá bunaithe ar phrionsabail ghinearálta na heolaíochta agus atá ceaptha le feiniméan áirithe a mhíniú go sásúil, ionas go bhfuil sé ag cur leis an gcuid eile den eolaíocht.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>teoiric chinéiteach na ngás –</b> teoiric a thugas cur síos ar airíonna na ngás. Glacann an teoiric seo go bhfuil an gás comhdhéanta as móilíní beaga; go bhfuil na móilíní seo ar aon mhais le chéile; go bhfuil siad chomh líonmhar is gur féidir bheith i muinín na staitisticí; go mbíonn na móilíní ag gluaiseacht leo go sciobtha gan stad gan staonadh; agus go mbíonn siad ag bualadh faoi chéile agus faoi bhallaí an choimeádáin. Glactar leis fosta nach n-imríonn siad fórsaí ar a chéile ach amháin le linn na n-imbuailte. Scéal eile fós, dearctar ar na móilíní mar a bheadh sféir fhoirfe – liathróidí beaga – iontu agus iad leaisteach, is é sin, go bhfilleann siad ar a seanfhoirm i ndiaidh gach imbhualadh. Postaláid eile fós nach maireann imbhualadh an mhóilín le balla an choimeádáin ach ar feadh tamaillín an-bhídeach ama – is é sin gur féidir dearmad a dhéanamh den am sin, i gcomparáid leis an am idir dhá imbhualadh. Réamhchoinníoll eile é go bhfuil fuinneamh gluaiseachta (fuinneamh cinéiteach) na móilíní ag brath go díreach ar an teas. Thairis sin fós cuirtear san áireamh go bhfuil mais ag na móilíní, ionas go ngéilleann siad don domhantarraingt.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>teoiric choibhneasachta Einstein</b> nó <b>teoiric na coibhneasachta –</b> teoiric chuimsitheach fisice a tháinig ar an bhfód go luath san fhichiú haois agus a chuir, in éineacht leis an bhfisic chandamach, deireadh le ré na fisice clasaicí. Luaitear teoiric na coibhneasachta le hAlbert Einstein (1879-1955), a d'fhoilsigh an chéad leagan den teoiric – teoiric na coibhneasachta speisialta – san alt <i>Zur Elektromagnetik bewegter Körper</i> (”Faoi leictreamaighnéadaic na réad i ngluaiseacht”) sa bhliain 1905, agus tháinig teoiric na coibhneasachta ginearálta i gcló an chéad uair deich mbliana ina dhiaidh sin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ba iad cothromóidí Maxwell a thug an chéad spreagadh d'Einstein. Fuair na cothromóidí seo a n-ainm ón bhfisiceoir Albanach James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879), a bhí ar an gcéad eolaí a d'aithin nach bhfuil sa leictreachas agus sa mhaighnéadas ach gnéithe éagsúla d'aon fheiniméan amháin. Is iad na cothromóidí a thugas cur síos ar an bhfeiniméan sin. Cuid sheanbhunaithe den fhisic a bhí sna cothromóidí cheana nuair a chuaigh Einstein ag staidéar fisice. Ansin áfach thug sé faoi deara nach raibh na cothromóidí sin ag cur leis an bhfisic chlasaiceach, agus chrom sé ar theoiric a oibriú amach a bheadh i gcomhréir leis na cothromóidí.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is é an chéad tátal a bhain sé as na cothromóidí sin ná nach féidir luas an tsolais (is é sin luas an tsolais san fholús, ar tairiseach nádúrtha é, timpeall ar trí chéad míle ciliméadar in aghaidh na soicinde) a shárú. Le fírinne ní féidir le haon réad a bhfuil mais ann an luas sin a shroicheadh, fiú.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Scéal eile fós, más féidir leat teacht i gcóngar don luas sin, go mbeidh an solas ag éalú uait lán chomh sciobtha is dá mbeifeá ag fanacht socair. Agus le fírinne is é an chuid is bunúsaí den teoiric ná nach féidir leat fanacht socair ach i gcoibhneas rud éigin eile – sin é an tuige go dtugaimid ”teoiric na coibhneasachta” uirthi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Tíotán</b> (Tíotán, Thíotáin) – Is é Tíotán an tsatailít is mó atá ag dul timpeall ar Shatarn. Tá sé ar aon mhéid le gealacha móra Iúpatair (is é sin, gealacha Galilei), nó tá sé tuairim is cúig míle ciliméadar ar trastomhas. Tá atmaisféar ceart aige, agus é comhdhéanta as nítrigin, chomh maith le céatadán beag meatáin agus hidrigine. Tá lochanna móra meatáin ar dhromchla Thíotáin: le fírinne an dóigh a mbíonn an meatán seo á ghalú de na lochanna le solas na gréine agus ag titim ina dheora báistí ar ais ón atmaisféar chuirfeadh sé timthriall an uisce ar an Domhan s'againn i gcuimhne duit.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Chomh dlúth agus atá an t-atmaisféar, níor cheadaigh sé don chine dhaonna mórán a fháil amach faoi thíreolaíocht Thíotáin sular tháinig an spástaiscéalaí úd Cassini a fhad leis an ngealach seo. Anois, áfach, tá ainmneacha baiste ar a lán gnéithe de dhromchla Thíotáin, na lochanna meatáin ach go háirithe. Fuair siad a n-ainmneacha ó na lochanna móra ar an Domhan: mar shampla, tá <i>Neagh Lacus </i>nó Loch nEathach ar Thíotán, chomh maith le <i>Mývatn Lacus </i>(ó Loch Mývatn san Íoslainn) nó <i>Koitere Lacus </i>(ó Loch Koitere san Fhionlainn). Tá trí fharraige ar Thíotán chomh maith: <i>Ligeia Mare </i>(ó bhean de na siréanaí i miotaseolaíocht na sean-Ghréige), <i>Kraken Mare </i>(ó <i>Kraken</i>, an t-arrachtach mara), agus <i>Punga Mare </i>(ó Punga, athair na roc, na siorcanna agus na laghairteanna i miotaseolaíocht na Maorach sa Nua-Shéalainn).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Titania – </b>Is í Titania an tsatailít nádúrtha is mó dá bhfuil ag dul timpeall ar Úránas. Tá sí ar an tseachtú gealach is mó sa Ghrianchóras, níos mó ná Rhea agus níos lú ná Tríotón. Ba é William Herschel a chuir an chéad sonrú in Titania thiar sa bhliain 1787, agus ba é an spástaiscéalaí úd <i>Voyager a Dó </i>a rinne an chéad mhapáil ar an tsatailít seo thiar sa bhliain 1986. Níl eolas againn ach ar dhá scór faoin gcéad de dhromchla Thitania faoi láthair, áfach.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><br />Creidtear go bhfuil Titania comhdhéanta as oighear agus cloch araon – is féidir go bhfuil an chloch timpeall an oighir. Tá atmaisféar éigin aici, nó ar a laghad is féidir a aithint go bhfuil dé-ocsaíd charbóin ann mar ghás.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá gnéithe áirithe de dhromchla Thitania ainmnithe: tá cráitéir ann chomh maith le scairpeanna agus cainneoin. <i>Gertrude </i>atá ar an gcráitéar is mó, agus é breis is trí chéad ciliméadar ar thrastomhas – níl Titania féin ach míle go leith ciliméadar ar thrastomhas. <i>Messina Chasma </i>an cainneon is faide, agus é ag rith ó mheánchiorcal Thitania a fhad leis an bpol theas. Is é an t-ainm atá ar an scairp is tábhachtaí ná <i>Roussillon Rupes</i>, agus í ceithre chéad ciliméadar ar fad.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>tuirpintín</b> (an tuirpintín, an tuirpintín) - Meascán as hidreacarbóin é an tuirpintín a dhriogtar as roisín an chrainn phéine. Tugtar teirpéiní ar na hidreacarbóin a bhfuil an tuirpintín comhdhéanta astu agus ar hidreacarbóin eile a bhfuil struchtúr cosúil acu. Is í an phínéin an teirpéin is tábhachtaí agus is mó atá le fáil sa tuirpintín. Úsáidtear an tuirpintín mar thuaslagóir, agus is amhábhair thábhachtacha don tionsclaíocht cheimiceach iad na teirpéiní.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>uisce</b> (an t-uisce, an uisce; na huiscí, na n-uiscí) - Is é an t-uisce ocsaíd na hidrigine, agus dhá adamh hidrigine is aon adamh ocsaigine amháin i ngach móilín uisce. Tá an t-uisce ina leacht le teocht an tseomra agus faoi ghnáthbhrú an aeir, rud is annamh ag comhdhúil chomh héadrom sin. Mar shampla, is gás é an chlóiríd hidrigine faoi na himthoscaí céanna, cé go bhfuil adamh an chlóirín níos troime ná adamh na hocsaigine.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is é an gnáthmhíniú a thugtar air seo ná gur déphol é móilín an uisce - is é sin, tá sé de chlaonadh sna hadaimh hidrigine cuid den lucht deimhneach leictreach a ghlacadh, agus an t-adamh ocsaigine ag sú chuige na leictreoin fhiúsacha lena lucht diúltach leictreach - agus go mbíonn adaimh hidrigine móilín amháin ag aomadh adaimh ocsaigine na móilíní eile, ionas go bhfuil naisc hidrigine (mar a thugtar orthu) idir na móilíní éagsúla, comhaomadh nach ligeann do na móilíní éalú ó chéile chomh héasca.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ar ndóigh, is déphol é móilín na clóiríde hidrigine fosta, ach ós rud é nach bhfuil ach aon adamh hidrigine amháin ann, ní féidir leis an gclóiríd hidrigine na struchtúir chasta chraobhacha a chruthú a choinníos na móilíní uisce greamaithe dá chéile.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Go ginearálta, glactar leis nach bhfuil dath ar bith san uisce, ach, le fírinne, ní mar sin atá. Tá an t-uisce gorm nó gormghlas, rud a thabharfar faoi deara má líontar tobán le huisce. Mar sin, tá an fharraige gorm i ndáiríre - is é dath nádúrtha an uisce is cúis leis. Tá an dath sin chomh lag, áfach, is nach n-aithnítear é i ngloine ná i mbuidéal atá lán uisce.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá an t-uisce riachtanach leis an mbeo a choinneáil leis an duine, na hainmhithe agus na plandaí, ar ndóigh. Thairis sin, is tuaslagóir tábhachtach é: bíonn na comhdhúile ianacha agus polacha sothuaslagtha san uisce. Na comhdhúile ianacha, tá siad comhdhéanta as iain dheimhneacha agus iain dhiúltacha, agus is féidir le taobh deimhneach an mhóilín uisce (na hadaimh hidrigine) greim a fháil ar ian diúltach, agus an taobh diúltach ag aomadh an iain dheimhnigh. Na comhdhúile polacha, arís, tá siad cosúil leis an uisce, toisc go bhfuil pol diúltach agus pol deimhneach sa mhóilín acu. Mar sin, bíonn móilíní den chineál seo á meascadh trí na móilíní uisce go furasta.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ní féidir leis an uisce an chuid is mó de na comhdhúile orgánacha a thuaslagadh, áfach. Níl mórán difríochta idir an carbón agus an hidrigin ó thaobh na leictridhiúltachta de, agus mar sin, ní féidir a rá go mbeadh an nasc idir an dá dhúil seo dépholach.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dá bhrí sin, ní féidir leis an uisce greim a fháil ar na hadaimh hidrigine agus carbóin i gcomhdhúile tipiciúla orgánacha. Ní féidir na hidreacarbóin, mar shampla, a thuaslagadh san uisce, agus má dhéanann tú iarracht peitreal nó tuirpintín a mheascadh tríd an uisce, ní éireoidh leat: fanfaidh an peitreal nó an tuirpintín os cionn an uisce, toisc go bhfuil sé níos éadroime ná é.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>vanaidiam</b> (an vanaidiam, an vanaidiam) - Is é an vanaidiam dúil cheimiceach uimhir fiche a trí. V an tsiombail cheimiceach. Ceann de na miotail thrasdultacha é. Miotal bog airgeadgheal insínte atá ann, agus é díonta go maith ar an gcreimeadh, cé go dtagann brat ocsaíde air i dteagmháil leis an aer. Ba é an saineolaí Sualannach Nils Gabriel Sefström a bhaist an vanaidiam sa bhliain 1831: tá ainm an mhiotail bunaithe ar <i>Vanadís</i>, ceann de na leasainmneacha a bhí ar Freyja, bandia na háilleachta i miotaseolaíocht na Lochlannach. Le fírinne níorbh é Sefström an chéad duine a d'aithin gur dúil ar leith é an vanaidiam, nó tríocha bliain roimh a lá-san tháinig Andrés Manuel del Río ar mhiotal anaithnid agus é ag obair i Meicsiceo. Níor ghlac na saineolaithe eile leis áfach go raibh miotal nua ann, nó is éard a d'áitigh siad ar del Río nach raibh i gceist ach cróimiam neamhghlan, agus sa deireadh ghéill del Río dóibh. Is é an t-ainm a bhí ag del Río ar an dúil nua ná eireatróiniam, ainm a bhí bunaithe ar an bhfocal sean-Ghréigise a chiallaíos ”dearg”.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá a lán staideanna ocsaídiúcháin éagsúla ag an vanaidiam, agus dath difriúil ag dul le gach uimhir ocsaídiúcháin i dtuaslagán uisce. Is í +5 an staid ocsaídiúcháin is cobhsaí atá ag an vanaidiam, agus bíonn comhdhúile na staide ocsaídiúcháin seo buí – an peantocsaíd vanaidiam V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> mar shampla. Bíonn vanaidiam ceathairfhiúsach (+4) gorm, agus aithnítear vanaidiam trífhiúsach (+3) – an dara staid ocsaídiúcháin is tábhachtaí – ar an dath uaine. Maidir le vanaidiam défhiúsach (+2), bíonn sé corcairghorm.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Baintear úsáid as iain vanaidiam i gcadhnraí (batairí) vanaidiam, ach is dócha go n-úsáidtear an chuid is mó den mhiotal seo mar bhreiseán a chuirtear le cruach nó le hiarann. Cuireann an vanaidiam teacht aniar agus daingne san iarann, agus bíonn vanaidiam éigin sna cromfhearsaidí agus sna hacastóirí, mar shampla.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Vega –</b> Is é Vega an réalta is gile i réaltbhuíon na Lire, agus é ar na réaltaí is gile dá bhfuil le feiceáil ar an spéir. Aicmítear Vega mar A-réalta de réir an speictrim, is é sin, is réalta bhánghorm é. Mar sin, réalta an-te atá ann agus í ag spíonadh a cuid hidrigine go géar gasta. Bhí ról tábhachtach ag Vega i bhforbairt na réalteolaíochta breathnaithí, nó bhí sé ar an gcéad réalta ar tógadh grianghraf di agus ar sainíodh a speictream.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá Vega suite faoi chúig solasbliana fichead dínn, agus é tuairim is dhá oiread chomh trom leis an nGrian. Mar sin, cé go bhfuil sé geal, ní fathachréalta atá ann ach réalta príomsheichimh atá cuíosach cóngarach dúinn. Tá sé ag rothlú ar a ais chomh sciobtha is go bhfuil sé leacaithe sna poil.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá an chuma ar an scéal go bhfuil diosca dusta timpeall ar Vega, agus na réalteolaithe ag déanamh go bhfuil pláinéad mór, cosúil le hIúpatar, ag fithisiú Vega chomh maith.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>voltas</b> (an voltas, an voltais) - Is é an voltas difríocht an phoitéinsil leictrigh idir dhá phointe, agus is é an <i>volta</i> an t-aonad a thomhaiseas é. Tá voltas éigin de dhíth le go bhféadfadh sruth leictreach a bheith ann idir an dá phointe seo, nó is éard is sruth leictreach ann, go bunúsach, ná iarracht an nádúir an difríocht phoitéinsil sin a laghdú.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Is minic a chuirtear an ciorcad leictreach i gcomparáid le heas uisce: is é an voltas airde na heasa, agus is é an sruth leictreach sruth an uisce. Má ardaítear an voltas, laghdófar an sruth leictreach a fhreagraíos don fhuinneamh chéanna. Úsáidtear voltais arda sna línte cumhachta, nó mar sin, is féidir an sruth leictreach a íosmhéidiú. Is féidir dearcadh ar na línte cumhachta mar fhriotóirí a tháirgeas teas, agus is leis an teas seo a chailltear fuinneamh. Tá an caillteamas sin ag brath ar an sruth, agus mar sin, is féidir an caillteamas a íosmhéidiú tríd an sruth a laghdú.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Scéal eile áfach go mbíonn sé thar a bheith dainséarach don duine baint don líne ardvoltais, nó maróidh an turraing leictreach é ar an toirt.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>xeanón</b> (an xeanón, an xeanóin) - Is é an xeanón an dara ceann is troime de na triathgháis, agus an ceann is troime a bhfuil iseatóip chobhsaí aige. Le fírinne, tá naoi n-iseatóp nádúrtha ag an dúil seo, ach ar ndóigh, is féidir iseatóip radaighníomhacha a tháirgeadh go saorga.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tá iarsmaí beaga xeanóin san atmaisféar, timpeall ar 0.9 milliúnú cuid, agus nuair a scartar ocsaigin agus nítrigin an aeir ó chéile, faightear xeanón mar sheachthoradh in éineacht leis na triathgháis eile.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mar is dual don triathghás níl an xeanón araiciseach chun imoibriú leis na dúile ceimiceacha eile, ach is féidir leis an bhfluairín - an t-ocsaídeoir is láidire de na dúile ar fad - é a ocsaídiú, ionas go bhfaighfear fluairídí éagsúla xeanóin. D'éirigh leis na saineolaithe xeanón agus ocsaigin a cheangal in ocsaídí xeanóin freisin. Tríd is tríd, áfach, bíonn comhdhúile an xeanóin éagobhsaí sophléasctha, go háirithe le teocht an tseomra.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Úsáidtear xeanón sna lampaí xeanóin agus i ngléasra léasair.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: constantia, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>zónóis</b> (an zónóis, na zónóise; na zónóisí, na zónóisí) - Is é is ciall le zónóis ná galar ar féidir leis an duine é a tholgadh ó ainmhí. Zónóisí iad an t-antrasc, an confadh, an tsisteasóimiáis, an calar, an einceifileapaite spúinseach bhólachta (”galar na bó mire”, galar Creutzfeldt-Jakob) agus a lán eile.</span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-28843658778036746452018-12-30T05:54:00.007-08:002018-12-30T05:56:02.280-08:00The German Connection - An Nasc Gearmánach<span style="font-size: large;">The text I wrote about stupid prejudices was commented (in my old blog) by Eoin Ó Cróinín, who pointed out that while Irish obviously isn't a fascist language, there have been Irish speakers with fascist or Nazi connections, notably the organization called Ailtirí na hAiséirí, "The Architects of Resurrection". (Note that while éirí is masculine - an t-éirí, genitive an éirí, the compound word aiséirí usually is exceptionally feminine, an aiséirí, na haiséirí.) This is an important point and needs to be addressed.</span><br />
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<em><span style="font-size: large;">An bhlagmhír a scríobh mé faoi na réamhbhreithiúnaisí amaideacha a bhíos ag na daoine i dtaobh na Gaeilge, fuair sí freagra ó Eoin Ó Cróinín a dúirt, cé nach teanga Fhaisisteach í an Ghaeilge, gur léir go raibh cainteoirí Gaeilge ann agus baint éigin acu leis an bhFaisisteachas nó leis na Naitsithe, go háirithe an eagraíocht úd Ailtirí na hAiséirí. Pointe tábhachtach é agus is fiú tuilleadh a rá ina thaobh.</span></em><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">It stands to reason that reactionary or fascistoid people were active in the Irish language movement in the years of the Free State. One such person was actually Seán Sabhat a.k.a. Seán South, who became an IRA martyr when he was killed in the Brookeborough raid during the Border Campaign, but it is typical of the political eclecticism of the Irish nationalist movement that the raid was led by Seán Garland, later a leader of the Marxist faction of Sinn Féin.</span><br />
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<em><span style="font-size: large;">Luíonn sé le réasún go raibh daoine frithghníomhacha nó Faisisteacha gníomhach i ngluaiseacht na Gaeilge i mblianta an tSaorstáit. Duine acu siúd ab ea Seán Sabhat, a d'iompaigh ina mhairtíreach de chuid an IRA nuair a maraíodh é sa ruathar ar Achadh Lon le linn Fheachtas na Teorainne. Chomh héicléicteach is atá gluaiseacht náisiúnaíoch na hÉireann áfach, ba é Seán Garland a bhí ina cheann feadhna ar na hÓglaigh a rinne an ruathar - agus é i gceannas ar fhaicsean Marxach Shinn Féin ina dhiaidh sin.</span></em><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Seán Sabhat was active in Conradh na Gaeilge and had practical and sensible ideas about promoting Irish, but at the same time he was a member of Maria Duce, a very conservative Catholic organization led by Father Denis Fahey, a priest who had experienced the turmoil of the Dreyfus affair while staying in France and been influenced by local anti-Semitic theologians (he was a young student back then, and susceptible to influences). I would refrain from calling Father Fahey a Fascist; he is most reminiscent of those clerical or religious reactionaries of the time which were found in many Catholic countries. Some of them did become Hitler's allies, with Slovakia's leader Jozef Tiso as a well-known example.</span><br />
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<em>Bhí Seán Sabhat gníomhach i gConradh na Gaeilge agus smaointí praiticiúla ciallmhara aige faoi chur chun cinn na teanga. San am chéanna bhí sé ina bhall de Mharia Duce, eagraíocht an-choimeádach Chaitliceach arbh é an tAthair Donncha Ó Fathaigh a cathaoirleach. Sagart ab ea an tAthair Ó Fathaigh a bhí ina chónaí san Fhrainc díreach nuair a bhí scannal Dreyfus faoi lán an tseoil, agus é faoi thionchar diagairí Francacha frith-Ghiúdacha ansin (bhí sé ina mhac léinn óg san am, agus ní raibh sé díonta ar thionchar den chineál sin). Ba leasc liom Faisisteach a thabhairt ar an Athair Ó Fathaigh; is éard is mó a chuireas sé i gcuimhne dom ná an cineál frithghníomhaithe reiligiúnacha nó cléireacha a bhí thuas sa chuid is mó de na tíortha Caitliceacha san am. Cuid acu ar ndóigh chuaigh siad le Hitler - Jozef Tiso sa tSlóvaic mar shampla.</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">And of course, speaking of clerical reactionaries, Francisco Franco in Spain became the dictator of Spain in his own right. He also attracted the sympathies of many Irish people, and while there were Irishmen fighting for the Republic, there also was a sizable Irish force which sided with Franco - the Blueshirts, led by Eoin Ó Dubhthaigh, who became the Irish Brigade in Franco's army. The Blueshirts were originally pro-Treaty soldiers who had fought the anti-Treaty IRA in the Irish Civil War.</span><br />
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<em>Agus ar ndóigh, más ag trácht ar fhrithghníomhaithe cléireacha atáimid, ní féidir linn gan tagairt éigin a dhéanamh do Francisco Franco, a bhain amach deachtóireacht na Spáinne, é féin. Bhí cuid mhór de mhuintir na hÉireann báúil le Franco, agus siúd is go raibh cuid mhaith Éireannach ag troid ar son Phoblacht na Spáinne, thaobhaigh fórsa mór Éireannach le Franco - na Léinte Gorma, faoi cheannas Eoin Uí Dhubhthaigh, a d'iompaigh ina mBriogáid Éireannach in arm Franco. Ar dtús, is éard a bhí sna Léinte Gorma ná saighdiúirí in Arm an tSaorstáit agus iad ag cur troda ar na hÓglaigh frith-Chonartha i gCogadh na gCarad.</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">It is worth noting that while Seán Sabhat sided with the Republican tradition and joined the IRA, Eoin Ó Dubhthaigh and his Blueshirts were Free Staters. In Irish politics, the Republican vs Free State divide was so important that the more universal left wing vs right wing divide gave way to it.</span><br />
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<em><span style="font-size: large;">Is fiú a thabhairt faoi deara ná, má chuaigh Seán Sabhat leis an bPoblachtánachas agus leis an IRA, gur Saorstátairí a bhí in Eoin Ó Dubhthaigh agus ina chuid Léinte Gorma. Chomh tábhachtach is a bhí an scoilt idir na Poblachtánaigh agus na Saorstátairí ba mhinic a sháraigh sí an scoilt idir an eite chlé agus an eite dheis.</span></em><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">As regards Ailtirí na hAiséirí and Glúin na Buaidhe, they were both organizations led by Gearóid Ó Cuinneagáin. He was active, among other things, in the legendary Irish-language newspaper An tÉireannach in the thirties; it is often spoken of as a Socialist paper, but actually it was another example of the peculiarly Irish radicalism which can be right-wing and left-wing at the same time. In 1940, he started a branch of Conradh na Gaeilge known as the Resurrection Branch, Craobh na hAiséirí.</span><br />
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<em>Maidir le hAiltirí na hAiséirí agus le Glúin na Buaidhe, ba eagraíochtaí iad a bhunaigh Gearóid Ó Cuinneagáin. Bhí an Cuinneagánach ina ghníomhaí ghnóthach i ngluaiseacht na Gaeilge: sna tríochaidí scríobhadh sé don pháipéar mhórchlúiteach úd An tÉireannach: is minic a thugtar "nuachtán Sóisialach" air, ach le fírinne is sampla é den radacachas shain-Éireannach ina n-aontaítear an eite dheis agus an eite chlé. Sa bhliain 1940 chuir an Cuinneagánach tús le craobh nua de Chonradh na Gaeilge, mar atá, Craobh na hAiséirí.</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Craobh na hAiséirí became known as the most active and most enthusiastic branch of the organization. Among the people it attracted were Proinsias Mac an Bheatha, later a renowned Irish-language journalist and a prolific but mostly less than readable writer (he did author one tolerably good historical novel though, Cnoc na hUamha), and Annraoi Ó Liatháin, who turned out to be a talented writer of adventure novels in the language.</span><br />
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<em>Is é an teist a bhí ar Chraobh na hAiséirí san am ná go raibh sí ar an gcraobh ba ghníomhaí, ba dhíograisí de Chonradh na Gaeilge. Chuaigh daoine cosúil le Proinsias Mac an Bheatha agus Annraoi Ó Liatháin sa Chraobh - ina dhiaidh sin bhí Proinsias ina iriseoir aithnidiúil Gaeilge agus ina scríbhneoir lagmheasartha leabhar, cé gur éirigh leis úrscéal stairiúil amháin a chumadh - Cnoc na hUamha - a bhí réasúnta maith. Maidir leis an Liathánach, chruthaigh seisean thar barr ag scríobh úrscéalta eachtránaíochta sa teanga.</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Craobh na hAiséirí left the Conradh to become Glúin na Buaidhe, The Generation of Victory (as Ó Cuinneagáin was from Belfast, it is no wonder that the name of the organization was in Ulster Irish; in the present standard language it would be Glúin an Bhua). About the same time Ó Cuinneagáin started his own political party, Ailtirí na hAiséirí. His political philosophy was undeniably influenced by Fascism and Franco-style authoritarian clericalism, and he was able to spread a contagious enthusiasm for the Irish language among young people, but does this prove that there is something inherently Fascist about the language?</span><br />
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<em>D'fhág Craobh na hAiséirí an Conradh, agus is é an t-ainm a bhaist siad orthu féin ansin ná Glúin na Buaidhe (Glúin an Bhua a bheadh ann de réir an Chaighdeáin, ach ó ba as Béal Feirste don Chuinneagánach, b'fhearr leis leagan Ultach a úsáid). Faoin am chéanna bhunaigh an Cuinneagánach a pháirtí polaitiúil féin, mar atá, Ailtirí na hAiséirí. Ba léir go ndeachaigh an Faisisteachas agus an cineál cléireachas údarásaíoch a shamhlófá le Franco - go ndeachaigh an dá rud seo i bhfeidhm ar a fhealsúnacht pholaitiúil, agus ba léir freisin go raibh sé in ann díograis i leith na Gaeilge a mhúscailt i measc aos óg a linne, ach an ionann sin is a rá go bhfuil an Faisisteachas i ndúchas na teanga?</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Rather the other way round. Ó Cuinneagáin understood that he could not spread his ideology among the masses by using Irish alone, and he found it necessary to use more English than Irish in his propaganda rag Aiséirí ("Resurrection"). This led to protestations that there was too little Irish in the paper, and if there was, it was at least partly due to there being too few writers with good Irish happy to see their articles appear in the paper.</span><br />
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<em>A mhalairt ar fad, a déarfainn. Thuig an Cuinneagánach nach bhféadfadh sé a idé-eolaíocht a chraobhscaoileadh agus é i dtuilleamaí na Gaeilge amháin, agus ba riachtanach leis an tús áite a thabhairt don Bhéarla san iris úd Aiséirí a bhí mar ghléas bolscaireachta aige. Ansin áfach bhí go leor Gaeilgeoirí míshásta leis an easpa Gaeilge ar an bpáipéar, agus má bhí a leithéid d'easpa ann, ceann de na cúiseanna ab ea é nach raibh mórán Gaeilgeoirí maithe fonnmhar a gcuid altanna a chur i gcló ag an gCuinneagánach.</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ó Cuinneagáin did write approvingly about Nazi Germany, but his main emphasis was on the Catholic authoritarianism. Those who caught the contagion of Irish language enthusiasm from him either returned to the fold of Conradh na Gaeilge - such as Annraoi Ó Liatháin - or focused on practical aspects of language work - such as Proinsias Mac an Bheatha, who was for years the editor of the newspaper Inniu.</span><br />
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<em>Is fíor go moladh an Cuinneagánach an Ghearmáin Naitsíoch ina chuid scríbhinní ó am go ham, ach is ar an údarásaíocht Chaitliceach a chuireadh sé an bhéim ba mhó. Iad siúd a tholg an díograis teanga uaidh, d'fhill siad ar Chonradh na Gaeilge sa deireadh - cosúil leis an Liathánach - nó dhírigh siad ar ghnéithe praiticiúla na hoibre teanga, ar nós Proinsias Mac an Bheatha, a chaith na blianta fada ina eagarthóir ar an nuachtán úd Inniu.</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Actually, while Seán Sabhat was probably influenced by Ó Cuinneagáin's writings while very young, the most important attempt made by Nazis to contact and recruit Irish-speaking nationalists was the rescue of Frank Ryan (Proinsias Ó Riain). Ryan was actually a left-wing Republican fighting in Spain who had been captured by Franco's forces and was languishing in a prison in Burgos waiting for execution. The German intelligence service, the Abwehr, got interested in him as a possible asset and got him released and handed over. (Here it might be worth pointing out that the Abwehr itself was a military organization rather than a Nazi ideological one: its leader Wilhelm Canaris was actually imprisoned and executed shortly before the end of the war because of his relations with the military opposition that had attempted to kill Hitler.)</span><br />
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<em>Le fírinne, cé gur dóigh go ndeachaigh scríbhinní an Chuinneagánaigh i bhfeidhm ar Sheán Sabhat nuair a bhí sé an-óg, ba é tarrtháil Phroinsiais Uí Riain an iarracht ba mhó a rinne na Naitsithe le dul i dteagmháil le náisiúntóirí Éireannacha le Gaeilge agus lena leas a bhaint astu. Poblachtánach ón eite chlé a bhí sa Rianach a ghlac páirt i gcogadh cathartha na Spáinne, agus é cimithe ag fórsaí Franco. Bhí sé i bpríosún i mBurgos (príomhchathair shealadach Franco i dtuaisceart na Spáinne) i nganfhios don tsaol agus an chuma ar an scéal go raibh sé le cur chun báis, ach ansin chuir an Abwehr, seirbhís faisnéise na Gearmáine, suim ann agus iad ag déanamh go bhféadfaí é a úsáid ar dhóigh éigin. Mar sin bhí na Spáinnigh sásta é a scaoileadh as an bpríosún agus a sheachadadh chuig na Gearmánaigh. (Is fiú a phointeáil amach anseo, is féidir, gur eagraíocht mhíleata a bhí san Abwehr, is é sin, nach eagraíocht idé-eolaíoch de chuid Pháirtí na Naitsithe a bhí inti. Go gearr roimh dheireadh an chogaidh caitheadh Wilhelm Canaris, ceannasaí an Abwehr, i dtóin an phríosúin é féin, agus cuireadh chun báis é, toisc go raibh baint aige leis an gcomhcheilg mhíleata a rinne iarracht Hitler a dhúnmharú.)</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Frank Ryan was supposed to be brought back to Ireland together with Seán Russell, an Irish Republican de facto turned into a German agent, probably in order to start a pro-German Republican rising against Ireland's government. The operation was masterminded by Edmund Veesenmayer, the SS specialist for this kind of subversion, but it folded partly because of bad preparations (Ryan was neither trained nor given instructions for the mission), partly because of Russell's sudden illness and death on board the submarine that was taking them to Ireland. Ryan was brought back to Germany and died in Dresden in 1944. There is no reason to suspect foul play behind his demise, as he had been a very sick man for some time. He had lost most of his hearing while still in Ireland, having been badly mistreated by Free State jailers, and his spell in the Spanish prison wasn't exactly wholesome either.</span><br />
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<em>Bhí Proinsias Ó Riain le tabhairt ar ais go hÉirinn in éineacht le Seán Ó Ruiséil, Poblachtánach Éireannach a bhí iompaithe ina ghníomhaí Ghearmánach de facto. Is dócha go raibh siad le ceannairc Phoblachtánach a thosú a rachadh chun leasa don Ghearmáin. Ba é Edmund Veesenmayer a bhí i gceannas ar an oibríocht seo, agus é ina speisialtóir ag an SS le haghaidh treascairt pholaitiúil den chineál seo, ach sa deireadh thit an tóin as an oibríocht. Ní raibh sí ullmhaithe go rómhaith, nó ní bhfuair an Rianach oiliúint ná treoracha le haghaidh an mhisin, agus mar bharr ar an donas, nuair a bhí an bheirt fhear ar bord fomhuireáin ag dul go hÉirinn buaileadh an Ruiséalach breoite go tobann, agus bhí sé básaithe sular bhain an fomhuireán amach ceann a scríbe. Tugadh an Rianach ar ais go dtí an Ghearmáin, agus fuair seisean bás in Dresden sa bhliain 1944 ar chúiseanna sách nádúrtha, nó bhí sé ag éileamh go dona le giota maith ama anuas. Chaill sé éisteacht a chluas, an chuid ba mhó di, sular imigh sé ó Éirinn, nó thug séiléirí an tSaorstáit drochíde dó, agus ní dheachaigh a sheal sa phríosún Spáinneach chun follántais dó ach an oiread.</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Of course, it is necessary to mention Francis Stuart here, too. Stuart was an iconoclastic modernist writer who was friendly with Ezra Pound; I guess both gentlemen were the kind of cultural elitists who felt attracted to Nazis because they felt their kind would fare better as courtly poets of a supposedly enlightened totalitarianism than in a vulgar democracy. Stuart had had some involvement with the Republican side of the Irish Civil War, but I don't know whether he had any idea of the Irish language. Anyway, he was approached by Helmut Clissmann and Eduard Hempel, German representatives in Ireland, and invited to Germany to give a series of academic lectures. This he did. Later he used to broadcast English-language radio propaganda aimed at Irish listeners.</span><br />
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<em>Ar ndóigh tá sé riachtanach cúpla focal a rá i dtaobh Francis Stuart anseo chomh maith. Scríbhneoir íolbhristeach nua-aimseartha a bhí ann agus é mór le hEzra Pound. Lucht scothaicmeachais iad an bheirt fhear seo, is dóigh liom, agus luiteamas acu leis an Naitsíochas toisc gur shíl siad go mbeadh a leithéidí féin ní b'fhearr as i gcóras ollsmachtúil soilsithe (shíl siad go raibh soilsiú nó eagnaíocht éigin ag roinnt leis an Naitsíochas) ná i ndaonlathas madrúil. Bhí baint éigin ag Stuart leis na Poblachtánaigh i gCogadh na gCarad, ach níl a fhios agam an raibh focal Gaeilge sa phluc aige. Pé scéal é d'iarr Helmut Clissmann agus Eduard Hempel, arbh ionadaithe oifigiúla don Ghearmáin iad, - d'iarr siad ar Stuart sraith léachtanna acadúla a thabhairt sa Ghearmáin. Rinne sé rud orthu. Ina dhiaidh sin chaith sé seal ina chraoltóir Béarla ar raidió bolscaireachta na Gearmáine agus é ag díriú ar éisteoirí Éireannacha.</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">There was another Irish broadcaster there though, a certain Róisín Ní Mheara, who seems to have been a more ideologically convinced supporter of the Nazi regime than Stuart, and who also was a speaker of the Irish language. Back in the nineties, she published a pro-Nazi memoir in the language which inspired some heated discussion, but seems to have been forgotten since. Whether she was a Nazi in the strict sense of the world, I don't know, but she seems to have been an unrepentant anti-Semite and an old-fashioned Catholic conservative appalled at the depravity of the modern world. In this way, she was the complete opposite of such modernist Fascists as Ezra Pound. She was more akin to Tiso and Franco.</span><br />
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<em>Bhí craoltóir Éireannach eile ag obair anseo - Róisín Ní Mheara ab ainm di. Dealraíonn sé go raibh sí fíor-bháúil le hidé-eolaíocht na Naitsithe - ní ba bháúla ná Stuart; thairis sin bhí Gaeilge aici. Sna nóchaidí d'fhoilsigh sí a cuimhní cinn, leabhar a thug le fios go raibh luí aici leis na Naitsithe i gcónaí. Tharraing an leabhar callán éigin sna meáin Ghaeilge, ach is dócha gur ligeadh i ndearmad í ina dhiaidh sin. Níl a fhios agam an féidir a rá go raibh sí ina Naitsí i gciall cheart an fhocail, ach is cosúil go raibh sí ina frith-Ghiúdach neamhleithscéalach agus go raibh déistin uirthi roimh dhrúis an domhain nua-aimseartha, toisc gur le coimeádachas Caitliceach a tógadh í. Mar sin bhí a saoldearcadh bun os cionn le nua-aimsearthacht Fhaisisteachas leithéidí Ezra Pound, ní ba chosúla le smaointeachas Tiso nó Franco.</em></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-64275323135518988412018-12-30T05:51:00.002-08:002018-12-30T05:51:12.498-08:00The natural placement of explanatory relative sentences in Irish<span style="font-size: large;">The expression "explanatory relative sentence" means here such relative sentences as "the man <em>who spoke to you</em>", i.e. the man who is defined by the fact that he spoke to you, what we know about him (to start with) is the fact that he spoke to you.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Let's say, for instance, "The man who spoke to you wrote this novel". In Irish, this translates into <em>Scríobh an fear a labhair leat an t-úrscéal seo</em>. That's fine, but the explanatory relative clause is here inside the main clause: <em>Scríobh an fear</em> [<em>a labhair leat</em>] <em>an t-úrscéal seo</em>. In this example it is easy enough to tell the relative clause from the main clause, but in long and complicated sentences it might become more difficult.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Instead, it is advisable to write:</span><br />
<em><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></em>
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>An fear a labhair leat, scríobh sé an t-úrscéal seo</em> "The man who spoke to you, he wrote this novel"</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">More examples:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><em>An bhean atá ag canadh amhráin, is léise an gluaisteán úd thall</em> "The automobile over there belongs to the lady who is singing" ("The woman who is singing, the automobile over there belongs to her")</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><em>An chuid ba mhó de na scríbhneoirí Sóivéadacha a chuaigh ag scríobh úrscéalta i ndiaidh an chogaidh, bhí siad ina n-iriseoirí cathéadain lena linn</em> "Most of the Soviet writers who went to write war novels after the war were front journalists during it."</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><em>An fear a chéadcheap Teoiric na Coibhneasachta, is é sin Albert Einstein, chaith sé tréimhse ag obair in Oifig na bPaitinní san Eilvéis</em>. "The man who invented the theory of relativity, that is, Albert Einstein, - he spent some time working in the Swiss Patent Office."</span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-55979124776997455812018-12-30T05:49:00.006-08:002018-12-30T05:49:51.961-08:00The political parties of Northern Ireland, as they are called in Irish<span style="font-size: large;">Democratic Unionist Party = <em>an Páirtí Aontachtach Daonlathach</em>. Treated as a definite noun construction, with a definite article. Genitive: <em>an Pháirtí Aontachtaigh Dhaonlathaigh</em>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><em>Sinn Féin</em>. The same in Irish. Treated as a proper name, with the genitive form <em>Shinn Féin</em>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Social Democratic and Labour Party. = <em>Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre</em>. Treated as a noun followed by a definite genitive, which means that the genitive form is <em>Pháirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre</em>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ulster Unionist Party = <em>Páirtí Aontachtach Uladh</em>. "<em>Uladh</em>" is the genitive form of "<em>Ulaidh</em>" = Ulster. Thus, the translation suggests "the Unionist party of Ulster". Being a proper name, <em>Ulaidh</em> is inherently definite. Thus, it is illegal to add a definite article before Páirtí. The genitive of the party name is thus <em>Pháirtí Aontachtach Uladh</em>. (A thinkable alternative translation would be "<em>an Páirtí Aontachtach Ultach</em>", where "Ulster" would be translated with an adjective. In this version, an article would be necessary, and the genitive would be "<em>an Pháirtí Aontachtaigh Ultaigh</em>".)</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Alliance Party of Northern Ireland = <em>Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann</em>. <em>Éire</em> = Ireland is a proper noun, thus inherently definite. Its genitive form can take an article or omit it, but both ways it is inherently definite. Thus, the construction <em>Tuaisceart Éireann</em> has the genitive <em>Thuaisceart Éireann.</em> In the construction <em>Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta</em>, <em>Comhghuaillíocht</em> is not a proper noun, but a noun in genitive (-<em>a</em>) modifying the word "<em>páirtí</em>", and "<em>páirtí comhghuaillíochta</em>" is <em>an </em>alliance party. However, when Northern Ireland is added, it becomes definite: <em>Páirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann</em>. And its genitive form is <em>Pháirtí Comhghuaillíochta Thuaisceart Éireann</em>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Traditional Unionist Voice: <em>an Glór Traidisiúnta Aontachtach</em>, genitive <em>an Ghlóir Thraidisiúnta Aontachtaigh</em>. I am not terribly happy with this version, because "<em>Glór Traidisiúnta na nAontachtóirí"</em> ("the Traditional Voice of the Unionists") or "<em>Glór na nAontachtóirí Traidisiúnta</em>" ("the Voice of the Traditional Unionists") would sound better in Irish.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Green Party in Northern Ireland = <em>an Comhaontas Glas i dTuaisceart Éireann</em>, genitive: <em>an Chomhaontais Ghlais i dTuaisceart Éireann</em>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">UK Independence Party: Wikipedia provides a translation that is definitely wrong. I suggest <em>Páirtí Neamhspleáchais na Ríochta Aontaithe</em>, genitive <em>Pháirtí Neamhspleáchais na Ríochta Aontaithe</em>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Progressive Unionist Party: <em>an Páirtí Aontachtach Forásach</em>, genitive <em>an Pháirtí Aontachtaigh Fhorásaigh</em>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">People before Profit Alliance: The suggested translation is <em>Comhghuaillíocht an Phobail roimh Bhrabús</em>, but I am not entirely happy with this, as it means "The People's Alliance before Profit". Besides, <em>pobal</em> means rather "community" than "people". However, the genitive form of the suggested translation is "<em>Chomhghuaillíocht an Phobail roimh Bhrabús</em>".</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Animal Welfare Party: I'd suggest <em>Páirtí Cosanta na nAinmhithe</em>, i.e. the party of defending the animals. "Animal welfare" would be "<em>leas na n-ainmhithe</em>", I guess, so a word for word translation would be <em>Páirtí Leas na nAinmhithe</em>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Note that theoretically speaking, "(a) Unionist" as a noun is the same as "Unionist(ic)" as an adjective, i.e.<em> Aontachtach</em>. However, the noun <em>Aontachtóir</em> is usually preferred. The noun for any kind of nationalist is basically <em>Náisiúnaí</em>, but in Northern Ireland contexts <em>Náisiúntóir</em> is commonly preferred.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The noun for Loyalist is <em>Dílseoir</em>. However, we also need the adjective for such expressions as "Loyalist terrorists". My best bet would be "<em>Dílseach</em>", i.e. Loyalist terrorists = <em>sceimhlitheoirí Dílseacha</em>. Loyalism is <em>Dílseachas</em> or <em>Dílseoireacht</em>.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-54596644404948896502018-12-30T05:47:00.001-08:002018-12-30T05:47:11.399-08:00What is Irish? Cad é an rud atá sa Ghaeilge?<span style="font-size: large;">I guess there are people out there who are sincerely ignorant of the fact that Ireland hasn't always been a largely English-speaking nation and who are puzzled to find out that there is an Irish language which isn't the same as the dialect of English spoken in, and associated with, Ireland. Thus, here is a comprehensive posting about Irish today.</span><br />
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<em><span style="font-size: large;">Is dóigh liom go bhfuil daoine amuigh ansin nach bhfuil a fhios beo acu nach raibh an Béarla chomh líofa ag bunadh na hÉireann ó thús agus atá inniu, agus iontas orthu a fháil amach go bhfuil teanga Éireannach ann nach ionann í agus an cineál Béarla a labhraítear in Éirinn agus a shamhlaítear le hÉirinn. Mar sin, seo blagmhír chuimsitheach faoin nGaeilge inniu.</span></em><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Irish is a Celtic language. Celtic languages are one of the branches of the Indo-European language family, which includes Germanic languages (such as English and German, for instance), Romance languages (those which have developed from Latin, such as Italian, Spanish and French), Italic languages (an earlier grouping of now-extinct languages, such as Latin and several other ancient languages spoken in what is now Italy), Indo-Iranian languages (such as Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, and Persian) and many others. Thus, Irish is demonstrably related to both English and Latin, although this relationship is not obvious, except to a specialist.</span><br />
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<em><span style="font-size: large;">Teanga Cheilteach í an Ghaeilge. Is éard atá sna teangacha Ceilteacha ná craobh de chuid na dteangacha Ind-Eorpacha, ar a n-áirítear na teangacha Gearmáinice (an Béarla agus an Ghearmáinis mar shampla), na teangacha Rómánsacha (a d'eascair ón Laidin, cosúil leis an Iodáilis, an Spáinnis, agus an Fhraincis), na teangacha Iodáilice (teangacha marbha cosúil leis an Laidin agus roinnt seanteangacha eile a labhraítí san áit a bhfuil an Iodáil inniu), na teangacha Ind-Iaránacha (an Hiondúis, an Urdais, an Bheangáilis agus an Pheirsis, mar shampla) agus a lán eile. Mar sin, tá gaol ag an nGaeilge leis an mBéarla agus an Laidin araon, cé nach bhfuil an gaol seo soiléir a thuilleadh, ach amháin don tsaineolaí.</span></em><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Irish is one of the oldest written languages of Western Europe. It was committed to writing about the year 700 CE, although even before that, a form of Irish was used for inscriptions. The inscriptions were made with an alphabet known in modern Irish as <em>oghamchraobh</em>, and the obelisks on which you can see such inscriptions are called <em>oghamchlocha</em>, Ogham stones.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><em>Tá an Ghaeilge ar cheann de na teangacha scríofa is sine in Iarthar na hEorpa. Thosaigh traidisiún liteartha na Gaeilge timpeall ar an mbliain 700 AD, agus roimhe sin féin bhí cineál Gaeilge in úsáid in inscríbhinní. Iad siúd a rinne na hinscríbhinní seo bhí siad i dtuilleamaí aibítir ar leith ar a dtugaimid an Oghamchraobh i nGaeilge an lae inniu. D'fheicfeá inscríbhinní den tsaghas seo ar oibiliscí ar a dtugtar Oghamchlocha</em>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The literary language that came about in 700 CE is called Old Irish. This was already a Christianized language which borrowed words and concepts from Latin and Greek, the classical tongues of the Western civilization. Old Irish writers were basically monks, but they weren't bent on destroying all pre-Christian culture. So they wrote down the old mythologies of Ireland, both the Ulster cycle and the Fenian cycle, although they did omit most references to pre-Christian religion.</span><br />
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<em><span style="font-size: large;">An teanga scríofa a tháinig ar an bhfód timpeall ar 700 AD is gnách Sean-Ghaeilge a thabhairt uirthi. Teanga Chríostaithe a bhí ann cheana féin agus í ag tarraingt ar an Laidin agus ar an nGréigis, teangacha clasaiceacha na sibhialtachta Iartharaí, le haghaidh téarmaí agus coincheapanna nua. Iad siúd a scríobhadh litríocht i Sean-Ghaeilge, manaigh a bhí iontu go bunúsach, ach san am chéanna ní raibh siad meáite ar an gcultúr réamh-Chríostaí go léir a chur de dhroim an tsaoil. Mar sin bhreac siad síos seanmhiotais na hÉireann, an Rúraíocht agus an Fhiannaíocht araon, cé gur bhain siad an chuid is mó de na tagairtí don chreideamh réamh-Chríostaí de na scéalta.</span></em><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Irish name for Irish is <em>Gaeilge</em>, and many might ask if there is a difference between "Irish" and "Gaelic" as concepts in English (or in other languages). There indeed is. The "Gaelic languages" are a whole branch of modern Celtic languages. They include Irish, Scots Gaelic, and Manx. Speaking about one Gaelic language is thus akin to speaking about one Scandinavian language. Old Irish, though, could as well be called Old Gaelic in English, because Scots Gaelic and Manx are offshoots of it, together with Modern Irish.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><em>Ós rud é gur "Gaeilge" atá ar an teanga, is dual don Bhéarlóir a fhiafraí, cad é an difríocht (má tá a leithéid ann) idir </em>"Irish" <em>agus </em>"Gaelic" <em>mar choincheapanna sa Bhéarla (nó i dteangacha eile, fiú). Tá difríocht ann ar ndóigh. Craobh iomlan i gcrann ginealais na dteangacha Ceilteacha iad na teangacha Gaelacha. Is iad siúd ná Gaeilge na hÉireann, Gaeilge na hAlban agus an Mhanainnis (Gaeilge Oileán Mhanann). An té a thráchtas ar an </em>"Gaelic" <em>mar aon teanga amháin bheadh sé chomh maith aige a bheith ag tagairt don "Lochlainnis" mar aon teanga amháin. An tSeanGhaeilge áfach, is gnách </em>"Old Irish" <em>a thabhairt uirthi as Béarla, ach san am chéanna ní bheadh sé mícheart an téarma </em>"Old Gaelic" <em>a úsáid, más mian leat béim a chur air gurb aisti a d'eachair an triúr acu, Gaeilge na hÉireann, Gaeilge na hAlban, agus Gaeilge Mhanann araon.</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">After the Old Irish, there was something called Middle Irish. The term is somewhat problematic, because in earlier times it used to mean something else: earlier, "Middle Irish" included the Irish from the twelfth century to the seventeenth century, which is now known as Classical Irish, or Early Modern Irish. According to our understanding, Middle Irish was the period of linguistic uncertainty between Old Irish and Early Modern Irish, with substandard spoken language forms and hypercorrections (i.e. uninformed attempts to write standard Old Irish leading to forms which were neither correct Old Irish nor correct spoken language) proliferating in the literary language. However, some old books which use the term "Middle Irish" to refer to Early Modern Irish are still being reprinted (notably Eleanor Knott's <em>Irish Syllabic Poetry</em>).</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><em>I ndiaidh na SeanGhaeilge, bhí a leithéid ann agus an Mheán-Ghaeilge. Níl an téarma sin róshoiléir, nó d'athraigh a chiall i rith na mblianta: ar dtús ba nós "Meán-Ghaeilge" a thabhairt ar an nGaeilge ón dóú haois déag go dtí an tseachtú haois déag, an cineál Gaeilge ar a dtugtar "an Ghaeilge Chlasaiceach" nó "an Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch" inniu. De réir is mar a thuigtear dúinn, is éard a bhí i gceist leis an Meán-Ghaeilge ná an tréimhse éiginnteachta i gcúrsaí teanga idir an tSean-Ghaeilge agus an Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch, nuair a bhí an teanga scríofa breac le foirmeacha ón gcaint chomh maith le foirmeacha forchearta. Is éard atá i gceist leis an "bhforcheartú" ná go bhfuil an scríbhneoir ag iarraidh cloí leis an gcaighdeán Sean-Ghaeilge agus é chomh haineolach ar an gcaighdeán sin nach bhfuil a chuid "ceartúchán" ceart de réir an chaighdeáin ná de réir na cainte. Tabhair faoi deara, áfach, go bhfuil seanleabhair áirithe i bprionta i gcónaí a úsaideas an téarma sin</em> Middle Irish <em>le tagairt don rud a dtugaimid Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch air inniu - ar nós </em>Irish Syllabic Poetry <em>le hEleanor Knott.</em><em> </em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Early Modern Irish begins in the 12th century and ends in the 16th century. Classical Irish is the form of Early Modern Irish cultivated by bardic poets - the Irish word for "poet" is <em>file</em>, in the old orthography <em>fileadh</em>, and the standard language used by poets was indeed called <em>ceart na bhfileadh</em>, i.e. "the correctness of the poets", "what the poets find correct". The poets' Irish was quite far removed from the everyday speech of the common people, being above all a cultivated written language and developing independently of spoken dialects. However, it was not an archaic language - it did, for example, readily accept loanwords from English.</span><br />
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<em><span style="font-size: large;">Thosaigh tréimhse na Nua-Ghaeilge Moiche sa dóú haois déag agus tháinig deireadh léi sa tseachtú haois déag. An cineál Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch a bhí á cleachtadh ag na filí cuairte tugtar Gaeilge Chlasaiceach air. Is gnách "ceart na bhfileadh", is é sin caighdeán na bhfilí, a thabhairt ar an stíl seo chomh maith. Bhí Gaeilge na bhfilí sách difriúil le gnáthchaint na cosmhuintire, ós rud é gur teanga scríofa shaothraithe a bhí inti, agus í ag forbairt beag beann ar na canúintí labhartha. San am chéanna ní teanga bhréagársa a bhí inti. Mar shampla, d'fháiltíodh sí focail iasachta ón mBéarla.</span></em><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">There were other styles in Early Modern Irish - the <em>canamhain</em> (this is the same word as <em>canúint</em>, which in today's Irish means "dialect"), which was less rigorously literary and more conversational than the poets' standard, and the historians' annalistic style, which was artificially old-fashioned, but presumably felt to be historically correct by those who wrote it. It seems that it was usually laughed at and parodied by others.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><em>Bhí stíleanna eile sa Nua-Ghaeilge Mhoch - an </em>chanamhain<em> (is ionann mar fhocal é agus "canúint"), nár chloígh chomh dian sin le ceart na bhfileadh, nó bhí sí ní ba chosúla le caint na ndaoine. Ón taobh eile de bhí a stíl féin ag lucht scríofa na n-annál staire, agus iad ag iarraidh seanaimsearthacht agus ársaíocht mhínádúrtha a chleachtadh, toisc gur shíl siad go gcaithfidís a ceart a thabhairt don stair. Dealraíonn sé gur ábhar gáire agus scigaithrise ab ea Gaeilge na staraithe do na daoine eile.</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Towards the end of the Early Modern Irish period, the historian Geoffrey Keating (Seathrún Céitinn) wrote <em>Foras Feasa ar Éirinn</em> (usually called "Keating's History of Ireland" in English, although the title means "Foundation of Knowledge on Ireland"), a compendium of Irish history and mythology. Keating departed from the usual style of Irish-language history-writing, using instead a kind of classical Irish that is relatively intelligible even to those only familiar with today's Irish. This is why Keating's Irish was enormously influential among the first Irish revivalists in the eighteen nineties.</span><br />
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<em><span style="font-size: large;">Nuair a bhí ré na Nua-Ghaeilge Moiche ag druidim chun deireanais, scríobh an staraí Seathrún Céitinn "Foras Feasa ar Éirinn", ar díolaim abhair é ina gceanglaítear stair agus miotaseolaíocht na hÉireann dá chéile. Níor chloígh Céitinn le gnáthstíl na staraithe Gaeilge ach le stíl Chlasaiceach agus í réasúnta intuigthe acu siúd féin nach bhfuil ach Gaeilge an lae inniu acu. Sin é an fáth go ndeachaigh Gaeilge Chéitinn go mór mór i bhfeidhm ar cheannródaithe athbheochana na Gaeilge sna 1890idí.</span></em><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The time from the demise of the classical language in the 17th century to the revival of modern contemporary Irish in the 20th century is a dark period in the history of the language. However, literature was being written even in those centuries. Among the most well-known works is, of course, Brian Merriman's epic poem <em>Cúirt an Mheon-Oíche</em>, "The Midnight Court", which is probably most well-known because of the fact that its English translation was censored in the Irish Free State, while the far more ribald original text was widely available in bookshops.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><em>An tréimhse ó dheireadh na ré Clasaicí sa 17ú haois go hathbheochan na teanga san fhichiú haois is gnách dearcadh uirthi mar bhlianta dorcha i stair na Gaeilge. Mar sin féin bhí litríocht á saothrú sna blianta sin féin. Is é an dán eipiceach </em>Cúirt an Mheon Oíche <em>an saothar is cáiliúla ón tréimhse, ar ndóigh, ach is é an fáth leis sin ná go ndearnadh cinsireacht ar an aistriúchán Béarla sa Saorstát, cé go raibh teacht ar an mbunleagan Gaeilge, agus é i bhfad níos graosta ná an leagan Béarla, go forleathan sna siopaí leabhar.</em></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-3426780042246529712018-12-30T05:43:00.001-08:002018-12-30T05:43:44.838-08:00Irish for the traveller<span style="font-size: large;">"Where is the pub?" <em>Cá bhfuil an teach tabhairne?</em></span><br />
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"Everywhere." <em>Gach uile áit</em>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">"Who is that beautiful girl over there?" <em>Cé hí an ghirseach dhathúil thall ansin?</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">"That's my girlfriend." <em>Is í mo ghrá geal féin í</em>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">"Aren't you the lucky guy!" <em>Nach méanar duit!</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">"Yes, I am." <em>Is méanar cinnte</em>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">"Where could I buy the newest edition of Peig?" <em>Cá bhféadfainn an t-eagrán is úire de Pheig a cheannach?</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">"In the bookshop. But be careful, it's uncensored Kerry Irish." <em>I siopa na leabhar</em>. <em>Ach bí cúramach, tá Gaeilge Chiarraí ann nach ndearnadh cinsireacht ar bith uirthi.</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">"Would you please point that machine gun some other way? It scares me." <em>An mba mhiste duit gan an t-inneallghunna sin a dhíriú orm? Cuireann sé scanrú orm.</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">"Is this an unapproved road?" <em>An bóthar neamhcheadaithe é seo?</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">"Yes, it is. There might be old booby traps here, placed by the Volunteers for the British. so we must drive carefully." <em>Is ea. Is féidir go bhfuil sean-bhobghaistí fágtha anseo, cinn a chuir na hÓglaigh roimh na Sasanaigh fadó. Mar sin caithfidh muid bheith cúramach ag tiomáint. </em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">"Where are the smugglers?" <em>Cá bhfuil na smuigléirí?</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">"Well, I do some smuggling myself sometimes." <em>Bhuel bím féin ag smuigléireacht ó am go ham.</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">"Is this good poteen?" <em>An poitín maith é seo?</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">"It's great. Mercury and cadmium add to the peculiar taste." <em>Tá sé thar barr ar fad. Tá mearcair agus caidmiam ann a chuireas leis an mblas ar leith sin.</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">"Oh, I'm sorry, somehow I'm not thirsty anymore." <em>Ó, tá brón orm, níl tart orm a thuilleadh.</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">"No problem. I'll drink to your health!" <em>Tá sé ceart go leor. Ólfaidh mé do shláinte! </em></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-82590800553392380672018-12-30T05:40:00.000-08:002018-12-30T05:40:02.936-08:00Snakes on a plane? Sure, but in Irish.<span style="font-size: large;">The language of aviation is English, and even in languages less endangered than Irish, aviation terms commonly are relatively raw borrowings from English. However, <em>we </em>sure can do better. So, here are the parts of a plane.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The plane itself is <em>eitleán</em>, which is a masculine word (<em>an t-eitleán, an eitleáin, na heitleáin, na n-eitleán</em>), but typically referred to with a feminine pronoun (the same applies to boats, ships and other vehicles). In old days, most <em>eitleáin </em>had a <em>lián </em>which is a propeller, attached to a <em>seafta liáin </em>or a propeller shaft for the <em>traiseoladh cumhachta </em>or transmission of power from the engine, <em>inneall</em>. Small planes even today usually have an <em>inneall comhbhuailteach </em>or <em>inneall frithingeach</em>, i.e. a reciprocating engine, and such an engine has <em>sorcóirí</em>, cylinders, and <em>loiní</em> - pistons - the way the internal combustion engine or <em>inneall dócháin inmheánaigh</em> of a <em>gluaisteán </em>has. You can call a reciprocating engine a piston engine - <em>inneall loiní</em> - too. <em>Loine </em>is a feminine word: <em>an loine, na loine, na loiní, na loiní</em>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">However, passenger planes these days are usually jet planes, <em>scairdeitleáin</em>. A jet engine is called <em>scairdinneall</em>, and it has a compressor - <em>comhbhrúiteoir</em> - for air intake (<em>aer-iontógáil</em>). Behind the compressor there is the combustion chamber, <em>cuasán dó </em>(or maybe <em>cuasán dócháin</em>!), where the <em>breosla </em>or fuel is consumed, and then the stream of fuel turns the <em>tuirbín </em>or turbine. There are also turboprop engines - <em>inneall turba-liáin </em>- and turbofan engines - <em>inneall turba-fean</em>. That word looks like a very raw loanword indeed.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The main part of the plane is the <em>cabhail </em>or fuselage - it is a feminine noun, <em>an chabhail, na cabhlach, na cabhlacha, na gcabhlach</em>. Inside the fuselage you'll find the <em>cábán </em>or cabin, with the stewards and air hostesses - in Irish, both are called <em>óstach </em>or <em>aeróstach</em>, and this is a first-declension <strong>masculine </strong>noun: <em>an t-aeróstach, an aeróstaigh, na haeróstaigh, na n-aeróstach</em>. For cabin stewards, the word <em>stíobhard </em>can be used too. It is an old and well-established loanword (and even in my country's first language the word used is "stuertti", so using <em>stíobhard </em>is just fine).</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">A modern <em>aerlínéar </em>(airliner) will fly at high altitudes - <em>sroichfidh sí an-airde agus í ag déanamh a bealaigh</em>, tá a fhios agat. So, it is necessary for the cabin to be pressurized or <em>brúchóirithe</em>. Note the similarity of <em>aerchóiriú </em>'air-conditioning' and <em>brúchóiriú </em>'pressurization' - the second one means, word by word, 'pressure-conditioning'. Makes sense, doesn't it? Both are part of the <em>córas rialaithe timpeallachta </em>or environmental control system.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">An aircraft has also something called <em>eitleonaic </em>or avionics. I must say I am not particularly happy with this Irish term, which is an English-modelled abbreviation for <em>leictreonaic eitilte </em>(flying electronics, or aviational electronics), but I guess it's more compact than <em>leictreonaic eitilte </em>after all. <em>Eitleonaic </em>includes such stuff as <em>uathphíolóta </em>(autopilot), <em>rabhchán raidió neamhthreo </em>(non-directional radio beacon), <em>córas an-ardmhinicíochta uile-raoin </em>(Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range system, or VOR), <em>gléasra fadtomhaiste </em>(distance measuring equipment, or DME), <em>trasfhreagróir </em>(transponder), <em>córas tuirlingthe ionstraimí </em>(instrumental landing system or ILS), not to mention <em>an Córas Suite Domhanda </em>or GPS.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">A plane obviously has <em>sciatháin </em>or wings (singular form: <em>sciathán</em>, a wing), with <em>flapaí</em> (flaps) and <em>coscáin eitilte </em>(air brakes) as well as <em>ailearáin </em>(ailerons). The tail of the plane usually consists of a <em>cobhsaitheoir ingearach </em>(vertical stabilizer) with a <em>stiúir </em>(rudder) attached - this is a feminine noun: <em>an stiúir, na stiúrach, na stiúracha, na stiúrach</em> - as well as a <em>cobhsaitheoir cothrománach </em>or horizontal stabilizer, with a <em>rialtán airde </em>or elevator (the Irish word means "altitude controller").</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The <em>eitleán </em>is steered by the <em>píolóta </em>who is a professional <em>eitleoir</em>. He is assisted by the <em>loingseoir eitilte </em>(navigator). possibly even an <em>innealtóir eitilte </em>(flight engineer). They are sitting in <em>cró an phíolóta </em>(cockpit). They have a lot of <em>ionstraimí </em>(instruments, gauges) to attend to, but nowadays with everything computerized and electronized, so that they have just computer displays instead of those gauges, and they can choose which instruments they want those displays to show - this is called <em>cró gloine </em>(glass cockpit).</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Planes land on an <em>aerfort </em>(actually <em>aerphort </em>would be etymologically better, as a spelling). Or maybe it is just an airstrip. <em>aerstráice</em>. Landing itself is <em>tuirlingt</em>, and landing-gear is <em>fearas tuirlingthe</em>. (The focloir.ie website gives also an alternative expression, <em>cosa tuirlingthe</em>, i.e. landing feet, which sounds excellent to me.) The place where the plane lands is the same place where it takes off, i.e. a runway, <em>rúidbhealach. </em>A taxiway is <em>raon innealta</em>, or <em>bealach innealta</em> - the participle <em>innealta </em>is associated with the verb <em>innill!/inleadh</em> "to set, to order, to array". And of course it is important for the pilot to stay <em>i dteagmháil raidió </em>with the crew in the <em>túr rialúcháin</em>, control tower.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-17800855430181556442018-12-30T05:37:00.001-08:002018-12-30T05:37:21.304-08:00What does "Celtic" mean?<span style="font-size: large;">For a linguist - a student of language in general, or certain languages - the word "Celtic" means only one thing: Celtic languages. Celtic languages are a well-defined subgroup of Indo-European languages, which are a group of mutually related languages spoken in Europe, northern India, and some countries between Europe and India such as Iran and Afghanistan. Yes, the main languages of Iran and Afghanistan are indeed Indo-European and as such related to both Irish and English.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">When we speak of "Celts", we mean the people, or peoples, who speak, or historically spoke, Celtic languages. Modern Celtic languages include Irish, Scots Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Breton, and Cornish. Ancient Celtic languages include Gaulish, Celtiberian, and Lepontic, but these are basically just shorthand expressions for groups of ancient inscriptions which share similar features. We don't have enough Gaulish to, say, write a history of Gaulish literature.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The idea that Celtic languages are somehow intrinsically enigmatic or mysterious should not be entertained. For instance, those Gaulish inscriptions are largely possible to understand and interpret, because they are written in a language that is related to other Indo-European languages - and no group of languages has been so thoroughly studied and mapped as that one. Of course, we can never understand everything, because we know little of the cultural context, but this applies to all ancient languages. Even Latin, which you might think should be intelligible in its entirety, given the fact that it is a classical language that has been studied for centuries, has its own share of enigmas: there are extant texts (such as the <em>Carmen Saliare</em> fragments) in a form of Latin which is much older than the language of Cicero and Virgil and which aren't well understood.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">As regards modern Celtic languages, they are quite well understood and can be learnt and studied by everyone. Irish, Scots Gaelic, Welsh, and Breton are all living languages, while their long-term survival might be precarious. Of the above-mentioned languages, I only speak and write Irish, so I might as well concentrate upon it. Books are still being written and published in Irish, both by native speakers and learners (myself included). There is such an awful lot of published folklore in Irish that if the language lost its last native speaker, it could still be resurrected with all its dialect differences.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Note this:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Basque is not a Celtic language, it is a language isolate with no relatives. There are a couple of possibly Celtic loanwords in Basque though.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Galician is not a Celtic language, it is a Romance language related to Portuguese. Many Romance languages have Celtic loanwords and show Celtic influence, but all Romance languages have basically developed from Latin.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Gaelic is not one language, but three (Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx) which are mutually about as similar as Scandinavian languages are.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Welsh is not a Gaelic language, although it is a Celtic language.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">"Celtic" as a term is above all about linguistics, about the way how certain languages are related to each other. The cultures of the peoples who speak, or until recently spoke, Celtic languages are not necessarily particularly related to each other, any more than English culture is related to Swedish culture although English and Swedish are, as Germanic languages, originally quite closely related.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">There is no one Celtic mythology, although there are Celtic mythologies. For instance, the Irish mythologies of <em>Fiannaíocht </em>(the cycle of the <em>Fianna </em>or Fenian heroes) and <em>Rúraíocht</em> (the Ulster Cycle with Cú Chulainn).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Celtic mythologies have significantly influenced common European culture. Above all, it should be noted that the stories about King Arthur and the knights of the round table are ultimately based on Welsh mythology, although the present form of the stories is probably more related to how the stories were rewritten and reinvented by medieval French poets. For instance, Sir Lancelot as a character was introduced by the very influential French writer Chrétien de Troyes.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The "Ossianic mythology" introduced by James Macpherson in the 18th century similarly had a deep impact on European culture by creating interest in the culture and folklore of the common people. Macpherson's stories were actually relatively poor retellings of Fenian myths in English, but Macpherson did have an idea of Gaelic myths as told in Scots Gaelic.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">And now it should be noted that Irish and Scots Gaelic myths <em>are </em>indeed related, but only because the languages themselves are closely related and diverged only relatively recently.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Things said in a Celtic language are not always profound and elevated. You can definitely speak about prostitution, defecating or sewage treatment in Irish. Shit, by the way, is <em>cac </em>in Irish, and piss is <em>mún </em>or <em>fual</em>. In case you were curious.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The fact that speakers of Irish or Welsh, for instance, use English words while speaking their languages is not due to the language being intrinsically old-fashioned or unsuitable to modern life. It is due to the fact that those people live in a largely English-speaking country, where the majority language is encroaching on the minority language. This is about power and prestige, not about the intrinsic nature of the language.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Welsh is most closely related to Breton and Cornish, Irish is most closely related to Scots Gaelic and Manx. But Welsh is so unintelligible to an Irish-speaker, and the other way round, that the common Celtic origins of the two languages do not help them understand each other.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">On the other hand, Irish and Scots Gaelic are very similar both in their written and in their spoken forms. The main reason why they do not feel like the same language anymore is that those dialects which were in between have disappeared.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">In fact, most native speakers of Scots Gaelic nowadays live in the Outer Hebrides, where the local dialect has been subject to exceptionally strong Old Norse influences. Thus, you can say that the most widely spoken form of Scots Gaelic today is the historically most divergent one.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Breton is not immediately related to Gaulish, it is rather a derivative of Cornish, which has come into being due to (originally seasonal) migration from Cornwall. So, although Breton is spoken in France, it originally was the same language as Cornish and came from the British Isles.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Welsh is closely related to both Cornish and Breton.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Cornish died out in the 18th century as a community language. There are, though, ongoing attempts to revive it as a spoken language. While some success has been achieved, there still is a lot of disagreement about what kind of Cornish should be revived and whether Welsh and Breton words should be used for concepts for which authentic Cornish only uses English borrowings.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: large;">SOME TERMINOLOGY, NAMES AND STUFF:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Basque</strong> = a <strong>non-Celtic</strong> minority language spoken in France and Spain. Sometimes people <strong>erroneously</strong> think that Basque is a Celtic language, because it is a minority language of which they know very little, and in such a way similar to Celtic languages. Actually. <strong>Basque is a linguistic isolate with no modern relatives</strong> (there was an ancient language called by linguists Aquitanian, but the list of known Aquitanian words is very short and so obviously Basque that <strong>for all we know Aquitanian might simply have been old Basque</strong>, not just a "related language")</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Béaslaí, Piaras</strong> (1891-1965) = an Irish-language writer and nationalist activist, known for his dramas and his novel <em>Astronár</em>, an allegory about the Irish struggle for freedom. In this novel, Ireland is an Eastern European country called Amora, subjugated by Kratonians, and everybody has a pseudo-Greek name (such as the hero Astronár).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Breton</strong> = the Celtic language spoken in Brittany</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Brezhoneg</strong> = the name of Breton in Breton</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Brittonic languages</strong> = Welsh, Breton, and Cornish</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Celtiberian</strong> = an ancient language spoken in what is now Spain, known from inscriptions</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Celtic</strong> = a branch of the Indo-European language family</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Cornish</strong> = the Celtic language once spoken in Cornwall. There are several reconstructed forms of Cornish, such as Unified Cornish, Modern Cornish, Kernewek Kemmyn and Unified Cornish Revised, but now some sort of compromise Cornish has been created.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Cymraeg</strong> = the name of Welsh in Welsh</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Cymraeg Byw</strong> = an artificial form of spoken Welsh standardized in the 1970s. Due to the great gap between literary Welsh and spoken dialects, this form of Welsh was developed as a substitute for the "received pronunciation" that had not developed in a natural way. It was supposed to become the normative spoken language of broadcasters, but instead, it was taught to non-natives, who then were left speaking a form of Welsh which was a departure from any real Welsh either spoken or written. This misuse led to the subsequent abandonment of Cymraeg Byw, which might have worked just fine if used as originally planned, as a broadcasting norm.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Davitt, Michael</strong> (1950-2005) = a modern Irish-language poet</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Gaeilge</strong> = the name of Irish in Irish</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Gaelic languages</strong> = the branch of Celtic containing Irish, Scots Gaelic, and Manx. Also called Goidelic languages</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Gaeltacht</strong> = a village or area where a traditional dialect of Irish is spoken</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Gàidhlig</strong> = the name of Scots Gaelic in Scots Gaelic</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Galician</strong> = the <strong>Romance language</strong> spoken in the part of Spain north of Portugal, a very close relative (or historically speaking the parent language) of Portuguese. <strong>Not a Celtic language</strong>.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Gaulish</strong> = an ancient Celtic language spoken in what is now France, known from inscriptions</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Gwalarn</strong> = a Breton school of writers and a literary journal in the Breton language, active in 1925-1944</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Gwenedeg (Vannetais) </strong>- one of the four dialects of Breton, so different from the others that it needs a written language of its own</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Hedd Wyn</strong> = the pen name of <strong>Ellis Humphrey Evans</strong>, a Welsh-language poet of the First World War, killed in action in 1917.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Indo-European languages</strong> = the most well-known and researched language family of the world, which includes Albanian, Armenian, Baltic languages (Latvian and Lithuanian), Slavic languages (Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Sorbian, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovenian, Bulgarian and Macedonian), Celtic (Irish, Scots Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, Breton and the ancient Celtic languages), Germanic (English, Dutch, German and the Scandinavian languages as well as Gothic and other ancient Germanic languages), Greek (ancient and modern; Ancient Macedonian was probably related to Greek, definitely not the same language as modern Macedonian, which is close to Bulgarian), Indo-Iranian languages (Hindi, Urdu, Persian, Pashtu and many others), Italic languages (such as Latin, from which modern Romance languages descend), and several ancient, extinct languages such as Hittite and Tocharian. Most languages spoken in Europe are Indo-European; the major exceptions are Basque, which is not related to any other language; and Finnish, the Sami languages, Estonian, and Hungarian, which are all related to each other, being Finno-Ugric languages.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>initial mutation</strong> = the way how the first sound in a word mutates into another sound in a word, as a grammatical change. Very typical of modern Celtic languages.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Insular Celtic</strong> = the Celtic languages spoken in the British Isles, or originating from there. All the modern Celtic languages (including Breton) are Insular Celtic</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Irish</strong> = the Celtic language spoken in Ireland</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Kerneveg (Cornouaillais) </strong>= one of the dialects of Breton</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Kernewek </strong>or <strong>Kernowek </strong>= the name of Cornish in Cornish</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Italic languages</strong> = an ancient subgroup of Indo-European languages that included Latin and such related languages as Faliscan, Umbrian, Oscan and many others. Latin ousted other Italic languages when Romans occupied and annexed the parts of Italy where they were spoken.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Italo-Celtic</strong> = According to one theory, a subgroup of Indo-European languages that included both Italic languages and Celtic languages (this suggests that they had a common ancestor language younger than Proto-Indo-European, i.e. Italo-Celtic). These days this theory is not very popular.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Leoneg (Léonard)</strong> = one of the dialects of Breton</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Lepontic</strong> = an ancient Celtic language spoken in what is now Northern Italy, known from inscriptions</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Lewis, Saunders</strong> (1893-1985) = a renowned poet and writer in Welsh</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Mac Amhlaigh, Dónall</strong> (1926-1989) = a writer of Irish-language prose about the life of Irish workers in Britain, who also wrote in English. Thanks to his fluent journalistic style, he should be studied by any learner of the language.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Mac an Bheatha, Proinsias</strong> (1910-1990) = a productive, but not very original writer of Irish-language prose. He was a non-native, but wrote mostly quite decent Irish. His historical novels have some literary merit.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Mac Grianna, Seosamh</strong> (1900-1990) = a modernist writer from Donegal, whose interesting literary career was cut short by depression and psychosis</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Manx</strong> = the Celtic language until recently spoken in the Isle of Man, closely related to Irish and Scots Gaelic</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Ó Cadhain, Máirtín</strong> (1906-1970) = the most important writer of prose in the 20th century</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>ogham</strong> = a form of writing used in the oldest Irish inscriptions. These are very short ones and their usual content is something like "I was such a big boss in our tribe that my sons could afford to put up this stone in my memory".</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>ogham Irish</strong> = the kind of Irish used in the ogham inscriptions</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Ó Grianna, Séamus</strong> (1889-1969) = a productive writer of novels and short stories about the Irish-speaking Donegal, mostly read because of his beautiful Irish; elder brother of Seosamh Mac Grianna</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Ó hÁirtnéide, Mícheál</strong> (1941-1999) = also known as Michael Hartnett, a modern Irish-language poet who also wrote in English</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Old Irish</strong> = the kind of Irish written in the years 700-900.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Ó Riordáin, Seán</strong> (1916-1977) = a modern Irish-language poet</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Pictish</strong> = the language spoken in Scotland before Old Irish (subsequently Scots Gaelic) made inroads. Pictish was probably related to Welsh (there are pre-Gaelic place-names in Scotland which include Celtic elements reminiscent of Welsh) but there is also the possibility that there were two Pictish languages, one of them Celtic and another unrelated.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Roberts, Kate</strong> (1891-1985) = a noted Welsh writer of prose</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Romance languages</strong> = the languages that descend directly from Latin, such as Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French, Romanian, Catalan, Galician etc.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Scots</strong> = the Germanic language spoken in Scotland and Ulster, either an English dialect or a separate language closely related to English. Not a Celtic language.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Scottish Gaelic</strong> = the Celtic language spoken in the Scottish Highlands and Islands</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Tregerieg (Trégorrois) </strong>= one of the dialects of Breton</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Welsh</strong> = the Celtic language spoken in Wales</span></li>
</ul>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-19538851429248251502018-12-30T05:35:00.000-08:002018-12-30T05:35:02.615-08:00Why is "aerfort" written that way?<span style="font-size: large;"><em>Aerfort </em>is of course the Irish word for "airport", but it looks somewhat funny. To start with, that word <em>aer</em>, air, which does not seem to adhere to the "caol le caol, leathan le leathan" principle (and no, it does not - there are other similar examples). And why -fort? Should it not be -phort, because in compound words the second constituent is lenited (p becoming ph), and it is obvious the latter part of this word is "port"? Yes, it should, but for some reason the <em>ligeadóirí agus casadóirí</em> of the Caighdeán have decided otherwise.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">One of the problems of Irish orthography is that there is no satisfactory way to write a long e sound both preceded and followed by a broad consonant. In Munster, <em>-ao- </em>is pronounced like this, but in most dialects, <em>-ao- </em>is more like a long i sound preceded and followed by a broad consonant. (A well-known exception is <em>aon </em>with its derivatives, which is usually pronounced with an e sound even in non-Munster dialects.) Note though that this particular long i is very unstable and has very different phonetic realizations due to the influence the broad consonants have on it: the English names <em>Milligan </em>and <em>Mulligan </em>are both based on <em>Ó Maolagáin</em>: in words (mostly names) borrowed from Irish into English the -ao- has very different English reflexes. (Русским изучающим ирландский язык конечно известно - или должно быть! - , что ирландское "ao" - очень похоже на русское "ы", которое является самым лучшим русским приближением ирландского звука. - Может быть я здесь еще буду публиковать целые статьи по русски, но я стесняюсь писать на этом языке, которым владею гораздо хуже, чем ирландским. Russian speakers have in their native language a very good approximation of Irish "ao" - the sound they write "ы". I might yet write blog posts about Irish in Russian, but as yet I am ashamed to write Russian, my command of which is much more shaky than that of Irish.)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Long e sounds preceded and followed by broad consonants are found both in loanwords and original Irish words - of the latter, the very word <em>Gael </em>is an example. (Pre-Caighdeán spellings for this word include <em>Gaedheal </em>and <em>Gaodhal</em>.) Note the noun <em>traein </em>'(railway) train'. In it. the long e sound is preceded by a broad consonant but followed by a slender one, and to signalize the latter, an -i- is inserted. On the other hand, in its genitive form <em>traenach </em>the -n- is broad, and this is shown both by the fact that the extra -i- is dropped and that the -n- is followed by an -a-, which is unambiguously a broad vowel. Thus, although no textbook I have used makes this explicit, the "ae" of the present orthography must be treated, for all intents and purposes, as a broad vowel in its own right.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Then that <em>-fort</em>. Obviously, the word is a compound of <em>aer</em> and <em>port</em>, and shoult be written <em>aerphort</em> rather than <em>aerfort</em>. However, in the Caighdeán spelling compound words, the last constituent of which is basically <em>-phort</em>, are written like this: <em>aerfort</em> "airport", <em>longfort</em> "military base, military stronghold, camp", <em>críochfort</em> "terminal",<em> calafort</em> "port, harbour" (this is a compound of <em>caladh</em> "port, harbour, landing" and <em>port</em>). This is just a convention, I am not especially fond of it - I would prefer the more regular <em>aerphort</em>, <em>longphort, críochphort</em> - although I admit that <em>caladhphort</em> looks kind of clumsy compared to <em>calafort</em>, and <em>calaphort</em> would feel vaguely wrong.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Note that there is also the word <em>ceannfort</em>, which means "commandant" (there are no majors in the Irish armed forces, there are commandants - I guess this was modelled on the French military tradition, in an attempted departure from the English one). I am not sure about the etymology of <em>ceannfort</em>, but I guess it was originally not a compound word but a genitive construction (<em>ceann an phoirt</em>?). Maybe you'll find the explanation in Dinneen's dictionary.</span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-58300999704707425722018-12-30T05:33:00.000-08:002018-12-30T05:33:02.134-08:00Remarks upon the Irish military oath<span style="font-size: large;">The Irish military oath for officers of the permanent defence force has the following wording:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><em><br /></em></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>Mionnaímse/Dearbhaímse </em>[name], <em>go solamanta go mbead dílis d'Éirinn agus tairiseach don Bhunreacht agus, faid a bhead im oifigeach de na Buan-Óglaigh, go gcomhlíonfad gach ordú dleathach a bhéarfas m'oifigigh uachtaracha dhom agus nach gceanglód le haon eagraíocht nó cumann polaitíochta ná le haon chumann rúnda ar bith ná nach mbead im chomhalta den chéanna ná nach dtaobhód leis an gcéanna</em>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">In English, the same oath is as follows:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><em>I</em> [name] <em>do solemnly swear/declare that I will be faithful to Ireland and </em><em>loyal to the Constitution and that while I am an officer of the Permanent Defence </em><em>Force I will obey all lawful orders issued to me by my superior officers and will not </em><em>join or be a member of or subscribe to any political organisation or society or any </em><em>secret society whatsoever</em>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">(Source: Defence Act 1954, section 43, sixth schedule.)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The Irish text is not bad as it is, but personally I take issue with certain aspects of it:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The form <em>solamanta</em>. "Solemn" is in today's Irish <em>sollúnta</em>, and I think I have only met <em>solamanta </em>in this particular text (although I guess it is also mentioned as an alternative form in Ó Dónaill's dictionary).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The use of such forms as <em>bead </em>"I will be", <em>ceanglód </em>"I will join", <em>comhlíonfad </em>"I will keep/obey/observe", <em>taobhód </em>"I will side (with)". Personally, I would prefer <em>beidh mé, ceanglóidh mé, comhlíonfaidh mé, taobhóidh mé</em>. The synthetic form of the first person singular future tense feels a little too Munster these days.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The word <em>tairiseach</em>. I have only met it as a noun, in the sense of a mathematical or physical constant. Well, of course it does exist as an adjective, and you find it in dictionaries, but you practically never see it in either native folklore or native literature. The Irish text is obviously a translation from the English one, and as the English text uses two different words - "faithful" and "loyal" - the translator felt compelled to do so, too. However, I'd prefer to just say <em>dílis d'Éirinn agus don bhunreacht</em>. Another possibility would be to use <em>urramach </em>or a related word for variation: <em>go mbeidh mé dílis d'Éireann agus go dtabharfaidh mé urraim don Bhunreacht.</em></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The use of <em>céanna </em>as a standalone pronoun. Usually we find this only in the idiomatic expression <em>mar an gcéanna</em>. It is not <em>wrong </em>to use <em>an céanna </em>as a standalone pronoun (this usage is mentioned in Ó Dónaill), but it is far more typical and natural to use it in an adjective attribute position (<em>an rud ćeanna</em> and so on). Instead of <em>leis an gcéanna, </em><em>den chéanna </em>I would prefer <em>lena leithéid, dá leithéid</em>.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><em>Bhéarfas </em>is a form of <em>tabhair!/tabhairt</em>, and in the present standard language it would be <em>thabharfaidh </em>(because standard Irish does not acknowledge either the direct relative form of the verb or the <em>b(h)éar- </em>stem of the verb <em>tabhair</em>). Personally, I'd prefer to keep the direct relative -s, though - <em>thabharfas</em>. I don't think <em>bhéarfas </em>is wrong, but combining the -s relative form (in my opinion, especially typical of Ulster and Connacht) with such synthetic forms as <em>ceanglód, bead </em>and so on in the same text feels stylistically awkward, noting that those synthetic forms are mainly Munster Irish.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The use of <em>ceangail!/ceangal <strong>le...</strong></em> for joining a society sounds kind of funny to me, too. I'd say simply <em>dul i...</em>, which is the usual way to refer to joining a society. Thus: <em>nach rachaidh mé in aon eagraíocht ná in aon chumann polaitíochta ná in aon chumann rúnda ar bith...</em> Note though that I find <em>cumann polaitíochta </em>much better than <em>cumann polaitiúil</em>. Nowadays they would sure translate "a political society" as <em>cumann polaitiúil</em>, which at least originally used to be more literary and less straightforward style than <em>cumann polaitíochta</em>. The Irish way is to use a genitive attribute - <em>dochtúir mná </em>is better Irish for "a female doctor" than <em>dochtúir baineann</em>, and <em>cumann polaitíochta </em>is better Irish than <em>cumann polaitiúil</em>. (In fact, I'd say there is a subtle difference between <em>cumann polaitíochta </em>and <em>cumann polaitiúil</em>. The first one is a political organization which is explicitly meant to be political and has political aims. The other one is an organization that has other than political aims - theoretically - but that has been politicized. For instance, think of a situation where there are two Irish-language organization, one of which is only an Irish-language one, while the other one has been hijacked by a political party. Then the first one would be spoken of as <em>an cumann neamhpholaitiúil</em>, the one as <em>an cumann polaitiúil</em>.)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><em>Comhalta </em>rather than <em>ball </em>for the member of a society or organization is quite correct, you don't see it too often these days.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In my own variety of Irish, I would suggest:</span><br />
<em><span style="font-size: large;">Mise, Seán Ó Rudaí/Síle Ní Rudaí, mionnaím/dearbhaím go sollúnta go mbeidh mé dílis d'Éirinn agus go dtabharfaidh mé urraim don Bhunreacht; agus, fad is a bheas mé i m'oifigeach de chuid na mBuan-Óglach, go gcomhlíonfaidh mé gach ordú dleathach a thabharfas mo chuid oifigeach uachtarach dom, agus, nach rachaidh mé in aon eagraíocht nó cumann polaitíochta ná in aon rúnchumann, nach mbeidh mé i mo chomhalta d'eagraíocht ar bith den chineál sin, agus nach dtabharfaidh mé tacaíocht dá leithéid.</span></em><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">One thing more: joining an organization as a member is in Irish <em>dul i...</em>, but taking its stance is <em>dul le...</em><em> </em><em>Chuaigh sé i bPáirtí na Polaitíochta </em>means that he joined the Political Party, but <em>chuaigh sé le Páirtí na Polaitíochta </em>means that he only shared its stance. (I use here <em>Páirtí na Polaitíochta </em>or the Political Party for a generic political party.) If I could work out a way to do it elegantly, I'd attempt to use these constructions in my translation. However, <em>ní rachaidh mé i ná le haon eagraíocht</em>... does not sound elegant, and <em>ní rachaidh mé in aon eagraíocht...ná ní rachaidh mé lena leithéid </em>is not good style either. I'll work on this yet.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">However, while my suggestion is more intelligible and colloquial than the official one, I don't say it couldn't be further improved. And, while the official one could be streamlined, there is also the argument that if a ceremonial text is not blatantly wrong, it should not be altered, because the old-fashioned style is part of a tradition. The military oath might be stylistically peculiar, but if you are an Irish army officer with fluent and good Irish and still insist on the official text for such reasons, then you are probably right and I am wrong. I am not a military man myself, and I don't want to come across as somebody who'd teach his dad how to make babies.</span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5996352.post-71156168254729078392018-12-30T05:29:00.003-08:002018-12-30T05:29:48.079-08:00Michael Collins the astronaut (a reading for learners)<span style="font-size: large;">This reading is about Michael Collins, but not the Michael Collins you are thinking of. This one is an American astronaut.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Rugadh Michael Collins sa bhliain 1930. Bhí a athair ina oifigeach in Arm na Stát Aontaithe, agus nuair a chríochnaigh sé an mheánscoil, chuaigh sé ag staidéar in acadamh míleata na tíre, West Point. Theastaigh uaidh bheith ina fhear mhíleata cosúil lena athair. Bhí suim aige san innealtóireacht agus san eitleoireacht chomh maith, agus nuair a fuair sé a dhintiúirí ó West Point, chuaigh sé san Aerfhórsa.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>rugadh </i>'was born' - note that the Irish autonomous form is an active (not passive) form, which means that you need to use the accusative forms of the pronouns with it, thus <em>rugadh é</em> 'he was born' (é 'him').</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><em>bhí...ina oifigeach</em> word for word 'was...in his officer' - the underlying idea is that he was performing in the capacity of an officer. You can also use this structure if you are speaking of children assuming roles in a game: <em>tá Seáinín </em><i>ina oifigeach, agus an chuid eile de na páistí ina </i><em>ngnáthshaighdiúirí </em>'Seáinín is (being) an officer, and the other children are (being) common soldiers.'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Arm na Stát Aontaithe </i>US Army. Note that it is not allowed to put a definite article before <i>Arm</i> in this phrase, because the fact that it is followed by the definite genitive plural <i>na Stát Aontaithe</i>, it is already definite enough. Similarly, <i>na Stáit Aontaithe</i> takes the article, but <i>Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá</i> does not, because <i>Stáit Aontaithe</i> is in it already definite because of being followed by the definite genitive <i>Mheiriceá</i>. The proper name <i>Meiriceá</i> is already definite by virtue of being a proper name.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>meánscoil</i> (being a feminine noun, it becomes <i>an mheánscoil</i> with definite article) means 'secondary school', but in America it can be used to refer to a high school.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>chuaigh sé ag staidéar</i> 'he went to study'. In Ulster, it would be <i>chuaigh sé a staidéar</i> with <i>a</i> (< <i>do</i>). Note that while English takes the infinitive construction with 'to', in Irish either <i>ag</i> + verbal noun (+ object in genitive form) or <i>a</i> (< do) + verbal noun (+ object in genitive form) is needed after the verbs <i>tosaigh/tosú</i>, <i>téigh/dul</i> and <i>tar/teacht.</i> Note that for 'he went to study', we could also use <i>chuaigh sé ag foghlaim léinn</i> (Ulster <i>chuaigh sé a fhoghlaim léinn</i>, or <i>...a dh'fhoghlaim léinn</i> in a more pettily dialectal orthography). In English, 'he went to learn learning' sounds awkward, but in Irish, <i>ag foghlaim léinn</i> and <i>léann a fhoghlaim</i> have a good Gaeltacht pedigree. <i>Léann</i> 'studies, learning' is a very old Latin loanword, indeed the same word as the English word 'legend' (both are based on the Latin word <i>legenda</i> 'things to be read').</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>theastaigh uaidh</i>: The verb <i>teastaigh/teastáil</i> means 'be needed, wanted' and it takes the preposition <i>ó</i>. <i>Uaidh</i> is the third person masculine singular form of the preposition and means thus 'from him'. Note that the Ulster writer Seán Bán Mac Meanman's use of <i>ar</i> rather than <i>ó</i> with <i>teastaigh/teastáil</i> is due to influence from synonymous expressions in his dialect such as <i>bheith de dhíth/d'fheidhm/de dhíobháil</i>, which all take ar. <i>Teastaigh/teastáil</i> was not a feature of Seán Bán's dialect, and thus he used it awkwardly with an improper preposition.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>innealtóireacht</i> 'engineering'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>eitleoireacht</i> 'aviation'. Note this very productive pattern of word-building: when you have the name of the tradesman, you add -<i>(e)acht</i> and get the name of the trade. <i>Innealtóir</i> is an engineer, eitleoir is a pilot or an aviator. I can think of only one exception: <i>siopadóireacht</i> means shopping, but a <i>siopadóir </i>is not a person doing the shopping - that word means shopkeeper. (For shopkeeping, you will then need to use another expression, such as <i>ceard an tsiopadóra</i>, 'the trade of the shopkeeper'.)</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>dintiúirí</i> is the plural of <i>dintiúr</i>, which comes from the English word 'indenture'. However, the plural <i>dintiúirí</i> (I guess the official standard plural would be <i>dintiúir</i>, but it feels more natural to add the extra -<i>í</i>) means 'credentials' in a very generic sense.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>chuaigh sé san Aerfhórsa</i> 'he went into the Air Force', i.e. joined it. Joining an organisation is 'going into it'. And you shouldn't add the word<i> isteach</i> here, <i>san</i> is good enough. Sa, san is the fusion of <i>i(n)</i> 'in, into' and an 'the'; it might be easier to understand what it is, if you remember that the older orthography is <i>ins an</i>: <i>chuaigh sé ins an Aerfhórsa</i>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Note that there is a subtle difference between <i>chuaigh le</i> and <i>chuaigh i</i>. <i>Le</i> refers to embracing the stance, say, of a political party, and also taking up a trade. <i>I</i> refers to joining an organization as a card-carrying member. Thus, c<i>huaigh sé i bhFine Gael</i>, <i>chuaigh sé i bhFianna Fáil, chuaigh sé i Sinn Féin</i> means that he joined said party as a member, while <i>chuaigh sé le Fine Gael, chuaigh sé le Fianna Fáil, chuaigh sé le Sinn Féin</i> means that he embraced its stance. And Adolf Hitler's fatal decision to go into politics - worded in his infamous book in German as '<i>Ich aber beschloss Politiker zu werden</i>' and in English as '<i>I on the other hand decided to go into politics</i>' would in Irish be '<i>Mise áfach, chinn mé ar dhul le polaitíocht</i>'.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ní raibh fonn air triail a bhaint as an Arm, ó bhí a athair ina oifigeach ansin. Shíl sé, dá rachadh sé san Arm, go mbeadh lucht a chomhaoise in éad faoi pé céim suas a gheobhadh sé, agus iad ag síleadh go mbeadh an tArm ag fabhrú do chlann lucht na ceirde. Mar sin, roghnaigh sé an tAerfhórsa.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>fonn </i>'wish, desire, inclination, urge' takes the preposition <i>ar</i>, as emotions and urges usually do. An urge is "on" you in Irish. Note, though, that love (<i>grá</i>) and hatred (<i>fuath</i>) are not treated as transient emotions, but as more permanent attitudes: they are not on you, but at you (<i>ag</i>).</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>triail</i> is a try, a trial, and <i>triail a bhaint as</i>...'to pull a try out of [something]' is the usual way to say 'to try [something]'. However, <i>triail/triail </i>is also a verb in its own right, and it would be just fine to say '<i>an tArm a thriail</i>'.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>lucht a chomhaoise </i>'the people of the same age'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>in éad</i> 'jealous' - <i>le</i> refers to the person you are envying, <i>faoi</i> to the thing you are envying him.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>pé </i>means 'any, whatever'. Synonyms include <i>pé ar bith, cibé, cibé ar bith</i>, and in some dialect it has mutated into <i>fébrí</i>. Usually just pé or cibé though, with ar bith often added for good measure. Note <i>pé scéal é</i> or <i>cibé scéal é</i> for 'anyhow, in any case'.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>céim suas</i> 'a step up' is a promotion. A demotion is, of course, <i>céim síos</i>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>fabhraigh/fabhrú</i> 'to favour'. Note that you need to use <i>do</i> 'to, for, to the benefit of' with this verb. By the way, in Ulster there is an unrelated verb <i>fabhraigh/fabhrú</i> meaning 'to develop'; it is probably just a local variant of <i>forbair/forbairt</i> 'to develop'.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>clann</i> (collectively) 'children, descendants'. To use in the sense of 'family' (i.e. including the parents) is not traditional, although this usage has made huge inroads in the well-known variant of the language to which the extremely strictly technical term 'that dreadful school Irish' is commonly applied. The 'official' word for 'family' is<i> teaghlach</i>, which is much better, although people keep suggesting it is somehow bad or not in their dialect. Other words for 'family' include <i>muirín</i> and <i>muirear</i>, which have the additional sense of burden (thus it is not surprising that family planning is <i>pleanáil muiríne</i>) as well as <i>comhluadar</i>, which actually means 'company' even in the sense of 'jolly company', but which in Connacht Irish has very strongly the sense of family. <i>Conlán</i> has been recorded in East Ulster folklore in this sense, but regrettably East Ulster Irish is extinct in the wild.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>lucht na ceirde</i> 'the people of the trade', in this example the military trade.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Chaith an Coileánach na blianta fada ag foghlaim eitleoireachta agus innealtóireachta san Aerfhórsa, agus sa deireadh thosaigh sé féin ag oiliúint meicneoirí don fhórsa. Murab ionann agus cuid mhór de spásairí a ghlúine féin níor throid sé i gCogadh na Cóiré. Rud eile áfach gur eitleoir trialach a bhí ann, is é sin go mbíodh sé ag baint trialach as cineálacha nua eitleán, ar nós a lán eile a chuaigh le spásaireacht.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>oil/oiliúint </i>'to train'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>meicneoir</i> 'a mechanic'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>glúin</i> 'knee', but also 'a generation, an age-cohort'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>murab ionann agus</i> 'unlike'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Cogadh na Cóiré</i> 'the Korean War'; the Irish means 'the war of Korea'. Note that <i>an Chóiré</i> 'Korea' includes a definite article, as many names of countries do in Irish.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>rud eile áfach</i> 'it's another story'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>eitleoir trialach</i> 'test pilot'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>ag baint trialach as</i> 'testing'. Note that <i>triail</i> 'try, trial, test' is a feminine noun and its genitive is <i>trialach</i>, and when the object of a verbal noun follows it, it is usually in the genitive form.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>is é sin</i> 'that means'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>ar nós a lán eile</i> 'in the way of many others'. <i>Ar nós</i> 'in the way of, like' should basically be followed by the genitive, but usually isn't, in natural speech.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>a chuaigh le spásaireacht </i>'who became astronauts' (note again <i>chuaigh le</i> 'went with'). <i>Spásaireacht</i> 'astronautics; the astronaut's trade'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">I dtús na seascaidí chuir sé spéis sa spástaisteal, ó bhí Údarás Aerloingseoireachta agus Spáis na Stát Aontaithe (NASA) ag déanamh an-dul chun cinn san am, ach nuair a chuir sé isteach iarratas ar oiliúint spásaireachta, níor glacadh leis. Bhí cúrsa spásaireachta dá chuid féin ag an Aerfhórsa, áfach, agus cead isteach ag an gCoileánach ansin.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>spéis</i> 'interest' in the sense of becoming interested in something (interest in banking is called <i>ús</i> or - if exorbitant - <i>gaimbín</i>). It can also be <i>suim</i> (a word also meaning 'sum') and at least Colm Ó Gaora uses the occasional or nonce word <i>suiméad</i> with <i>suim</i> in the negative expression <i>níl suim ná suiméad agam ann</i>, which I facetiously translate as 'I am neither interested nor shminterested in it'. Anyway, as you see here, interest, whether <i>spéis</i> or <i>suim</i>, is in Irish at (<i>ag</i>) you, and you take an interest in (<i>i, in</i>) something. Or actually, you 'put' (<i>cuir/cur</i>) it in something.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>spástaisteal</i> is 'space travel', of course.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Údarás Aerloingseoireachta agus Spáis na Stát Aontaithe</i> is my attempt to convey the sense of 'National Aeronautics and Space Administration', i.e. 'the Aeronautics and Space Authority of the United States'. <i>Aerloingseoireacht</i>, 'air-seamanship', is the word for aeronautics (<i>loingseoireacht</i> 'seamanship, navigation, voyaging', <i>loingseoir</i> 'navigator, mariner', <i>loingeas</i> 'fleet', <i>long</i> 'ship'). Note that Aer Lingus is just a fancy (read: wrong) way to write what should be <i>Aerloingeas</i> 'air fleet'. Administration is <i>riarachán</i>, but in my opinion it sounds like the act or activity of administrating something - in the sense of an authority administrating something,<i> údarás</i> or authority feels more natural.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Dul chun cinn means</i> 'progress, forward movement', and <i>an-dul chun cinn</i> is obviously good progress, a lot of forward movement.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Iarratas</i> is an application, and when you apply for something, you 'put in an application on' it (<i>iarratas a chur isteach ar rud</i>). Note that <i>cuir/cur isteach ar dhuine</i> means 'to disturb'.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>cead isteach</i> 'permission to enter' means simply that he could go there, nothing more official or formal. Note that if somebody has <i>cead a chos/cead a cos</i> ('permission of his/her feet') he/she can move freely, and if he/she has <i>cead a chinn/cead a cinn</i> ('permission of his/her head'), he/she can decide freely. Note also <i>cead cainte</i> 'permission of speech', i.e. freedom of speech - at meetings, the English expression 'Let the man/woman talk!' corresponds to Irish '<i>Cead cainte! Cead cainte!</i>'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">I ndiaidh an chúrsa sin d'fhill sé ar a sheanobair agus chuir sé isteach iarratas nua. An iarracht seo chuaigh Deke Slayton, príomhspásaire an Údaráis, i dteagmháil leis lena fhiafraí de, an raibh spéis aige sa spásaireacht i gcónaí. D'fhreagair an Coileánach go raibh, agus fuair sé oiliúint chuimsitheach spáis. Mar a scríobh sé ina chuid cuimhní cinn ina dhiaidh sin, tháinig sé aniar aduaidh air go gcaithfeadh sé staidéar a dhéanamh ar gheolaíocht mar chuid den chúrsa. Níor taibhsíodh dó san am go mbaistfí "armalcoilít" (ainm a thagraíos do Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin agus Michael Collins araon) ar cheann de na mianraí a d'aithin na geolaithe sna clocha a thug an triúr seo leo ón nGealach.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>príomhspásaire</i>: my attempt to translate "Chief Astronaut". Slayton was actually Chief of the Astronaut Office.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>cuimsitheach</i> 'comprehensive'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>tháinig sé aniar aduaidh air</i> 'it came as a surprise to him'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>níor taibhsíodh dó</i> 'he could not imagine, he had no foreboding, he had no presentiment'. <i>Taibhsigh/taibhsiú</i> 'to loom, to appear' is used like this in the autonomous form to convey the sense of foreboding or presentiment.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Thug an Coileánach an chéad chuairt ar an spás sa bhliain 1966. Ba é "Gemini a Deich" an misean a bhí i gceist. Bhí áit do bheirt spásairí sa spásbhád den déanamh Gemini, mar is léir ón ainm, agus ba é John Watts Young leathbhádóir an Choileánaigh. Bhí Young tar éis a chéad seal a chaitheamh sa spás cheana féin - "Gemini a Trí" a bhí ar an misean sin, agus ba iad Young agus Virgil "Gus" Grissom na spásairí. Bhí Grissom le bás a fháil go gránna nuair a chuaigh an spásbhád tástála úd Apollo a hAon trí thine sa bhliain 1967.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>thug...an chéad chuairt ar an spás </i>'paid the first visit to space', 'visited space for the first time'. (It sounds better in Irish!)</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>leathbhádóir</i> 'companion'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>déanamh</i> can mean 'a make, a model'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Is éard a bhí i gceist le tionscadal Gemini ná scileanna tábhachtacha spásaireachta a chleachtadh go praiticiúil - mar shampla, ba nós leis na spásairí seal a chaitheamh taobh amuigh den spásbhád - is é sin, siúlóid spáis a dhéanamh. Thairis sin, bhí siad lena spásbhád féin a nascadh den "fheithicil targaide", is é sin, spásbhád gan fhoireann a scaoileadh chun bóthair in éineacht le Gemini - Agena a thugtaí ar an gcineál seo "feithicle". Go bunúsach is éard a bhí i gceist le hAgena ná inneall breise a d'fhéadfaí a nascadh de spásbhád den déanamh Gemini. Le linn a misin bhain Young agus an Coileánach úsáid as a nAgena féin le luas a chur faoina spásbhád-san, agus ansin thug siad cuairt ar an Agena eile a d'fhág foireann an mhisin úd Gemini a hOcht ina ndiaidh roimhe sin.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>siúlóid spáis</i> 'space walk'. In fact, I would not object to saying <i>tá sé ag siúl an spáis</i> ('he is walking space') to refer to an astronaut on a space walk. Note, by the way, that space is called <i>an spás </i>in Irish. This is an example of the definite article used in Irish in the generic sense.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>nasc/nascadh</i> and <i>ceangail/ceangal</i>: In my opinion (which is based on solid reading of folklore) natural Irish prefers the preposition <i>de</i> (yes, <i>de</i>, not <i>do</i>, although these two are confused in much of natural spoken Irish) to refer to the object one ties to, or clings to.<i> Le</i> should refer to the thing you use for combining or tying two things with. It is common non-native error to use <i>le</i> with verbs of tying or combining, where <i>de</i> would be more appropriate.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">I Mí Iúil 1969 a gheal lá na cinniúna: ansin bhí Collins, Armstrong agus Aldrin le heitilt a fhad leis an nGealach. Nó - bhí sé i ndán don Choileánach fanacht sa mhodúl ceannais, agus an bheirt spásairí eile ag tuirlingt i Muir na Sáimhe sa mhodúl gealaí. Ar ndóigh, ní raibh braon uisce sa mhuir sin. Níl uisce ar bith i "bhfarraigí" na Gealaí, nó ní farraigí iad i ndáiríribh ach machairí basailt - is é sin machairí as cloch bholcánach, agus iad níos gile ná na "garbhchríocha", atá níos sine ó thaobh na geolaíochta de.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>gheal lá na cinniúna</i> 'the day of destiny dawned'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>a fhad le</i> 'as long away as'. Especially in Ulster Irish, this is simply used in the sense 'to (a destination)'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>bhí sé i ndán dó</i> 'it was in store for him'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>modúl ceannais </i>'command module'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>agus an bheirt spásaire eile ag tuirlingt</i> 'while the other two astronauts are/were landing/descending'. <i>Tuirling/tuirlingt </i>'to land, to descend'.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Muir na Sáimhe</i> 'Sea of Tranquillity'.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>modúl gealaí</i> 'moon module, lunar module'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>cloch bholcánach</i> 'vulcanic stone', i.e. igneous rock</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>na garbhchríocha</i> 'the highlands', here used to refer to the parts of lunar surface that aren't "sea".</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>ó thaobh na geolaíochta de</i> 'as far as geology is concerned, from a geological point of view'. <i>Geolaíocht</i> = geology.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Ar dtús chaith spásbhád na bhfear seal ag fithisiú an Domhain. Ansin thug sí aghaidh ar ár satailít go dtí gur bhain sí amach fithis na Gealaí, áit ar fhág an bheirt eile slán ag an gCoileánach le tuirlingt a dhéanamh. Chaith sé tamall taobh thiar den Ghealach, ionas nach raibh teagmháil raidió aige leis na spásairí eile ná leis an Domhan féin, agus é ar an duine ab uaigní riamh. Mar sin féin dúirt sé i ndiaidh an mhisin nach raibh an t-uaigneas sin ag luí air. Bhí sceitimíní air roimh an gcéad uair eile a bheadh sé in ann labhairt le daoine arís, áfach.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>ag fithisiú</i> 'orbiting'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>fithis</i> 'orbit'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>agus é ar an duine ab uaigní riamh</i> 'him being the loneliest man ever'. Note ar in expressions referring to relative position: <i>tá sé ar an duine is uaigní riamh</i> 'he is the loneliest man ever', <i>tá sé ar an gcéad fhear riamh ar éirigh a leithéid de chleas leis</i> 'he is the first man ever to have success with such a trick'.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>sceitimíní </i>'thrilled anticipation'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Nuair a tháinig Armstrong agus Aldrin ar ais ón nGealach, bhí an-mhífhoighne ar an gCoileánach, agus an-lúcháir air rompu. Ag teacht isteach d'Aldrin ba dhóbair don Choileánach póg a thabhairt don fhear chomh ríméadach a bhí sé na cairde a fheiceáil chuige slán sábháilte.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>lúcháir </i>'welcoming joy'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>ag teacht isteach d'Aldrin</i> 'when Aldrin was coming in, entering'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>ba dhóbair dó</i>...'he almost...'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>ríméadach</i> 'happy, elated'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>na cairde a fheiceáil chuige</i> 'to see the friends coming to him, towards him'</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>slán sábháilte</i> 'safe and sound'</span><br />
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